159
DAFTAR PUSTAKA [ADPEL]. Administrator Pelayaran Dumai. 2008. Prosedur Tetap Penanggulangan Tumpahan Minyak di Perairan Dumai dan Sekitarnya. Dumai. ADPEL Pelabuhan Kelas I Dumai. [ADPEL]. Administrator Pelayaran Dumai. 2009. Jumlah Kunjungan Kapal di Pelabuhan Dumai. Dumai. ADPEL Pelabuhan Kelas I Dumai. Ali H, Poerbandono dan Ketut W. 2008. Penentuan Indeks Kerentanan Lingkungan Pantai berbasis Geospasial dan Parameter Fisik (Studi Kasus: Tumpahan Minyak di Kepulauan Seribu, Teluk Jakarta). Bandung. PIT MAPIN XVII. Bandung 10 Desember 2008. Institut Teknologi Bandung. Anwar C dan Gunawan H. 2007. Peranan Ekologis dan Sosial Ekonomis Hutan Mangrove dalam Mendukung Pembangunan Wilayah Pesisir. Prosiding Ekspose Hasil-Hasil Penelitian 20 September 2006. Padang. Konservasi dan Rehabilitasi Sumberdaya Hutan. [APHA] American Public Health Association, [AWWA] American Water Works Association. 1995. Washington. Standart Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 17th Ed. Ashley RJ. 2005. Enhancing Maritime Security in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. Singapore. Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 59, 2005. Bahar E. 2003. Analisis Penentuan Transportasi Limbah Minyak pada Aktivitas Pelayaran Laut untuk Menghasilkan Total Biaya Pelayaran Umum. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis No.2 Jilid 8. [Bappeko] Badan Perencanaan Kota Dumai. 2008. Informasi 25 Pelabuhan Strategis Indonesia. http://www.Dumaiport1.co.id. Down load 15 Desember 2008. Barlas Y.1996. Formal Aspects of Model Validity and Validation of System Dinamics. System Dynamics Rev. 12 (www. Albany edu/cp/sds/sdcourses). Diakses 28 Agustus 2009. Bengen DG. 2001. Pedoman Teknis Pengenalan dan Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove. Bogor. Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan – Institut Pertanian Bogor. Binark N, Guven C K, Gezgin T, and Unlu S. 2000. Oil Pollution of Marine Algae. Bull. Environ Contam Toxicol 64:866-872. Springer-Verlag. Bishop, Paul L. 1983. Marine Pollution and Its Control. USA. McGraw-Hill Book Company. [BMG] Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika. 2007. Cuaca Tahunan 1998-2007 di Kota Dumai. Pekanbaru. Sekretariat BMG Bandar Udara Sultan Syarif Qasim II. [BP MIGAS] Badan Pelaksana Kegiatan Minyak dan Gas Bumi. 2008. Prosedur Tetap Koordinasi Penanggulangan Tumpahan Minyak di Perairan. Pekanbaru. Kontraktor Kontrak Kerjasama BPMIGAS Area. 30 hal. [BP MIGAS]. Badan Pelaksana Kegiatan Minyak dan Gas. 2002. Buku Pintar BP.Migas. Jakarta. BP Migas. 18 hal.
160
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2007. Dumai dalam Angka. Dumai. BPS Kota Dumai. 235 hal. Burke L, Selig E, and Spalding M. 2002. Terumbu Karang yang Terancam di Asia Tenggara. Diterjemahjan dari Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. Kerjasama antara WRI dengan UNEP-WCMC, WFC, dan ICRAN. Jakarta. All rights reserved. Chahaya I. 2003. Ikan sebagai Alat Monitor Pencemaran. Medan. Digitized by USU digital library. Chen F, and Yapa DP. 2004. Estimating the Oil Droplet Size Distributions in Deepwater Oil Spills. e-mail:
[email protected]. Potsdam. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department Clarkson University. Churchill SA, Griffin RA, Jones LP and Churchill PF. 1995. Biodegradation Rate Enhancement of Hydrocarbons by an Oleophilic Fertilizer and Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant. Alabama. Departement of Civil and Environmental Eng. Published in J.Environ. Qual. 24:19-28. Clark RB. 2003. Marine Pollution. New York. Oxpord University Press. Connell DW and GJ Miller. 1995. Kimia dan Ekotoksikologi Pencemaran. Y. Koestoer, penerjemah. Jakarta. UI-Press. Terjemahan dari: Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Pollution. [CPI & PPLH UNRI] Chevron Pacific Indonesia dan Pusat Penelitian Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Riau. 2005. Kajian Sensitivitas Tumpahan Minyak di Selat Rupat. Pekanbaru. PPLH UNRI. [CPI & PPLH UNRI] Chevron Pacific Indonesia dan Pusat Penelitian Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Riau. 2004. Dokumen Pelaksanaan RKL dan RPL Kegiatan Eksplorasi Minyak dan Gas Bumi PT.CPI. Area Dumai Periode 2004. Pekanbaru. PPLH UNRI. Dahuri HR, J Rais, SP Ginting dan MJ Sitepu. 2001. Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Wilayah Pesisir dan Lautan Secara Terpadu. Jakarta. Pradnya Paramita. Darmono. 2001. Lingkungan Hidup dan Pencemaran. Jakarta. UI Press. Djojomartono M. 2000. Bahan Kuliah Dasar-Dasar Analisis Sistem Dinamik. Bogor. Program Studi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan Program Pascasarjana IPB Bogor. (tidak dipublikasikan) Eriyatno dan F. Soyar. 2007. Riset Kebijakan. Metode Penelitian untuk Pascasarjana IPB. Bogor. IPB Press. 79 hal. Etkin DS. 1999. Estimating Cleanup Costs for Oil Spills. Oil Spill Intelligence Report. Massachusetts. International Oil Spill Conference. Ford A. 1999. Modeling the Environment: An Introduction to System Dynamics Models of Environmental System. Washington DC. Island Press. [GAO] Government Accountability Office. 2007. Marine Transportation "Mayor Oil Spills Occur Infrequently but Risk to The Federal Oils Spills Fund Remain. Report to Congresional Committees. Wasington DC. United State Government Accountability Office.
161
[GESAMP] The Group of Experts on Scientific Aspect of Marine Environmental Protection. 1993. Impact of Oil and Related Chemicals and Wastes on the Marine Environment. UNEP. Gopal B and Chauhan M. 2006. Biodiversity and its conservation in the Sundarban Mangrove Ecosystem. Aquat Sci Vol 68: 17 pp. Gunarto. 2004. Konservasi Mangrove sebagai Pendukung Sumber Hayati Perikanan Pantai. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian, 23(1). Hardjomidjojo H. 2006. Panduan Lokakarya Analisis Prospektif. Materi Kuliah PSPSL. Bogor. Sekolah Pascasarjana Institut Pertanian Bogor. Hartrisari. 2007. Sistem Dinamik. Konsep Sistem dan Pemodelan Untuk Industri dan Lingkungan. Bogor. SEAMEO BIOTROP. Health A.G. 2000. Water Pollution and Fish Physiology. Boston. CRC Press. Hidro-Oseanografi Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut. 2009. Daftar Pasang Surut Tide Tables Kepulauan Indonesia. Jakarta. Jawatan Hidro-Oseanografi TNI AL. [IPIECA] International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association. 2000. Biological Impacts of Oil Pollution: Fisheries. London. Report Series Vol.VIII). [IPIECA] International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association. 2001. Dispersants and Their Role in Oil Spill Response. London. 2nd edition, November 2001. Irianto S. 2009. Dumai Masih Devisit Produksi Ikan. http://www.riaubisnis.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id =4250). Bogor. Download 19 Januari 2009. [IUCN] International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1993. Gland Switzerland. Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in Mangrove Areas. Jenssen MB. 1994. Effects of Oil Pollution, Chemically Treated Oil, and Cleaning on The Thermal Balance of Birds (Review Article). Environmental Pollution 86 (1994) 207-215. Britain. Elsevier Science Limited. Leahy JG, Colwel, RR. 1990 Microbial Degradation of hydrocarbons in the environment. Microbial Reviews, 53(3), 305-315. Lee CD, SB Wang, and CL Kuo. 1978. Bhentich and fish as biological indicator of water quality with references of water pollution in developing countries. Bangkok. Lee LC, Hsieh TM and Fang DM. 2005. Aliphatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments Kaohsiun Harbour and Adjacent Cost Taiwan.
[email protected]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2005) 100: 217–234. New York. Springer. Lessard R.R & Demarco G. 2000. The Significance of Oil Spill Dispersants. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 59-68, Elsevier Science
162
Manahan S. 1983. Environmental Chemistry. Fourth Edition. California. Brook/Cole Publishing Company Monterey. Manetsch TJ and GL Park 1979. System Analysis and Simulation With Application to Economic and Social System (Terjemahan). Part I. Third Edition. Departement of Electrical Enginering and System Science. Michigan. Michigan State University East Lansing. Mangkoedihardjo S. 2005. Seleksi Teknologi Pemulihan untuk Ekosistem Laut Tercemar Minyak Remediation Technologies Selection for Oil-Polluted Marine Ecosystem. Surabaya. Seminar Nasional Teori dan Aplikasi Teknologi Kelautan ITS . 24 November 2005. (Tidak dipublikasikan). Marimin. 2004. Pengambilan Keputusan Kreteria Majemuk. Teknik dan Aplikasi. Jakarta. Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia. Miler TG. 2004. Environmental Science: Working With The Earth, 10 edition. International Student Edition. California. Thomson Learning Inc. Mitsch WJ and Gosselink. 1994. Wetlands. In Water Quality Prevention, Identification and Management of Diffuse Pollution. New York. Van Nostrand Reinhold. Muarif. 2002. Analisis Indeks Kepekaan Lingkungan Pesisir Selat Malaka di Wilayah Sumatera UtaraTerhadap Tumpahan Minyak. Bogor. Thesis IPB. Muhammadi E, Aminullah dan Soesilo. 2001. Analisis Sistem Dinamis Lingkungan Hidup, Sosial, Ekonomi, Manajemen. Jakarta. UMJ Press. Mukhtasor. 2007. Pencemaran Pesisir dan Laut. Edisi I. Jakarta. Pradnya Paramita. 231 hal. Munawar, Mukhtasor, dan Tini S. 2007. Bioremediasi Tumpahan Minyak Mentah dengan Metode Biostimulasi Nutrien Organik di Lingkungan Pantai Surabaya Timur. Surabaya. Berk. Penel. Hayati: 13 (91–96). [NAS] National Academy of Sciences. 1985. Oil in the Sea: Inputs, Fates and Effects. Washington DC. National Academy Press. Neff JM. 1976. Effectt of Petroleum on Survival Respiration and Growth of Marine Animals. American Institute of Biologycal Science. Washington DC. 25 p. Nontji A. 2007. Laut Nusantara. Edisi Revisi. Jakarta. Penerbit Djambatan. NOOA. 2002. Oil Spills in Mangroves "Planning & Response Considerations". Louisiana. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. US Departement of Commerce. Nybakken JW. 1992. Biologi Laut: Suatu Pendekatan Ekologis. Eidman, M., Koesoebiono, D.G. Begen, M. Hutomo, dan S. Sukardjo. Terjemahan dari: Marine Biology: An Ecological Approach. Jakarta. PT. Gramedia. Odum EP. 1993. Dasar-dasar Ekologi. Terjemahan dari: Fundamental of Ecology. Terjemahan: Samingan Tj. Editor; Srigandono. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada Press.
163
Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2010. Tentang Perlindungan Lingkungan Maritim. Jakarta. Sekretariat Negara 34 hal. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran dan Kerusakan Laut. Jakarta. Sekretariat Negara. 9 hal. Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 109 Tahun 2006. Tentang Penanggulangan Keadaan Darurat Tumpahan Minyak di Laut. Jakarta. Sekretariat Negara 20 hal. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 51 Tahun 2004 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Laut (Lampiran I dan III). Jakarta. Sekretariat Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup. Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor 04 Tahun 2005 Tentang Pencegahan Pencemaran dari Kapal. Jakarta. Sekretariat Menteri Perhubungan. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 04 Tahun 2007 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Bagi Usaha dan/atau Kegiatan Minyak dan Gas serta Panas Bumi (Lampiran III). Jakarta. Sekretariat Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup. [PERTAMINA & PPLH UNRI] Pertambangan Minyak Nasional Unit Pengolahan II Dumai dan Pusat Penelitian Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Riau. 2002. Dokumen Pelaksanaan Pemantauan RKL/RPL Pertamina UP II Dumai. Pekanbaru. PPLH UNRI [PERTAMINA & PPLH UNRI] Pertambangan Minyak Nasional Unit Pengolahan II Dumai dan Pusat Penelitian Lingkungan Hidup Universitas Riau. 2002. Sedimentasi dan dispersi Limbah Cair Pertamina Dumai. Pekanbaru. PPLH UNRI [PERTAMINA UP II DUMAI] Pertambangan Minyak Nasional Unit Pengolahan II Dumai. 2007. Dokumen Laporan Pelaksanaan Pemantauan RKL/RPL Pertamina UP II Dumai. Pekanbaru. PPLH UNRI [PERTAMINA UP II DUMAI] Pertambangan Minyak Nasional Unit Pengolahan II Dumai. 2008. Dokumen Laporan Pelaksanaan Pemantauan RKL/RPL Pertamina UP II Dumai. Pramudya B. 1989. Permodelan Sistem Pada Perencanaan Mekanisasi Dalam Kegiatan Pemanenan Tebu untuk Industri Gula [Disertasi]. Bogor. Program Pascasarjana, IPB. Reed M, Oistein J, Per JB, Per D, Alun L, Robert F, Don M, and Richard P. 1999. Oil Spill Modeling towards the Close of the 20th Century: Overview of the State of the Art. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp 3±16. Great Britain. Elsevier Science. Romero L.M and Wikelski M. 2002. Severe Effects of Low-Level Oil Contamination on Wildlife Predicted by the Corticosterone-Stress Response: Preliminary Data and a Research Agenda. Spill Science & Technology Bulletin, Vol. 7, Nos. 5–6, pp. 309–313, 2002. Great Britain. Elsevier Science.
164
Romimohtarto K and Juwana S. 2001. Biologi Laut. Penerbit. Jakarta. Djambatan. 2001. 540 hal. Ryabinin IA, Gubanov IV, and Shibayeva AS. 1998. Petroleum hydrocarbons and particulate organic matter in the Sea of Azov waters (Experimental and Field Research). Phys. Oceanogr, Vol.9, No.3, pp.209-215. Shin SW, Pardue HJ, Jackson AW and Choi JS. 2001. Nutrient Enhanced Biodegredation of Crude Oil in Tropical Salt Marshes.
[email protected]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 131: 135–152, 2001. Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Sumadhiharga K. 1995. Zat-zat yang Menyebabkan Pencemaran di Laut, dalam Jurnal Pusat Studi Lingkungan Perguruan Tinggi Seluruh Indonesia: Lingkungan dan Pembangunan 15 (4), 376-387. Supriharyono. 2000. Pelestarian dan Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam di Wilayah Pesisir Tropis. Jakarta. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Supriyadi I dan Wouthuyzen S. 2005. Penilaian Ekonomi Sumberdaya Mangrove di Teluk Kotania Seram Barat Propinsi Maluku. Jakarta. Oseanologi dan Limnologi Indonesia No. 38 : 1–21. Surat Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 51 Tahun 2004 Tentang Baku Mutu Limbah Cair bagi Kegiatan Minyak dan Gas serta Panas Bumi. Jakarta. Sekretariat Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup. 12 hal. Surat Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 201 Tahun 2004 Tentang Kriteria Baku dan Pedoman Penentuan Kerusakan Mangrove. Jakarta. Sekretariat Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup. Syakti AD. 2004. Hidrokarbon Minyak Bumi di Perairan Laut. Bogor. Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan Institut Pertanian Bogor Swan JM, Neff JM, dan Young PC. 1994. Environtmental Implications of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in Australia - The findings of an independent scientific review. Sydney-NSW. Australian Petroleum Aexploration Association Limited. Thia-Eng C, Ingrid RLG, S Adrian R, Stella RB, Bresilda G, and M Corazon E. 2000. The Malacca Straits. Marine Pollution Bulletin Vol. 41, Nos. 1-6, pp. Printed in Great Britain. Elsevier Science. Thoha M. 1988. Perilaku Organisasi: Konsep Dasar dan Aplikasinya. Jakarta. PT Rajawali. Thurman VH and Burton AE. 2001. Introductory Oceanography Ninth Edition. New Jersey. Prentice Hall. Tjasjono B. 1995. Klimatologi Umum. Bandung. ITB Press. [UNCLOS] United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea. 2007. Konvensi PBB tentang Hukum Laut. Jakarta. Dewan Maritim Indonesia. Undang Undang Republik Indonesia No. 16 Tahun 1999 Tentang Pembentukan Daerah Tingkat II Dumai. Jakarta. Sekretariat Negara.
165
Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pengelolaan Kawasan Lindung. Jakarta. Sekretariat Negara. Undang-undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran. Jakarta. Sekretariat Negara. [UNDP]. United Nations Development Programme. 1998. Marine Pollution Management in the Malacca/ Singapore Straits. GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas. Quezon City - Philippines. Valentukevičienė M and Brannvall E. 2008. Marine pollution: an overview. Geologija. Lithuania. Vilnius. 2008. No. 1(61). P. 17–23. Violeau D, C. Buvat , K. Abed M and Nanteuil. 2007. Numerical modelling of boom and oil spill with SPH. Coastal Engineering 54 (2007) 895–913. Science Direct. www.elsevier.com/locate/coastaleng. Walpole RE. 1995. Pengantar Statistik. Edisi III. Jakarta. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Westmacott S, Teleki K, Wells S and West J. 2000. Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang yang telah Memutih dan Rusak Kritis. Diterjemahkan oleh Jan Henning Steffen. Information Press, Oxford. Cambridge. 36 hal. Winardi. 1989. Pengantar tentang Teori Sistem dan Analisis Sistem. Bandung. Penerbit Mandar Maju. [WWF] World Wildlife Fund. 2007. Oil Spills Response Challenges in Artic Waters. Oslo. This report, commissioned by WWF. WWF International Arctic. Xueqing Zu, Albert D. Venosa, Makram TS and Kenneth Lee (2001). Guidelines for the Bioremediation of Marine Shorelines and Freshwater Wetlands. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati, OH 45268 Yamamoto T, Nakaoka M, Komatsu T, Kawai H. 2003. Impacts by heavy-oil spill from the Russian tanker Nakhodka on intertidal ecosystems: recovery of animal community. Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2003) xxx–xxx. Pergamon. www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbu. Zamora MVJ. 1996. Distribution of Hydrocarbons in Recent Marine Sediments Off The Coast of Baja California. Britain. Environmental Pollution, Vol.92, No.1, pp.45-53. Elsevier Science.
