n 3028 N +
ATJEH IN BEROERING Een d o s s i e r over m i l i t a i r e o p e r a t i e s , ' m y s t e r i e u z e moorden' en v e r d w i j n i n g e n i n Indonesië
L e i d e n , maart 1991
I n d o n e s i s c h Documentatie & I n f o r m a t i e Centrum Postbus
11250
J J - | ^ J Q Q
2
3
0
1
E G
Leiden
ATJEH I N BEROERING Een d o s s i e r over m i l i t a i r e o p e r a t i e s , ' m y s t e r i e u z e moorden' en v e r d w i j n i n g e n i n Indonesië
INHOUD Woord v o o r a f A t j e h : een g e b i e d a p a r t Een o v e r z i c h t van b e r i c h t e n u i t de p e r s Bijlagen: Een k r i t i s c h commentaar u i t Indonesië P e r s b e r i c h t van h e t I n s t i t u u t v o o r R e c h t s h u l p (LBH) t e J a k a r t a Reuter b e r i c h t u i t A t j e h Rapport van A s i a Watch R e s o l u t i e van h e t Europese Parlement
Samengesteld door Hans Goderbauer m.m.v. I r e e n F a r j o n en D o l f P e t e r s
INDOC L e i d e n , maart 1991 Te b e s t e l l e n door overmaking van f 10,- op g i r o 410.5600 t . n . v . INDOC L e i d e n o.v.v. ' D o s s i e r A t j e h ' . I n d o n e s i s c h Documentatie & I n f o r m a t i e Centrum Postbus 11250 2301 EG L e i d e n
WOORD VOORAF
Het
z a l v e l e n ontgaan
zijn.
In
zijn
notitie
'Mensenrechten
in
Indonesië* van begin september 1990 maakte m i n i s t e r Van den Broek van B u i t e n l a n d s e Zaken s l e c h t s t e r l o o p s melding van gebleken pers,
onrust i n A t j e h " .
zowel
1
D i t ondanks t a l van
"recentelijk
b e r i c h t e n i n de
i n Indonesië a l s d a a r b u i t e n , over een r e e k s b l o e d i g e
incidenten
tijdens
militaire
operaties aldaar.
e c h t e r van o o r d e e l dat " i n het algemeen (...)
2
De
minister
was
van s y s t e m a t i s c h e ,
e r n s t i g e schendingen van mensenrechten geen sprake" i s . Nadien
b l e v e n u i t Aceh v e r o n t r u s t e n d e b e r i c h t e n komen. Zo meldde
Reuter
dat
e r massagraven met
honderden
lijken
waren
gevonden.
Weer l a t e r b e r i c h t t e een Reuter-correspondente d a t b u r g e r s e r
met
honderden t e g e l i j k werden afgevoerd naar d e t e n t i e c e n t r a , Vaak op grond
van
z e l f s maar de g e r i n g s t e verdenking. T e n s l o t t e kwam de
Amerikaanse mensenrechten-organisatie
Asia
en gedocumenteerd v e r s l a g van a l l e r l e i
Watch met
vormen van
een
lijvig
machtsmisbruik
door m i l i t a i r e n i n Aceh. Geen wonder dat over de ontwikkelingen i n Aceh g r o t e o n g e r u s t h e i d is
o n t s t a a n . B i j de
r e c e n t e behandeling van
genoemde n o t i t i e
in
de V a s t e Kamercommissie voor B u i t e n l a n d s e Zaken w i l d e de m i n i s t e r over h e t slechts
onderwerp Aceh e c h t e r w e i n i g k w i j t op
één
bron
zijn
gebaseerd".
t o e z e g g i n g , zo m o g e l i j k nadere Feit
i s dat
over
de
uitgebreide
H i j beperkte
o p e r a t i e s i n Aceh
Op
(een
hulp i s geconcentreerd)
i n f o r m a t i e bestond d i e bovendien
i s gebaseerd.
zich
Europese
b a s i s daarvan h e e f t men
dergelijke
Parlement
strekking
heeft
de
van
de
toen
van v e r s c h i l l e n d e
inmiddels
aangenomen waarin
een
tevens
s t o p z e t t i n g van de wapenhandel aan Indonesië.
reeds
op meerdere bronnen
de a c t i e s v e r o o r d e e l d en opgeroepen t o t s t o p z e t t i n g en Het
tot
i n f o r m a t i e toe t e s t u r e n .
militaire
r e g i o ' s waarin de Nederlandse
omdat "de b e r i c h t e n
resolutie
zijde
onderzoek. van
wordt v e r z o c h t
een om
2 U i t d i t d o s s i e r , waarin deze i n f o r m a t i e i s opgenomen, moge de e r n s t van de s i t u a t i e a l s ook h e t belang van een nader onderzoek door de m i n i s t e r b l i j k e n . Temeer daar e r a l l e reden i s t o t z o r g over h e t l o t van de a r r e s t a n t e n , wier a a n t a l onbekend i s . De m i l i t a i r e v e i l i g h e i d s d i e n s t Bakorstanas h e e f t reeds 24 van hen overgedragen t e r b e r e c h t i n g op grond van de a n t i - s u b v e r s i e w e t .
Tot
s l o t nog d i t . Het l e g e r beweert
van
een geheimzinnige groep opstandelingen,
t e r V e r s t o r i n g van de V e i l i g h e i d ' GPK).
dat de moorden h e t werk de zogeheten
zijn
'Bende
(Gerombolan Pengacau Keamanan,
Tekenend voor de o p s t e l l i n g van het l e g e r i s een u i t s p r a a k
van de r e g i o n a l e m i l i t a i r e commandant en l e i d e r van de o p e r a t i e s , b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a a l Pramono, i n een i n t e r v i e w met h e t I n d o n e s i s c h e weekblad
Tempo. "DE BEVOLKING DRAAG IK OP: HET GAAT ER OM DAT J E
LEDEN VAN DE GPK GEWOON DOOD MAAKT ALS J E ZE TEGENKOMT, J E HOEFT NIET OP EEN ONDERZOEK VAN DE POLITIE TE WACHTEN. (...) IK HEB DE BEVOLKING NU HET BEVEL GEGEVEN EEN SCHERP MES B I J ZICH TE DRAGEN. EEN
HAKMES OF WAT DAN OOK, ALS J E EEN LID VAN DE GPK TEGENKOMT,
GEWOON DOOD MAKEN".
4
Een d e r g e l i j k e u i t s p r a a k , en voor zover bekend
d i e een v r i j b r i e f
t o t moorden betekent
n i e t p u b l i e k e l i j k i s herroepen, mag niemand
ontgaan.
Leiden,
maart 1991
noten:
2
>
'
'Mensenrechten i n Indonesië'. B r i e f van de m i n i s t e r van Buitenlandse Zaken dd. 4 september 199 0. Tweede Kamer, v e r g a d e r j a a r 1989-1990, 21 662, nr. 1, p. 3. ' A t j e h ' wordt i n h e t onderstaande geschreven a l s 'Aceh* (Indonesische s p e l l i n g ) . Z i e h e t navolgende o v e r z i c h t van b e r i c h t e n u i t de p e r s . 'GPK' i s de door de a u t o r i t e i t e n g e b r u i k t e term voor de 'Gerakan Aceh Merdeka' ( ' V r i j Aceh Beweging', ook wel aangeduid a l s 'Aceh-Sumatra N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t ' ) . Tempo, 17 november 1990, p. 34.
3
ACEH: EEN
GEBIED APART
G e l e g e n i n h e t u i t e r s t e noorden van h e t e i l a n d Sumatra kenmerkt Aceh z i c h van oudsher door v e r z e t t e g e n vreemde o n d e r w e r p i n g . Een b e l a n g r i j k e r o l d a a r b i j s p e e l t de i s l a m d i e de Acehse s a m e n l e v i n g (momenteel c i r c a 3,5 m i l j o e n mensen) een g e h e e l e i g e n k a r a k t e r h e e f t gegeven. A c e h e r s z i e n h i e r i n een r e c h t v a a r d i g i n g v o o r hun s t r e v e n naar r e g i o n a l e autonomie met een c e n t r a l e p l a a t s van de g o d s d i e n s t i n h e t m a a t s c h a p p e l i j k e en s t a a t k u n d i g e b e s t e l . Tevens z i j n z i j v o o r a l georiënteerd op h e t n a b i j e M a l e i s e s c h i e r e i l a n d waarmee men i n t e n s i e v e c o n t a c t e n onderhoudt. Lang v o o r de r e c e n t e g e b e u r t e n i s s e n was Aceh daarom a l een l a s t i g b e s t u u r b a a r g e b i e d . Zo v o e r d e n de A c e h e r s een j a r e n l a n g e en b l o e d i g e s t r i j d t e g e n h e t N e d e r l a n d s e k o l o n i a l e gezag t o t z i j i n 1914 geen andere u i t w e g meer zagen dan z i c h over t e geven aan Van Heutz en d i e n s t r o e p e n . De I n d o n e s i s c h e s p e e l f i l m ' T j o e t Nya' D h i e n ' , de legendarische vrouw van de Acehse h e l d Teuku Umar, g e e f t een i n d r i n g e n d b e e l d van de h e v i g h e i d waarmee de A c e h e r s hun v e r g e e f s e s t r i j d om h e t behoud van de v r i j h e i d voerden. Na de u i t r o e p i n g van de o n a f h a n k e l i j k e R e p u b l i e k Indonesië kende Aceh een a a n z i e n l i j k e mate van z e l f b e s t u u r maar d a t was s l e c h t s van k o r t e duur. Het b e s l u i t van de r e g e r i n g i n J a k a r t a om Aceh d e e l t e l a t e n u i t m a k e n van de p r o v i n c i e Noord-Sumatra deed i n de j a r e n '50 een ware o p s t a n d u i t b r e k e n , g e l e i d door Daud Beureuh en v a n u i t h e t b u i t e n l a n d gesteund door Hasan T i r o . Pas t o e n b l e e k d a t m i l i t a i r e m i d d e l e n geen o p l o s s i n g b r a c h t e n g i n g 'Jakarta' o v e r t o t o n d e r h a n d e l i n g e n . Met a l s r e s u l t a a t d a t Aceh i n 1959 de s t a t u s van ' S p e c i a a l Gebied' v e r w i e r f met e i g e n bevoegdheden op h e t g e b i e d van o n d e r w i j s , g o d s d i e n s t en g e w o o n t e r e c h t . De v e s t i g i n g van de 'Nieuwe Orde' i n 1965 deed h e t v e r z e t opnieuw h e r l e v e n . Van i s l a m i t i s c h e z i j d e was b i j de p o l i t i e k e o m w e n t e l i n g en b l o e d i g e u i t s c h a k e l i n g van h e t communisme n a m e l i j k r u i m e h u l p v e r l e e n d i n de hoop op g r o t e r e p o l i t i e k e s p e e l r u i m t e . Maar d a t b l e e k a l s n e l een i l l u s i e . Want hoewel de i s l a m i t i s c h e p a r t i j e n i n Aceh de v e r k i e z i n g e n wonnen zou h e t r e g i o n a l e p a r l e m e n t worden gedomineerd door de s t r i j d k r a c h t e n en de r e g e r i n g s f r a c t i e G o l k a r . B o v e n d i e n kwam de u i t v o e r e n d e macht i n handen van de door J a k a r t a benoemde m i l i t a i r e b e v e l h e b b e r . Tevens begon de r e g e r i n g Aceh's n a t u u r l i j k e rijkdommen v o o r a l t e n e i g e n b a t e t e e x p l o i t e r e n z o a l s door de bouw van de g r o t e A r u n - a a r d g a s f a b r i e k en de u i t g i f t e van t a l l o z e houtkapconcessies. D i t t e r w i j l n i e t s werd gedaan aan de g r o t e a c h t e r s t a n d op h e t g e b i e d van b i j v o o r b e e l d g e z o n d h e i d s z o r g , o n d e r w i j s en i n f r a s t r u c t u u r . I n k r i n g e n van s t u d e n t e n en r e l i g i e u z e l e i d e r s kwam d a a r d o o r weer de g e d a c h t e op aan een o n a f h a n k e l i j k Aceh. Om een e i n d e t e maken aan 'de Javaanse k o l o n i s a t i e ' werd mede onder l e i d i n g van Hasan T i r o de ' V r i j Aceh Beweging' (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka) o p g e r i c h t en l a t e r h e t ' N a t i o n a l e B e v r i j d i n g s f r o n t Aceh-Sumatra'. Ook vonden i n de tweede h e l f t van de j a r e n '70 i n Aceh a l l e r l e i i n c i d e n t e n p l a a t s d i e aan deze o r g a n i s a t i e s werden t o e g e s c h r e v e n . Voor de
4 r e g e r i n g was d i t voldoende reden om opnieuw i n t e g r i j p e n - Met a l s g e v o l g d a t h e t s t r a a t b e e l d i n steden a l s de h o o f d s t a d Banda Aceh r e g e l m a t i g werd getekend door m i l i t a i r e c o l o n n e s . T i j d e n s harde a c t i e s werden v e l e t i e n t a l l e n Acehers g e a r r e s t e e r d dan wel gedood. De wreedheden d i e h e t l e g e r d a a r b i j t e g e n (vermeende) 'Aceh Merdeka'-leden en hun f a m i l i e l e d e n beging kwam pas aan h e t l i c h t t i j d e n s de v e l e processen d i e nadien werden g e v o e r d . 1
A l s een van de v r o e g s t geïslamiseerde s t r e k e n i n Indonesië d r a a g t Aceh de erenaam "De V o o r g a l e r i j van Mekka": een b e w i j s van de nauwe, h i s t o r i s c h gegroeide banden met de a r a b i s c h e w e r e l d van de islam. Die verbondenheid was onlangs opnieuw a c t u e e l . Van een n e u t r a l e houding i n de G o l f o o r l o g was i n Aceh nog minder sprake dan i n de r e s t van h e t l a n d . Zo werd a l een maand voor h e t u i t b r e k e n van de o o r l o g i n de g r o t e moskee van Meulaboh (West-Aceh) i e d e r e v r i j d a g d r i e keer p e r etmaal een s p e c i a a l gebed t e r afwending van o n h e i l (Kunut N a z i l a h ) u i t g e s p r o k e n opdat Saddam Husein de overwinning zou behalen op de v i j a n d e n van de i s l a m . Toen de t i j d i n g kwam d a t h e t m u l t i n a t i o n a l e l e g e r de "aanval op I r a k " had i n g e z e t (van een " b e v r i j d i n g van Koeweit" was i n Aceh geen sprake) werden de inwoners van Banda Aceh "bevangen door een beklemmende s t i l t e " . Met andere woorden, e r begon wat t e b r o e i e n . N i e t a l l e e n i n Banda Aceh maar ook i n andere steden en onder allé b e v o l k i n g s g r o e p e n betoonde men z i c h zeer geschokt. Ook de p r o v i n c i a l e Raad van S c h r i f t g e l e e r d e n (MUI, M a j e l i s Ulama I n d o n e s i a ) , h e t hoogste i s l a m i t i s c h e c o l l e g e , r i e p de Acehers op t e bidden voor A l l a h ' s genade en h e t behoud van de moslims i n h e t o o r l o g s g e b i e d . De MUI van Aceh benadrukte h e t h i s t o r i s c h e belang van Bagdad a l s een van de e e r s t e c e n t r a van de i s l a m i t i s c h e b e s c h a v i n g . "Met de ondergang van Bagdad z a l daarom de i s l a m t e n onder gaan", a l d u s p r o f . A. Hasymi, de v o o r z i t t e r van de raad. Naar z i j n mening zouden vredesonderhandelingen een e i n d moeten maken aan de v e e r t i g j a r i g e onderdrukking van de P a l e s t i j n e n door de Israëlische z i o n i s t e n . Pas na deze u i t s p r a k e n conformeerde Hasymi z i c h aan de v e r k l a r i n g van de c e n t r a l e MUI i n J a k a r t a d i e z i c h formeel aan de b e s l u i t e n van de Verenigde N a t i e s h i e l d z o a l s een door de r e g e r i n g samengesteld orgaan betaamt. S p e c i a l e o r d e r s v a n u i t J a k a r t a bleven n i e t u i t . Een week na h e t u i t b r e k e n van de G o l f o o r l o g maakte de Bakorstanasda, de r e g i o n a l e m i l i t a i r e v e i l i g h e i d s d i e n s t , bekend d a t maatregelen waren genomen t e r bescherming van de b u i t e n l a n d s e c o n s u l a t e n . Tevens werd de p e r s i n Medan (waaronder Waspada) gemaand z i c h n i e t op een p r o l r a k standpunt t e p l a a t s e n maar z i c h t e houden aan h e t officiële standpunt van de r e g e r i n g . Het g i n g immers n i e t om een o o r l o g t u s s e n g o d s d i e n s t e n maar gewoon om materiële belangen, zo l u i d d e de t o e l i c h t i n g . Na a a n s l a g e n op de ambassade van de Verenigde S t a t e n i n J a k a r t a en h e t c o n s u l a a t i n Surabaya en na b e d r e i g i n g e n van Amerikaanse burgers en b e d r i j v e n , waarschuwde h e t Amerikaanse m i n i s t e r i e van B u i t e n l a n d s e Zaken haar burgers n i e t naar Indonesië t e r e i z e n . In deze officiële v e r k l a r i n g werd, naast I r i a n Jaya, met name Aceh genoemd a l s een gebied waar e r n s t i g e gewelddaden, hoewel op k l e i n e s c h a a l , plaatsvonden, d i e hadden g e l e i d t o t harde t e g e n maatregelen en h i e r en daar t o t h e t i n s t e l l e n van een a v o n d k l o k . 2
3
5 In 1990 kwam de p r o v i n c i e Aceh n i e t a l l e e n i n h e t nieuws vanwege e r n s t i g e p o l i t i e k e o n r u s t maar ook door regengebrek, bosbranden, o v e r s t r o m i n g e n en t e n s l o t t e door een d r e i g e n d e hongersnood i n een van de v r u c h t b a a r s t e r i j s t g e b i e d e n . O n g e b r e i d e l d e k a a l k a p door h o u t b e d r i j v e n i s v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k voor s t e e d s l a n g e r e d r o o g t e - p e r i o d e n en h e t d r o o g v a l l e n v a n r i v i e r e n . In september o n t s t o n d daardoor gebrek aan d r i n k w a t e r en g i n g de r i j s t o o g s t i n P i d i e g r o t e n d e e l s v e r l o r e n . I n d e z e l f d e maand z i j n i n Midden-, Z u i d o o s t - en Groot-Aceh d u i z e n d e n h e c t a r e bos door b r a n d v e r w o e s t . Daarop v o l g d e n i n de maand november i n Noord-Aceh o v e r s t r o m i n g e n d i e t i e n t a l l e n dorpen b l a n k z e t t e n . Het meest k r i t i e k i s de s i t u a t i e i n Zuid-Aceh d a t a l e n k e l e j a r e n l a n g g e t e i s t e r d wordt door s t e e d s h e v i g e r o v e r s t r o m i n g e n . Na een b a n j i r i n j a n u a r i h e e f t een v l o e d g o l f i n j u n i d u i z e n d e n h e c t a r e sawahs ( n a t t e r i j s t b o u w ) verwoest. Het d i s t r i c t s h o o f d ( b u p a t i ) D r s . Sayed Mudhahar Achmad d r e i g d e i n j u n i , h e e l o n g e b r u i k e l i j k v o o r een b e s t u u r s a m b t e n a a r , o n t s l a g t e nemen a l s e r geen e i n d kwam aan h e t kappen van h e t bos i n z i j n g e b i e d . H e t M i n i s t e r i e van Landbouw h e e f t l u k r a a k k a p c o n c e s s i e s u i t g e g e v e n , b i j v o o r b e e l d h e t n a t u u r r e s e r v a a t Gunung L e u s e r i n Bakangon. Eén c o n c e s s i e b e s l a a t z e l f s h a l f Sabuluselam, de h o o f d p l a a t s v a n h e t onderd i s t r i c t Simpang K i r i . De b e v o l k i n g i n Zuid-Aceh verarmt z i e n d e r o g e n omdat ze n i e t meer h e t r e c h t h e e f t op de p r o d u c t e n van hun erfwouden en a k k e r s . I n p l a a t s van de v e r p l i c h t e b e l a s t i n g van v i j f g u l d e n p e r h e c t a r e a f t e dragen aan de d i s t r i c t s k a s en houtverwerkende industrieën op t e z e t t e n e x p o r t e r e n de h o u t k a p b e d r i j v e n a l l e g e v e l d e bomen. De o v e r h e i d i n Zuid-Aceh i s d e r h a l v e meer baat b i j de o p h e f f i n g van de k a p c o n c e s s i e s dan b i j h e t v o o r t b e s t a a n d a a r v a n . De v i e r o n d e r d i s t r i c t e n Simpang K i r i , Simpang Kanan, S i n g k i l en Trumon met i n t o t a a l 325.000 inwoners, d i e voorheen een v a n de ' r i j s t s c h u r e n van Aceh' vormden, hebben d a a r d o o r s i n d s november t e kampen met v o e d s e l g e b r e k , temeer daar de p r i j s v a n sago ( d i e de r i j s t a l s h o o f d v o e d s e l v e r v a n g t ) i s v e r d u b b e l d en v o o r v e l e n t e duur i s geworden. 4
noten: 1
)
2
)
>
3
4 )
Z i e onder meer h e t p l e i d o o i van de s t u d e n t en p o l i t i e k e a c t i v i s t A.Q. J a e l a n i A b d u l l a h , v o o r g e l e z e n v o o r de r e c h t bank van Banda Aceh, i n : 'Mensenrechten i n Indonesië. Een dokument u i t A t j e h ' , INDOC, L e i d e n 1981, 80 pp. Tegen de z i n van de r e g e r i n g i n J a k a r t a o n d e r s c h e i d t h e t d a g b l a d Waspada z i c h a l j a r e n door haar open b e r i c h t g e v i n g o v e r p l a a t s e l i j k e o n t w i k k e l i n g e n . De k r a n t h e e f t r e g e l m a t i g t e maken gehad met a l l e r l e i vormen van i n t i m i d a t i e . Waspada 17, 18 en 22 j a n u a r i '91; I n d o n e s i a n O b s e r v e r 25 januari '91; Suara Pembaruan 2 8 j a n u a r i '91; P e l i t a 1 f e b r u a r i '91. E d i t o r 19 j a n u a r i en 7 j u l i '90; Waspada 2, 5, 10 en 22 september '90, 7 en 11 november '90 en 16 j a n u a r i '91.
6
/MEVSHN REOHTEV IN INDONESIË EEN O O K U M H V T UIT /VTJHï Het P l e i d o o i v a n A . Q . D j a e l a n i A b d u l l a h V o o r g e l e z e n v o o r de R e c h t b a n k t e Banda A t j e h , i n de zaak 'Aceh Merdeka* V e r t a a l d en t o e g e l i c h t door Sander A d e l a a r en Hans B o r k e n t
Leiden, december 1981
Indoe
7
EEN OVERZICHT VAN
BERICHTEN UIT DE PERS
3 j u n i 1989
Het I n d o n e s i s c h e weekblad Tempo s c h r i j f t o v e r een r e e k s van ongeregeldheden i n Noord-Aceh. Zo i s op 10 maart i n de h o o f d s t a d Lhokseumawe het O r i e n t a l C i r c u s I n d o n e s i a , eigendom van een coöperatie van de Luchtmacht u i t J a k a r t a , met stenen b e k o g e l d z o d a t de v o o r s t e l l i n g e n moesten worden a f g e l a s t . Inwoners e r g e r d e n z i c h e r n a m e l i j k aan d a t h e t c i r c u s s t e e d s t o t bezoek o p r i e p wanneer u i t de n a b i j g e l e g e n moskee de oproep t o t gebed w e e r k l o n k . Ook s t o o r d e men z i c h aan de spaarzaam g e k l e d e , vrouwelijke artiesten. Korte t i j d l a t e r braken i n het o n d e r d i s t r i c t Muara Batu ongeregeldheden u i t t o e n t i j d e n s de v o o r d r a c h t van een p r e d i k e r v a n u i t h e t p u b l i e k scherpe k r i t i e k op de r e g e r i n g werd g e u i t en men massaal de s t r a a t op g i n g . Volgens Tempo worden de i n c i d e n t e n n i e t zoz e e r v e r o o r z a a k t door r e l i g i e u s f a n a t i s m e a l s wel door de komst van nieuwe industrieën en c u l t u r e l e i n v l o e d e n van b u i t e n a f .
28 o k t o b e r 1989
Het I n d o n e s i s c h e weekblad E d i t o r b e r i c h t over de v e r s c h e r p t e c o n t r o l e van p e r s o o n s b e w i j z e n i n Noord-Aceh. D i e worden e n k e l nog v e r s t r e k t i n d i e n aan de b e l a s t i n g p l i c h t i s v o l d a a n . A l s a d m i n i s t r a t i e v e w i l l e k e u r b l i j k t , t r e d e n zes dorpshoofden u i t p r o t e s t a f en houden 30 man het hoofd van h e t o n d e r d i s t r i c t Peudada i n d i e n s auto aan. Het m i l i t a i r e rayoncommando (Koramil) weet s n e l de orde t e h e r s t e l l e n .
14 a p r i l 1990
Tempo s c h r i j f t over de m y s t e r i e u z e o v e r v a l op een p o l i t i e p o s t i n Noord-Aceh. Van de d a d e r s , d i e een agent d o o d s c h i e t e n en brand s t i c h t e n , o n t b r e e k t e l k spoor. Ter p l a a t s e b r e n g t men h e t v o o r v a l i n verband met de moord op een s e r g e a n t - m a j o o r , t e v e n s v o o r m a l i g medewerker van de i n l i c h t i n g e n d i e n s t van h e t m i l i t a i r e ressortcommando (anggota intelijen Korem), van b e g i n maart en eveneens i n Noord-Aceh.
28 a p r i l 1990
Tempo b e r i c h t over een t w e e t a l i n c i d e n t e n op 16 a p r i l i n Lhokseumawe w a a r b i j v i j f j o n g e l u i op s t r a a t werden doodgeschoten. D i t omdat ze n i e t zouden z i j n g e s t o p t v o o r een c o n t r o l e op i d e n t i t e i t s p a p i e r e n . Een van de ouders gaf l a t e r t e kennen van de m i l i t a i r e n een e n v e l o p met 100 gulden t e hebben ontvangen na e e r s t f l i n k te z i j n geslagen.
8 N a a r a a n l e i d i n g h i e r v a n s t e l t Tempo d e v r a a g of l e g e r en p o l i t i e w e l v o o r z i c h t i g genoeg z i j n b i j h u n o p e r a t i e s t e g e n de 'Bende t e r Verstoring v a n de V e i l i g h e i d ' (Gerombolan P e n g a c a u Keamanan, G P K ) . 3 m e i 1990
De F a r E a s t e r n E c o n o m i e R e v i e w b e r i c h t o v e r gewapende o v e r v a l l e n op p o l i t i e p o s t e n i n A c e h met a r r e s t a t i e s e n z e k e r t i e n d o d e n . De a c t i e w o r d t t o e g e s c h r e v e n a a n s e p a r a t i s t e n v a n de ' V r i j Aceh'-beweging (Aceh M e r d e k a ) .
30
juni
1990
V o l g e n s Tempo l e i d t de v e r s c h e r p t e controle op p e r s o o n s b e w i j z e n t o t o n t s t e m m i n g o n d e r d e bevolking. I n een vraaggesprek k o n d i g t de b e v e l h e b b e r v a n h e t r e g i o n a l e commando B u k i t B a r i s a n (Pangdam I / B u k i t B a r i s a n , K e p a l a S t a f K o s t r a d ) , b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a a l Pramono, a a n de GPK i n de d i s t r i c t e n N o o r d - A c e h , O o s t - A c e h e n P i d i e met h a r d e a c t i e s u i t t e s c h a k e l e n . N a a r z i j n z e g g e n w o r d t d e naam ' V r i j A c e h ' s l e c h t s g e b r u i k t a l s v o o r w e n d s e l om roofovervallen u i t t e voeren.
14
juli
1990
De b e v e l h e b b e r der strijdkrachten (Pangab ABRI), g e n e r a a l T r y S u t r i s n o , woont i n Lhokseumawe I d u l A d h a b i j , h e t s l o t f e e s t v a n d e pelgrimstocht n a a r Mekka. Tempo m e l d t d a t g e n e r a a l S u t r i s n o de m e n i g t e a a n s p o o r t om d e o n a f h a n k e l i j k h e i d i n h o u d t e g e v e n d o o r met v o l l e o v e r g a v e mee t e d o e n a a n d e n a t i o n a l e o n t w i k k e l i n g . " E l k e groep d i e , hoe k l e i n ook, t r a c h t onze v e r e n i g i n g en e e n h e i d t e schaden en t e d o e n s c h e u r e n , t e meer t e n e i n d e de n a t i o n a l e o n t w i k k e l i n g t e belemmeren en t e doen m i s l u k k e n , z a l v a n de V e r h e v e n A l l a h z e k e r een v e r s c h r i k k e l i j k e s t r a f k r i j g e n " , zo w a a r s c h u w t de g e n e r a a l .
21
juli
1990
President Soeharto heeft h e t groene licht gegeven v o o r t r o e p e n v e r s t e r k i n g e n , zo maakt g o u v e r n e u r H a s a n v a n A c e h na e e n o n d e r h o u d met de p r e s i d e n t i n J a k a r t a b e k e n d . A a n t a l l e n w o r d e n e v e n w e l n i e t genoemd. Tempo s t e l t vraagtekens b i j deze troepenv e r s t e r k i n g e n nu de GPK v o l g e n s h e t l e g e r i s gereduceerd t o t hooguit d e r t i g leden. Volgens h e t b l a d h e e f t e e n e n a n d e r o o k t o t d o e l , de g r o t e b e d r i j v e n t e beschermen z o a l s de Arun gasfabriek, het s t a a t s o l i e b e d r i j f Pertamina, het Amerikaanse M o b i l O i l alsmede een t w e e t a l kunstmestfabrieken.
27
juli
1990
De V o l k s k r a n t m e l d t d a t J a k a r t a 3000 s o l d a t e n h e e f t i n g e z e t v o o r een g r o o t s c h e e p s e o p e r a t i e i n A c e h . V o l g e n s de v i c e - g o u v e r n e u r v a n A c e h
9 hebben de b l o e d i g e ongeregeldheden van enkele e x t r e m i s t i s c h e i s l a m i e t e n de l a a t s t e maanden aan zeker z e s t i g mensen het leven g e k o s t . 14 augustus 1990
U i t Banda Aceh b e r i c h t een c o r r e s p o n d e n t van de V o l k s k r a n t dat moslims z i c h e r v e r z e t t e n tegen door J a k a r t a opgedrongen waarden. Sinds a p r i l z i t de p r o v i n c i e "gevangen i n een greep van t e r r e u r " : de meeste a a n v a l l e n b l i j k e n het werk van 'Aceh Merdeka'. Het l e g e r i s met 5 b a t a l j o n s v e r s t e r k t t o t 5000 man. " M i l i t a i r e n nemen (...) geen r i s i c o . A l s g e v o l g van de spanningen v a l l e n onder de handen van s c h i e t grage commando's met regelmaat s l a c h t o f f e r s onder de b u r g e r b e v o l k i n g " .
16 augustus 199 0
Volgens het persbureau AFP (The S t r a i t s T i mes) i s een b a t a l j o n van de Luchtmacht van 600 manschappen i n d i s t r i c t e n i n Noord-Aceh, Oost-Aceh en P i d i e g e a r r i v e e r d .
18 augustus 1990
V a n u i t Aceh b e r i c h t Tempo over de v i e r i n g van O n a f h a n k e l i j k h e i d s d a g . Vanaf b e g i n augustus wapperen aan de h u i z e n k l e i n e , p a p i e r e n roodw i t t e v l a g g e t j e s d i e de a u t o r i t e i t e n g r a t i s hebben v e r s t r e k t . "De bewoners geven daarmee b l i j k van hun l i e f d e voor de R e p u b l i e k " , zo l e g t b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a a l Pramono u i t . Volgens de p o l i t i e i s er geen enkele inwoner d i e het v l a g g e t j e w e i g e r t u i t t e hangen. De l e i d i n g van de ceremonie i s i n handen van l u i t e n a n t - k o l o n e l Prabowo [een schoonzoon van Soeharto d i e z i j n r e p u t a t i e v e s t i g d e i n OostTimor, HG] a l s bataljonscommandant van de groep L u c h t v e r b i n d i n g e n van het S t r a t e g i s c h Commando ( L i n t a s Udara Kostrad) en m i l i t a i r e n van het Commando S p e c i a l e Troepen (Kopassus) [de beruchte rode b a r e t t e n , HG] , d i e met een o o r l o g s s c h i p u i t J a k a r t a z i j n aangevoerd om hun vaardigheden t e demonstreren, schrijft Tempo. Voordat het s c h i p z i j n anker u i t w i e r p vlogen F-5 s t r a a l j a g e r s over. Daarop gingen m a r i n i e r s van de S n e l l e I n t e r v e n t i e Eenheid (Pasukan Pemukul R e a k s i Cepat) met a m f i b i e v o e r t u i g e n aan l a n d . T e g e l i j k e r t i j d dropten H e r c u l e s - t o e s t e l l e n v e l e p a r a c h u t i s t e n boven dorpen i n Noord- en Oost-Aceh. Brigadier-generaal Pramono ontkent dat de demonstraties i e t s t e maken hebben met het u i t s c h a k e l e n van de GPK.
4 september
1990
De m i n i s t e r van B u i t e n l a n d s e Zaken s t u u r t de n o t i t i e 'Mensenrechten i n Indonesië' naar de Tweede Kamer. T e r l o o p s wordt melding gemaakt van " r e c e n t e l i j k gebleken o n r u s t i n A t j e h " . A l s reden wordt aangenomen dat J a k a r t a t e
10 v e e l en de p r o v i n c i e s t e w e i n i g p r o f i t e r e n van de economische s u c c e s s e n van de l a a t s t e t i j d . (Tweede Kamer, v e r g a d e r j a a r 1989-üqqn 21662, nr. 1, p. 3). ~' 13 oktober 1990
Een groep van 140 burgers d i e i n j u l i door het l e g e r i s opgepakt, wordt b e g i n oktober door b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a a l Pramono v r i j g e l a t e n . Aangeduid a l s voormalige v o l g e l i n g e n van dé GPK moeten z i j e c h t e r e e r s t i n h e t r e g i o n a l e parlementsgebouw i n Lhokseumawe p l e c h t i g hun trouw beloven aan de P a n c a s i l a - i d e o l o g i e en de Grondwet van 194 5. Ook moeten z i j zweren hun nog a c t i e v e kameraden t e l i k w i d e r e n zo meldt Tempo. ' Daags tevoren hebben honderden inwoners van Idi i n Oost-Aceh tegenover hun militaire districtscommandant (Dandim) b l i j k gegeven van hun v a s t e voornemen de GPK t e verzengen. Sinds augustus t r e d e n z i j onder l e i d i n g van Helmi Mahera, zoon van H u s i n A l - M u j a h i d , een bekend f i g u u r i n Aceh, op a l s v o l k s m i l i t i e en dragen ze kapmessen, degens, l a n s e n en ook bamboesperen. De groep van 1500 man o p e r e e r t v e e l a l samen met de s t r i j d k r a c h t e n . "Dit i s nu i n c o n c r e t o h e t systeem voor de a l g e h e l e handhaving van de v e i l i g h e i d van de b e v o l k i n g " , a l d u s een bron b i j h e t m i l i t a i r e districtscommando (Kodim).
20 oktober 1990
Sedert september z i j n i n de d i s t r i c t e n OostAceh en Langkat (Noord-Sumatra) op d i v e r s e plekken l i j k e n a a n g e t r o f f e n waarvan de handen en tenen z i j n vastgebonden en de hoofden vaak een of meerdere gaten v e r t o n e n . Waart het spook van de 'mysterieuze moorden' (petrus) weer rond, zo v r a a g t Tempo z i c h a f , verwijzend naar de moorden van 1983 op Java! Sommigen vermoeden dat de s l a c h t o f f e r s d i t maal leden z i j n van een groep d i e door het l e g e r wordt aangeduid met GPK, a l d u s Tempo.
9 november 1990
Het persbureau Reuter (The S t r a i t s Times Trouw) meldt dat de l a a t s t e maanden honderden l i j k e n z i j n gevonden: i n r i v i e r e n , langs de weg en ook op p l a n t a g e s . In het o n d e r d i s t r i c t Alue Mira (Oost-Aceh) wordt een massagraf met wel 200 l i j k e n ontdekt. Volgens p l a a t s e l i j k e bewoners i s d i t het werk van m i l i t a i r e n d i e de b e v o l k i n g angst w i l l e n aanjagen om zo een opstand te voorkomen. Reuter b a s e e r t z i c h op u i t s p r a k e n van een advocaat van h e t I n s t i t u u t voor Rechtshulp (Lembaga Bantuan Hukum, LBH) i n J a k a r t a na d i e n s t e r u g k e e r u i t het bewuste gebied. Het l e g e r beweert evenwel dat de GPK a c h t e r de moorden z i t . r
11 15 november 1990
In een p e r s b e r i c h t roept het I n s t i t u u t voor Rechtshulp t e J a k a r t a het l e g e r op z i c h aan de wet t e houden b i j het h e r s t e l van de r u s t en orde i n Aceh.
15 november 1990
M i l i t a i r e n geven toe, ongewapende burgers t e doden en hun lichamen b i j w i j z e van " c o n t r a t e r r o r i s t i s c h e " maatregel a c h t e r t e l a t e n op openbare p l a a t s e n , zo b e r i c h t The Economist. Het a a n t a l doden zou volgens een l e g e r a r t s meer dan duizend bedragen. Langs wegen en i n g r e p p e l s zouden verminkte l i j k e n l i g g e n . De meeste s l a c h t o f f e r s z i j n p l a a t s e l i j k e burgers ofschoon er ook m i l i t a i r e n en e n k e l e r e b e l e n z i j n gedood, aldus de k r a n t .
17 november 1990
In een h o o f d a r t i k e l z e t Tempo de r e c e n t e ontwikkelingen i n Aceh na de ontdekking van de mysterieuze moorden op een r i j . Ook wordt gememoreerd aan de zeker 2000 'mysterieuze moorden' van 1983 d i e pas onlangs door het l e g e r bleken t e z i j n bedoeld a l s een 'shockt h e r a p i e ' . Het b l a d gaat bovendien i n op de p o l i t i e k e , s o c i a l e en economische c o n t e x t van de ontwikkelingen i n Aceh. De bevelhebber van de m i l i t a i r e o p e r a t i e s i n Aceh, b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a a l Pramono, doet i n een vraaggesprek o p m e r k e l i j k e u i t s p r a k e n . " B i j n a e l k e dag v a l l e n er s l a c h t o f f e r s . (...) De b e v o l k i n g draag i k op: het gaat er om dat j e leden van de GPK gewoon dood maakt a l s j e ze tegenkomt, j e h o e f t n i e t op een onderzoek van de p o l i t i e t e wachten. Ik heb de b e v o l k i n g nu het b e v e l gegeven een scherp mes b i j z i c h t e dragen. Een hakmes of wat dan ook, a l s j e een l i d van de GPK tegenkomt, gewoon dood maken".
23 november 1990
Na een bezoek aan Aceh b e r i c h t een Reutercorrespondent onder meer dat burgers e r met honderden tegelijk worden afgevoerd naar d e t e n t i e c e n t r a , vaak op grond van z e l f s maar de g e r i n g s t e verdenking. D a g e l i j k s worden er gemiddeld twee t o t d r i e lijken gevonden. Volgens p o l i t i c i en r e l i g i e u z e l e i d e r s z i j n de meeste moorden het werk van m i l i t a i r e n , ( i n Indonesia P u b l i c a t i o n s : Indonesia News S e r v i c e , 27.11. '90, 29.11. '90 en 3.12. '90; de V o l k s k r a n t , 24.11.'90).
18 december 1990
In een 'Urgent A c t i o n ' v e r o o r d e e l t T a p o l , een Engelse o r g a n i s a t i e voor de mensenrechten i n Indonesië, "de r e c e n t e moordcampagne tegen het v o l k van Aceh" en r o e p t op de r e g e r i n g Soeharto t e dwingen aan "deze s l a c h t p a r t i j " een einde t e maken.
12 2 2 december 1990
Zowel Tempo a l s E d i t o r b e r i c h t over een brand b i j de J a b a l Ghafur U n i v e r s i t e i t (Unigha) b i j S i g l i , de hoofdstad van h e t d i s t r i c t P i d i e . Op de campus, waarvoor met name de b e v o l k i n g het g e l d b i j e e n had gebracht, gaat een gebouw i n rook op. Ofschoon van de daders nog e l k spoor ontbreekt, houdt de legerwoordvoerder, b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a a l Nurhadi Purwosaputro, het op een p a n i e k - a c t i e van de GPK. Gezien de financiële steun v a n u i t h e t b u i t e n l a n d (de Unigha i s een p a r t i c u l i e r e i n s t e l l i n g ) acht h i j een t e g e n a c t i e op g r o t e s c h a a l o n j u i s t . B r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a a l Pramono weet e c h t e r zeker dat de aanslag h e t werk i s van de GPK: "In wezen komt a l wat s l e c h t i s van de GPK. (...) Ik kan evenwel n i e t s t e l l e n d a t ze voor h e t einde van h e t j a a r z i j n u i t g e s c h a k e l d maar i k z a l de o p e r a t i e s opvoeren t o t ze geheel z i j n uitgeroeid".
27 december 1990
De Amerikaanse m e n s e n r e c h t e n - o r g a n i s a t i e A s i a t c h p u b l i c e e r t een gedocumenteerd r a p p o r t 'Indonesia: Human R i a h t s Abuses i n Aceh': de naar s c h a t t i n g 1000 doden z i j n met name h e t gevolg van systematische, standrechtelijke e x e c u t i e s door h e t l e g e r ; massa-arrestaties l e i d e n vaak t o t m a r t e l i n g en v e r d w i j n i n g ; de r e g e r i n g h e e f t e c h t e r de v o l l e d i g e c o n t r o l e over de b e r i c h t g e v i n g . A s i a Watch v o o r s p e l t dat de haat a l l e e n nog maar z a l toenemen a l s het machtsmisbruik van de m i l i t a i r e n niet afneemt. A s i a Watch e i s t opening van zaken. W a
3 j a n u a r i 1991
Gouverneur Hasan van Aceh maakt bekend d a t op aanwijzing van de p r e s i d e n t een t e r r i t o r i a l e o p e r a t i e wordt i n g e z e t d i e z a l v o o r t d u r e n t o t aan de algemene v e r k i e z i n g e n van 1992, aldus het Indonesische dagblad Suara Pembaruan. "De mensen moeten z e l f v e r t r o u w e n ontwikkelen", zo v e r k l a a r t de gouverneur.(ook P e l i t a , 4.1.'9i)
12
j a n u a r i 1991
Gearresteerde GPK-leden z u l l e n p o l i t i e k n i e t worden tegemoetgekomen, zo k o n d i g t p r e s i d e n t Soeharto aan. D i t omdat sommige leden naar v e r l u i d t i n het b u i t e n l a n d z i j n g e t r a i n d i n terrorisme. Editor bericht voorts dat het leger b l i j v e n d v e i l i g h e i d s o p e r a t i e s z a l uitvoeren. "Toezicht houden doen we a l t i j d " , antwoordt een k o l o n e l van het r e g i o n a l e m i l i t a i r e commando B u k i t Barisan, "De s t r i j d k r a c h t e n staan voortdurend paraat ook a l i s de s i t u a t i e i n Aceh een stuk v e i l i g e r geworden".
16
j a n u a r i 1991
B r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a a l Pramono bedankt de gehele b e v o l k i n g van Aceh voor hun a c t i e v e hulp b i j
13 het h e r s t e l van r u s t en orde, zo meldt het Indonesische dagblad Merdeka. De b r i g a d i e r g e n e r a a l kondigt aan dat de f y s i e k e o p e r a t i e i s vervangen door de t e r r i t o r i a l e o p e r a t i e . B e l a n g r i j k s t e onderdeel daarvan z a l z i j n het programma 'Het Leger T r e k t De Dorpen In' (ABRI Masuk Desa) [een t e w e r k s t e l l i n g van de b e v o l k i n g onder t o e z i c h t van h e t l e g e r , HG] waarvoor de goedkeuring i s v e r k r e g e n van de p r e s i d e n t , aldus Pramono. 24 j a n u a r i 1991
De correspondent van de Far E a s t e r n Economie Review v e r g e l i j k t de informatie van Asia Watch en het LBH met d i e van het l e g e r . De s c h a t t i n g e n over het a a n t a l doden (volgens •Aceh Merdeka": 3000, A s i a Watch: 1000 en m e n s e n r e c h t e n - o r g a n i s a t i e s i n J a k a r t a : 200 a 3 00) acht het l e g e r ongegrond d a t z e l f zegt v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k t e z i j n voor de dood van 20 a 3 0 bandieten. M i l i t a i r e a u t o r i t e i t e n noemen de o p e r a t i e s een succes.
6 f e b r u a r i 1991
B i j een bezoek aan het b a t a l j o n i n f a n t e r i e dat a l s a n t i - t e r r e u r e e n h e i d i s toegevoegd aan het r e g i o n a l e commando B u k i t B a r i s a n (Yonif Linud 100/PS Kodam I B u k i t B a r i s a n ) houdt de Chef S t a f van de Landmacht (Kasad), g e n e r a a l E d i S u d r a j a t , de manschappen voor dat het een g r o t e eer i s om p i o n i e r van het v o l k t e z i j n . Naar z i j n zeggen dienen de h u i d i g e m i l i t a i r e oefeningen i n voorkomende g e v a l l e n e i g e n l i j k een gewoonte t e worden om de geoefendheid van het l e g e r op een hoger p e i l t e brengen, zo meldt Merdeka. V e r g e z e l d van a s s i s t e n t e n van het Commando S p e c i a l e Troepen b e k i j k t h i j vervolgens een d e m o n s t r a t i e - o e f e n i n g . B i j een bezoek aan het m i l i t a i r e d i s t r i c t s commando van Noord-Aceh (Kodim 0103/ Aceh Utara Kodam I B u k i t B a r i s a n ) v e r g e l i j k t de generaal de t e r r i t o r i a l e o p e r a t i e met het opsporen van ziektekiemen.
7 f e b r u a r i 1991
B i j bespreking van de n o t i t i e 'Mensenrechten i n Indonesië' i n de Vaste Kamercommissie voor B u i t e n l a n d s e Zaken v e r k l a a r t de m i n i s t e r van Buitenlandse Zaken dat de k w e s t i e Aceh hem weliswaar zorgen b a a r t maar dat de b e r i c h t e n s l e c h t s op één bron z i j n gebaseerd. Op d e z e l f d e dag meert de 'Isaac Sweers', een voormalig Nederlands f r e g a t i n de Van S p e i j k k l a s s e , af i n de haven van T a n j u n g p r i o k . De 'Isaac Sweers' i s het zesde en l a a t s t e f r e g a t i n deze k l a s s e dat aan de I n d o n e s i s c h e marine i s verkocht, (dagblad Kompas 8.2. '91)
14
BIJLAGEN
EEN
KRITISCH COMMENTAAR UIT
INDONESIË
( v e r t a l i n g van ' P e r i s t i w a "GPK" Aceh dan hak a t a s i n f o r m a s i ' [De k w e s t i e "GPK" Aceh en h e t r e c h t op i n f o r m a t i e ] , i n : Dokumen HakHak A s a s i Manusia I n d o n e s i a [Documenten o v e r de M e n s e n r e c h t e n i n Indonesië], s e r i a l 2/1990. Uitgegeven door INSAN [ I n f o r m a s i dan S t u d i Hak-Hak A z a s i Manusia / Centrum v o o r I n f o r m a t i e en S t u d i e o v e r de Mensenrechten] en LPHAM [Lembaga Pembelaan Hak-Hak A z a s i M a n u s i a / I n s t i t u u t v o o r de V e r d e d i g i n g van de R e c h t e n van de Mens], J a k a r t a 1990).
Toen de gewapende a c t i e i n Aceh z i c h i n a p r i l j l . u i t b r e i d d e , w i s t h e t p u b l i e k n i e t Vmeteen wat e r gebeurde en waarom. B i j n a geen k r a n t of t i j d s c h r i f t gaf een v o l l e d i g v e r s l a g . Het p u b l i e k kon e r soms a l l e e n i e t s van b e g r i j p e n door i n t e r p r e t a t i e van de symbolen, w e e r s p i e g e l d i n of v e r s t o p t a c h t e r de v e r s l a g e n van j o u r n a l i s t e n of een u i t l a t i n g van een f u n c t i o n a r i s . G e l u k k i g i s men i n Indonesië a l aan d i t v e r s c h i j n s e l gewend en b e h e e r s t het p u b l i e k de k u n s t de b e r i c h t g e v i n g van onze media t e v o l g e n . N i e t t e m i n i s zo'n i n t e r p r e t a t i e s t e r k a f h a n k e l i j k van i e d e r s b e v a t t i n g s v e r m o g e n en van het b e l a n g d a t men aan bèpaalde i n f o r m a t i e h e c h t . Zodat f e i t e n g e m a k k e l i j k buiten-proportionele vormen kunnen aannemen. U i t officiële b e r i c h t e n l e e r d e het p u b l i e k d a t de a c t i e i n Aceh e n k e l een c r i m i n e e l k a r a k t e r had. Het h o o f d V o o r l i c h t i n g van de S t r i j d k r a c h t e n (ABRI), b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a a l N u r h a d i P u r w o s a p u t r o , z e i d a t de t e r r e u r a c t i e s l o u t e r c r i m i n e e l van a a r d z i j n en d a t e r geen s p r a k e i s van een p o l i t i e k e beweging.(Pos K o t a , 2 3 j u n i 199 0) Daarop g e b r u i k t e n de media i n hun b e r i c h t g e v i n g de term "Bende t e r V e r s t o r i n g van de V e i l i g h e i d " (Gerombolan Pengacau Keamanan, GPK). I s men b i j de b e r i c h t g e v i n g soms v e r p l i c h t om g e b r u i k t e maken van de term GPK? Z o a l s i n d e r t i j d het g e v a l was b i j de s u b v e r s i e v e W a r s i d i - b e w e g i n g d i e een i s l a m i t i s c h k a r a k t e r d r o e g ? B i j de d e m o n s t r a t i e van s t u d e n t e n van de T e c h n i s c h e H o g e s c h o o l Bandung t e g e n de komst van m i n i s t e r R u d i n i van B i n n e n l a n d s e Zaken op 5 a u g u s t u s 1989 k r e g e n de media een s c h r i j v e n van de [militaire veiligheidsdienst] B a k o r s t a n a s w a a r i n v o o r de actievoerende s t u d e n t e n de term " o p r o e r k r a a i e r s " (perusuh) werd v o o r g e s c h r e v e n . ( M o n i t o r Hak-Hak A z a s i Manusia, vol.2/1989) Zeker i s d a t het p u b l i e k dan ook n o o i t t e weten z a l komen wat e r a l l e m a a l p r e c i e s gebeurd i s . Het z a l op z i j n minst genomen m o e i l i j k z i j n om op de i n f o r m a t i e t e r e a g e r e n a l s men t e v o r e n a l h e t i d e e k r i j g t d a t het om een s u b j e c t i e v e boodschap gaat. (...)
D o k u m e n Hak-Hak Asasï Manusia
Serial 2/1990
Waarom h e e f t de beweging [de GPK] v o o r a l de S t r i j d k r a c h t e n a l s d o e l w i t ? Maar w e i n i g van wat de pers o n t h u l t en u i t e e n z e t vormt een f e i t e l i j k v e r s l a g . W e l l i c h t s t e l t a l l e e n het t i j d s c h r i f t Tempo z u l k e vragen. Maar i r o n i s c h genoeg i s a l s antwoord a l l e e n de v e r k l a r i n g van het hoofd V o o r l i c h t i n g van de S t r i j d k r a c h t e n a f g e d r u k t : "In J a k a r t a worden ook p o l i t i e - a g e n t e n of andere leden van de S t r i j d k r a c h t e n door c r i m i n e l e n vermoord. Het komt e r op neer dat z i j ongeacht welke persoon afmaken d i e hun belemmert om op een i l l e g a l e manier aan de k o s t t e komen". (Tempo, 30 j u n i 1990) Behalve d a t d i t antwoord de zaak n i e t v e r d u i d e l i j k t wordt ook de indruk gewekt dat op de i n f o r m a t i e een monopolie b e r u s t . De media z i j n welhaast bedwelmd i n hun poging om t o c h v o o r a l het wrede optreden van de Aceh Beweging u i t t e b u i t e n . Men o n t l o o p t het onderzoeken van de u i t e i n d e l i j k e oorzaken waarom de beweging i s o n t s t a a n . Namelijk dat de Aceh Beweging i s o n t s t a a n i n de d r i e d i s t r i c t e n waar het niveau van de industriële g r o e i r a z e n d s n e l i s gestegen t e r w i j l t r a d i t i o n e l e s e c t o r e n geen g e l i j k e t r e d houden en e r i n d i e i n d u s t r i e ook maar voor een zeer beperkt a a n t a l lokale arbeidskrachten plaats i s . De i n f o r m a t i e i s ook vaag door de verwarde b e r i c h t e n . Zo z e i de r e g i o n a l e commandant, b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a a l R. Pramono, eens d a t de GPK Aceh een bende i s omdat men n i e t i s georganiseerd.(Tempo, 30 j u n i 1990) Maar op 1 j u l i 1990 werd i n het bos van Matang Seujuk i n Noord-Aceh Yusuf A.B. doodgeschoten d i e z i c h de gouverneur van de GPK i n de r e g i o P a s a i noemde. Ook werd er gezegd d a t de GPK u i t e e n begon t e v a l l e n en dat e r nog maar 3 0 mensen over waren t e r w i j l e r j u i s t méér manschappen naar Aceh werden overgebracht. (Tempo. 21 j u l i 1990) De kwestie "GPK" Aceh toont aan dat de noodzaak van een o b j e c t i e f b e e l d van de r e a l i t e i t door het geven van v o l l e d i g e i n f o r m a t i e (een van de meest fundamentele r e c h t e n van de mens) nog steeds op i r o n i e s t u i t . De b e r i c h t g e v i n g door de media bevat n i e t a l l e e n meestal s u b j e c t i e v e boodschappen maar i s ook e e n z i j d i g o f wekt op z i j n minst d i e indruk. H e r i n n e r d z i j aan de woorden van Wilbur Schramm d a t massa-overreding de mening van de massa n o o i t z a l kunnen veranderen. A l s de officiële kanalen van de i n f o r m a t i e v e r s t o p t raken z a l de massa naar andere kanalen zoeken.
Serial 2 / 1 9 9 0
D o k u m e n H a k - H a k Asasi M a n u s i a Indonesia
YAYASAN LEMBAGA BANTUAN HUKUM INDONESIA INDONESIAN LEGAL AID Jl.
FOUNDATION
Diponegoro 74, J a k a r t a 10320, t e l e p o n 8580321 - 8580550 PERSBERICHT van de S t i c h t i n g LBH I n d o n e s i a over r u s t en orde voor de b e v o l k i n g i n Aceh
De b e r i c h t g e v i n g door de b i n n e n l a n d s e en b u i t e n l a n d s e media en de r e s u l t a t e n van h e t z e e r r e c e n t e onderzoek van de S t i c h t i n g LBH I n d o n e s i a over de o n t w i k k e l i n g van r u s t en orde v o o r de b e v o l k i n g i n Aceh brengen de volgende f e i t e n aan h e t l i c h t : Ten e e r s t e z i j n e r a a n w i j z i n g e n d a t e r nog s t e e d s s l a c h t o f f e r s dood worden a a n g e t r o f f e n i n de r e g i o ' s Oost-Aceh, Noord-Aceh en h e t g r e n s g e b i e d t u s s e n Aceh en Noord-Sumatra. Ofschoon de s l a c h t o f f e r s n i e t z i j n geïdentificeerd s t r e k t d i t f e i t u i t e r a a r d t o t g r o t e z o r g en i s h e t op z i j n m i n s t genomen een m a n i f e s t a t i e van " e i g e n r e c h t e r s p e l e n " . Ten tweede d u u r t de m i l i t a i r e o p e r a t i e i n Aceh v o o r t z o a l s ook b e v e s t i g d door de r e g i o n a l e commandant I / B u k i t B a r i s a n d i e p r i o r i t e i t g e e f t aan een o p e r a t i e met een r e p r e s s i e f karakter. Deze s t a p g a a t gepaard met aansporingen t o t h e t g e b r u i k geweld tegen hetgeen wordt aangeduid met "GPK".
van
Ten derde v i n d t een proces p l a a t s w a a r b i j b u r g e r s worden g e a r r e s t e e r d en i n h e c h t e n i s worden genomen d i e n a a r h e t vermoeden van h e t m i l i t a i r e a p p a r a a t b e t r o k k e n z i j n b i j de "GPK". Ter c o n c r e t i s e r i n g van de n a t i o n a l e v e r a n t w o o r d e l i j k h e i d om waarden van de R e c h t s s t a a t o v e r e e n k o m s t i g de P a n c a s i l a en Grondwet van 194 5 s t e e d s hoog t e houden, s p r e e k t de S t i c h t i n g I n d o n e s i a d e r h a l v e de hoop u i t :
de de LBH
1.
Dat het m i l i t a i r e a p p a r a a t , v o o r a l i n h e t r e c h t s g e b i e d van h e t r e g i o n a l e commando I / B u k i t B a r i s a n , g e r i c h t e en v e r s t a n d i g e m a a t r e g e l e n t r e f t t e n e i n d e de b u r g e r l i j k e en o n s c h u l d i g e b e v o l k i n g maximale bescherming t e b i e d e n zodat z i j kunnen worden g e v r i j w a a r d van g e w e l d d a d i g e of andere b u i t e n g e r e c h t e l i j k e a c t i e s ;
2.
Dat de poging om r u s t en orde voor de b e v o l k i n g i n Aceh t e h e r s t e l l e n n i e t a l l e e n i s g e b a s e e r d op een " s e c u r i t y approach" maar ook op een " p r o s p e r i t y a p p r o a c h " i n de z i n van een b e l e i d d a t g e r i c h t i s op v e r h o g i n g van h e t s o c i a l e w e l z i j n van de Acehse b e v o l k i n g ;
3.
Dat het p r o c e s t o t h e r s t e l van r u s t en o r d e v o o r de b e v o l k i n g o v e r e e n k o m s t i g de g e l d e n d e b e p a l i n g e n van h e t s t r a f p r o c e s r e c h t v e r l o o p t , aan de b e s t a a n d e w e t t e l i j k e p r o c e d u r e s v o l d o e t alsmede consequent t e n u i t v o e r wordt g e b r a c h t zodat de g r o n d s l a g e n van onze R e c h t s s t a a t n i e t i n gevaar komen.
Uitgegeven te J a k a r t a , 15 november 1990 De Raad van B e s t u u r S t i c h t i n g LBH I n d o n e s i a A b d u l Hakim G. Nusantara Voorzitter
IND0NE5IAN
L E G A f
AID
FOUNDATION
^ <^s|>
JU D I P O N E G O R O 74, JAKARTA 10320. T E L 6 P O N 6580321 - 8 5 8 0 5 5 0
/
\
SIARAN l = » ER S YAYASAN LBH INDONESIA
[ah
.taan
Media
Yayasan
Pertama, korban • Utara
dan
beberapa
i d e n t i t a s
serta
masih
. Aceh
jatuhnya
Timur,
Aceh
j e l a s ,
akan
Utara.
d i k e t a h u i
mempriha tinkan
manifestasi
hasil perkern-
dan
tindakan-tindakan
s e "main
send i r i " .
Kedua,
berlanjutnya
ditggaskan
oleh
repreti / .
Langkah
ini
kekerasan
Ke t i q a , terhadap
operasi
Pangdam
operasi
aparat
tidak
Aceh
mengenai
mengenai
didaerah
sangat
di
negeri i n i
Aceh-Sumatera
jelas
mnrupakan
luar
petunjuk
korban
i t u
dan
baru-baru
tewas
perbatasan
kenyataan
tidak-tidaknyn hak im
dalam
Indonesia
diketemakan
daerah
Sungguhpun
Massa
LBH
terdapat yang
tetapi
t e n t a n g dan K e t e r t i b a n rlasyarakat
Keamanan
d i i k u t i
terhadap
ber1angsungnya warga m i l i t e r .
I/Sukit
oleh apa
m i l i t e r
di
Barisan
-
anjuran-anjuran
yang
disebut
proses
masyarakat
yang
Aceh, yang
mengutamakan
untuk
memprakarsai
sebagai
penangkapan diduga
sebagaimana
"GPK".
dan
t e r l i b a t
penahanan "GPK"
oleh
"
%
,SAN L E M B A G A B A N T U A N H U K U M
INDONESIA ,
Sehubungan jawab n i l a i LBH
dengan
nasional Negara
Hukum
Indonesia
ï.
untuk
Agar
menerus
sesuai
aparat
dengan
keamanan,
Barisan,
bijaksana
untuk
masyarakat
dapat
khususnya
mengambil
terhindar
s i p i l dari
tanggung
tegaknya
UUD
n i l a i -
1945,
pemulihan
upaya-upaya d i
bentuk
Aceh, akan
tidak
tetapi
Yayasan
Agar
pemulihan
proses
tetap
dijalankan pidana
hukum
yang
tidak
mengganggu
ada,
dan
Dt?wan P p n q u r u R YAYASAN LBH INDONESIA
Wif, . ^ NUSANTARA
dan
terhadap
sehingga
dan
dldosorkon
"por-spcnn^
sosial
dengan
berlaku,
yang
mereka
kekerasan
atau
ketertiban
ma-
pada
dan
"security
approach" berorientasi
masyarakat
secara
pada
masyarakat,
ketentuan-ketentuan,
Negara
dalam
Aceh;
ketertiban
memenuhi
dijalankan
sendi-sendi
d i J n k a r tfl , 1990
5.
keamanan
keamanan
sesuai
yang
KodQ.m
terarah
maksimal
berdosa
kebijaksanaan-kebijaksanaan kesejahteraan
hukum
1a i n j
hanya juga
peningkatan
acara
diwilayah
tindakan-tindakan
Agar
H A K 1M u a
dan
perlindungan
tidak
ekstra-legal
Oikelu.irk.m 13 Nopember
perwujudan
1a n g k a h - 1 a n g k a h
tindakan-tindakan
approach",
ADDUL K e t
sebagal
mengupayakan
Pancasila
memberikan
warga
»y«rnkat
3.
tersebut,
menyatakan:
I/Bukit
2.
hal terus
hukum
prosedur-prosedur taat
Hukum
asas kita.
sehingga
'-;'\
INDONESIA
INDONESIA b Phone: (301) 552-3251 P-muil-
«n*k*h»r
fP««r«N«l\
Fax: (301) 55: rvr 7 7 d 1 f i 1 f i ? 1
IC
RESIOENTS SAY CORPSES LfTTER INDONESIA'S ACEK Hundrods of corpsos have been found In the Indoneslan provlnce of Aceh and hu soldlers. politicians and vlllagers In the area. The reglonal military commander. Major Thursday the klllings were largery the work of a secretfve group of rebels whose leade numbers for the dead. 'ABRI (the ermed forces) doesnt klll the people. tf they're not the enemy, ABRI won A wlde range of civllian and rellglous leaders told two reporters visitlng the Sumati of the killing was the work of the armed forces, whlch have been battllng rebels In th Aceh has a long hlstory of Independence movements fighting Dutch and later Jakar •Human rights have gone out the window,' sald Teuku Achmad Dewl, a Moslem prt 'tf you add up all the deaths K's over 1,000,' sald a senior military doctor who treat: During a Joumey through the eastern Industrlal coastland, he polnted out places wl two there, one there. Four over by the bridge." A trlckle of deaths over the past year became a torrent In late September, three mo end the conflict several sources sald. Rebels have sald in letters to newspapers that they are alming at outsiders, mostly the overcrowded maln Island of Java. The corpses that turn up on roadsldes, In rivers and plantations at the rate of two dlstrlcts are those of cMlians from Aceh, resldents sald. PolrUclans and rellglous leaders, none of whom wanted to be Identlfied. told Reutei
INDONESIA PUBUCATIONS
INDONESIA NEWS SERVICE 7538 Newberry l a n e , Lanham-Saabrook, Marytartd 20706, USA Phone: (301) 552-3251 Fax: (301) 552-4465 E-mall: apakabar (PeaceNel) or 72436.3621 (CompuServe)
N o
-
2 7 1
November 29, 1990
R E B E L S WTTHOUT A C A U S E L O S I N Q G R O U N D IN I N D O N E S I A N B L O O D S H E D The people of Indonesia'» A c e h provlnce are flrowing disenchanted with rebels w h o s e apparentty almless war against the army is degenerating Info brutality. T h e y (the rebels) were okay to start with, Just kllling J a v a n e s e a n d the army whlch g o e s d o w n well In A c e h . ' «ald an agrlcurtural worker In Pidie, the heart of the trouble z o n e . "But now they are brutal, kllling Just about a n y o n e . They have b e c o m e as b a d as the b o y s In green (the army), w h o have arways b e e n brutal." The rebel group, an apparent mix of v e n g e f u l soldlers s a c k e d by the army, separatists a n d discontented A c e h n e s e , at tirst •uccessfulry u s e d antl-govemment slogans to w i n iocal sympathy, i o c a l clvtl and religlous leaders s a y . Since late September, savagery has e x p l o d e d In the year-long conflict at the western tip of S u m a t r a , but H Is still unclear what the rebel goals are. "What la clear Is that we. the Itttle p e o p l e , are gettlng s q u e e z e d from both sldes, a n d that ordlnary people are dylng in the hundreds," s a l d a politiclan In the provlnce. w h l c h has a long history of i n d e p e n d e n c e movements against Dutch and later Indoneslan rule. There are no official flgures o n deaths but a senior army doctor last week put deaths on both sldes at more than 1,000 The army blames the rebels It calls the G P K (Securrty Disrupters Movement) for most of the slaughter T h e people are the vlctims. yes, but they are the victims of the G P K not the victims of A B R I (the armed forces)," reglonal mllrtary c o m m a n d e r Major G e n e r a l P r a m o n o s a i d In an Interview. In rare letters to the press from u n n a m e d leaders, the rebels themselves claim to be kllling outsiders to the provlnce, mostfy the armed forces a n d «ettlers from Indonesla's o v e r c r o w d e d maln Island of J a v a . But politiclans a n d rellglous leaders say most of the victims are Iocal people w h o have d i e d at the hands of the mllrtary T h e people have lost «ympathy with the G P K largely because ft l* the G P K that brings the army down on thelr h e a d s " «ald a polrticlan In the provinclal capltal of B a n d a A c e h . "ft Is like fear of a tiger a n d fear of • plg," «ald T e u k u A c h m a d Dewi, a religlous leader w h o s e fiery speeches to the p e o p l e of staunchly Islamlc A c e h discourage support for the rebels. T h e people fear the rebels like a tiger, with respect for rts «trengtn, but they fear the army fike a p i g , whh hatred for its fiith • he sald In an Interview at hls rellglous s c h o o l . The military were a law unto themselves, he s a l d . Politiclans a n d religlous leaders w h o d e c l i n e d to be IdenWied have s a l d bodles found at roadsldes, In rfvers a n d o n plantations are those ci clvillans murdered by the armed forces, whlch they sald were trylng to terrorize the population into o p p o s l n g the rebels. "Okay, that does h a p p e n , " sald one A c e h n e s e soldier. "But (the rebels) use terrorist strategles so we are forced to use anti-terrorist strategles." S o m e B a n d a A c e h polHIclans epeculate the rebels eventually want Independence from Indonesia, unsuccessfully sought by the A c e h M e r d e k a (Free Aceh) movement In the 1970s. •V/hen all rs sald a n d d o n e , the people of A c e h c o n s l d e r themselves Indoneslans. T h e mlstake of A c e h M e r d e k a was to c o m e right out a n d declare Independence. P e o p l e Just w e r e n t very sympathetic," sald one B a n d a A c e h Intellectual M a y b e they (the currerrt rebels) are d o i n g ft by stages. First y o u talk a lot about J a v a n e s e colonlaüsm, then y o u shoot Soldiers a n d wart for the army to c o m e In and terrorize the p e o p l e . Only w h e n there Is a r e a l V thorough hat/ed of the governmerrt a n d army built up do y o u launch the IdeA of separatlsm," he sald. "U's errtlrety posslble that U thelr alm," P r a m o n o s a l d . A s k e d why a populist movement w o u l d klll clvillans a n d leave the mutllated corpses by the roadslde as the military claims the rebels are d o l n g , he s a l d : " G o o d quostlon. W e c a n t be sure until we capture thelr leaders and examlne them " Resldents say hundreds of A c e h n e s e have b e e n r o u n d e d up a n d taken to secret detentlon centres where a c c o r d i n g to one man recentty released after a month in custody, conditlons are grim. Many have not b e e n heard of since. P r a m o n o «ald informlng familie» w e t Impractlcal. T h l * U a military o p e r a ü o n " M a n y , a y the fiood of d e a t h . a n d d L a p p e a r a n c e . In the past «ix w e e k s i . . h o e k therapy d e s l g n e d to e n d the rebellion by D e c e m b e r , the d a a d ne P r a m o n o .et for hlm.elf w h e n h . a s . u m e d c o m m a n d of A c e h a n d North Sumatra «bout ^ m o n t h . ago O h s r . . a y the mlIrtary'. .eventy U «n indlcatlon that Jakarta f e a r . the movement m.ght . p a r k . . m . l a , r e b ^ H l o n . .n o Ï e r p a ^ of I n d o n e . l a , a n e t h n l c a % d.verse U l a n d c h a l n .tretchlng 3.000 m i l e . (4600 km) e a s t w a r d . from A c e h T h , government f e a r . « * movement U . u b v e r s t v e (to national unfty) a n d tf that'. the case the government will do anythlng to malntain stability," . a l d a .entor polrticlan In B a n d a A c e h .
INDONESIA P U B U C A T I O N S
INDONESIA NEWS SERVICE 7538 Newberry Lane, Lanham-Seabrook, Maryland 20706, U S A Phone: (301) 552-3251 Fax: (301) 552-4465 E-mall: apakabar (PeaceNet) or 72436.3621 (CompuServe)
No. 272
December 3, 1990
ORDINARY INDONESIANS SUFFER FROM ARMY, REBEL VIOLENCE Schoolchlldren In Indonesia'» rebel-torn provlnce ot Aceh say they dont want to walk to school for fear of finding a mutilated corpse tylng by the roadside. •We are frightened, frightened even to talk to you.' a 13-year-old glrl told a forelgn Journalist vlshing the reglon at the western end of the Indoneslan archlpelago. In the past few weeks some 20 corpses have been found strewn eround the plantatlon where »he lives, workers «ay. Most conversations about the Indonesian army's bloody battle with armed rebels In the northern Sumatran provlnce ere whispered behind locked doors late at night. T h e only way to survrve In Aceh Is w'rth your mouth shut We sH In the mlddle and dont say a word.' sald a field worker In Tangse, a rural vlllage In the heart of the troubled zone. If the rebels come to the door for food, locals say, H Is a no-wln situation. *tf you dont help out they wlll klll you. If you do, the army wlll klll you. Simple as that," sald one man. Over 50 police and soldlers have swarmed Into the vlllage, whlch usualry has two policemen. "And that'» not countlng the ones in plaln clothes," one Iocal muttered. They are part of a force sent by Jakarta, put by soldiers at 12,000, to crush the rebels. The army »ays the maln core of Insurgents numbers Irttle more than 200. O n a qulet Sunday afternoon off-duty soldiers walked around the streets In Jeans and T-6hlrts w'rth seml-automatlc weapons slung over thelr shoulders. "tf we dont carry them with us, they' mlght get them," one sald. They" are the rebels, a shadowy group whlch does not make lts alms known but whlch resldents say fuses separatists and troublemakers with soldlers «acked by the army. Un'rformed soldiers arm thelr weapons as they set off on patrol around Tangse. "We're golng to get them. Want to come?' Civilians are less Jovlal. 'K's one bunch of brutes fightlng another.' sald one glrl. "But lt'« the Irttle people who «lifter, who are 6queezed from both sldes." The plalnt Is echoed by ordinary people throughout the trouble zone, al»o by poIHJclans, rellglous leader» and «ven «ome soldiers. Regional armed forces commander Major General Pramono sald In an Interview the army killed onfy rebels. Soldiers In the field say some non-rebel civilians are killed and thelr bodies dumped In public places as a waming. Pramono gave no official casuahy figures but a senior army doctor sald more than 1,000 people had dled on all sldes In the year-long rebellion, most of them since late September. "One was rlght here, rying w'rth hl» face «hot off, blood everywhere," the doctor «ald, Indlcatlng a busy market place. "Everyone was Just getting on with Irte all around the corpse." Everyone has a horror story to teil. "I hate dolng the mornlng routes," sald a bus driver who travels the coast road eouth from the provlnclal capttal, Banda Aceh. 'Last week there were two corpses, bul I knew rf I stopped I would be Implicated." Hundreds of people have been arrested at nlght taken off to secret detentlon centres. Lawyers say there are nofimrtcharges; one man was held for three morrths because he drove a car slmilar to that used In a rebel raid. If relat'rves enqulre after a famlry member's anest, the army sometlmes eend the detalnee'* clothes back home, implylng they have been shot one rellglous leader «aid. 'So of course no one Is asklng any questions. The army can get away wrth anythlng," he sald. Pramono said Information about detalnees must be kept secret Thls Is a military operatlon. Anyway, K they are dead, rt'« rather dtfficutt to ask about thelr families." No one goes out after 10 at nlght "IC» not exactiy an official curfew. but the army «ay» they'll 'disappear' you K they find you out at n l g h f a young man sald. One night In Idl Rajeuk, not far from the Industrlal centra of Langsa, the 6llence of curfew was broken by two sharp gun «hots, then a sinister thud and a car drivlng off. The followlng day, resldents pretended they had haard nothlng. One woman «poke of a mass gravo naar her remote plantatlon home. "I dont know how many bodies but ft must have been lot». (The military) brought them up through town in trucks at nlght* In her house, everythlng was packed Into boxe» ready tó be «hlpped out "ju«t In ca»« thlng» get wor««.'
Kompas,
22 a p r i l
1989 / C o l l e c t i e
INDOC,
Leiden
News From A s i a Watch.: December 27,
1990
INDONESIA: HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN ACEH S i n c e mid-1989, t h e s p e c i a l r e g i o n o f A c e h on t h e n o r t h e r n tip of Sumatra has been the site of massive human rights v i o l a t i o n s . The a b u s e s h a v e b e e n s p a r k e d by a c t i o n s o f an a r m e d o p p o s i t i o n group, t h e A c h e h / S u m a t r a N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t , more commonly known as Aceh M e r d e k a o r t h e F r e e A c e h Movement, a n d a h e a v y - h a n d e d r e s p n s e f r o m t h e I n d o n e s i a n m i l i t a r y . (The l i b e r a t i o n movement u s e s the spelling "Acheh" or "Atjeh"; the official I n d o n e s i a n s p e l l i n g i s "Aceh.") The r e g i o n a l m i l i t a r y commander, M a j o r G e n e r a l H.R. Pramono, b o a s t e d i n J u l y 1990 t h a t t h e movement w o u l d be c r u s h e d by December. As o f l a t e November 1990, h o w e v e r , i t was v e r y much a l i v e , and a b u s e s were continuing. The combined d e a t h t o l l o n b o t h s i d e s i s e s t i m a t e d t o be a s h i g h as 1,000 w i t h p e r h a p s more k i l l e d by summary e x e c u t i o n t h a n by actual armed clashes; both sides have been responsible for a t r o c i t i e s . ( The f i g u r e o f 1,000 comes f r o m an army d o c t o r q u o t e d i n a November 25, 1990 R e u t e r s r e p o r t . ) Mass a r r e s t s o f t h o s e s u s p e c t e d o f s u p p o r t i n g t h e movement h a v e l e d a l m o s t i n v a r i a b l y t o t o r t u r e and f r e q u e n t l y t o t h e d i s a p p e a r a n c e o f t h o s e d e t a i n e d . The r e g i o n a l m i l i t a r y commander s a y s i n f o r m i n g f a m i l i e s o f a r r e s t s i s "impractical." Although bodies w i t h gunshot or stab wounds c o n t i n u e t o be f o u n d by r o a d s , a l o n g r i v e r s o r i n p l a n t a t i o n s i n Aceh, no o f f i c i a l i n q u e s t s o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e c o n d u c t e d , and t h e m i l i t a r y o f t e n r e f u s e s t o a l l o w t h e b o d i e s t o be b u r i e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h I s l a m i c p r a c t i c e s . T h e r e a p p e a r t o be no procedures in place for conducting objective autopsies. I n t e r n a t i o n a l human r i g h t s o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e n o t a l l o w e d o f f i c i a l l y to conduct f a c t - f i n d i n g m i s s i o n s i n Indonesia, l e t alone i n Aceh, and h u m a n i t a r i a n o r g a n i z a t i o n s c a n n o t p r o v i d e s e r v i c e s i n t h e a r e a . Information i s t i g h t l y c o n t r o l l e d by t h e g o v e r n m e n t . Military statements are the major source of articles in Indonesian n e w s p a p e r s , and t h e m i l i t a r y p r e s e n c e i n A c e h has e n g e n d e r e d a c l i m a t e o f f e a r t h a t makes f a m i l i e s o f v i c t i m s a f r a i d , w i t h g o o d reason, to t a l k . The I n d o n e s i a n g o v e r n m e n t a t t r i b u t e s t h e o u t b r e a k o f v i o l e n c e i n Aceh, a r e g i o n o f o v e r t h r e e m i l l i o n p e o p l e , t o a government effort to eradicate marijuana (ganja), and the alleged d i s g r u n t l e m e n t of the g a n j a " m a f i a " o v e r t h e i r l o s s o f income. The I n d o n e s i a n army i r a p l i e s t h a t A c e h M e r d e k a and t h e g a n j a s y n d i c a t e a r e one and t h e same, and t h a t t h e r e f o r e A c e h Merdeka i s a c r i m i n a l and n o t a p o l i t i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . S i n c e e a r l y 1990, t h e g o v e r n m e n t has u s e d t h e acronym GPK, s h o r t f o r g e r o m b o l a n p e n g a c a u keamanan o r " p u b l i c s e c u r i t y d i s t u r b e r s " t o r e f e r t o the p e r p e t r a t o r s o f any a c t o f v i o l e n c e i n the r e g i o n . For i t s p a r t , the Aceh Merdeka l e a d e r s h i p d e n i e s any i n v o l v e m e n t i n m a r i j u a n a c u l t i v a t i o n , s a y i n g t h e movement r e l i e s on t a x e s and c o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m o u t s i d e . ( E d i t o r , A p r i l 15, 1989 i n I n d o n e s i a News S e r v i c e , No.272. December 3, 1 9 9 0 ) . I t r e m a i n s u n c l e a r how t h e p o l i t i c a l movement and t h e drug t r a d e are r e l a t e d . Some i n d i v i d u a l A c e h M e r d e k a members may be i n v o l v e d i n t h e c u l t i v a t i o n and s a l e o f m a r i j u a n a . I n 1988, a man named M u c h t a r b i n Gadong, reported by the Indonesian press to have been a 1
s u b d i s t r i c t - l e v e l "commander" o f t h e movement, was a r r e s t e d i n P i d i e and l e d t h e m i l i t a r y t o s e v e r a l h e c t a r e s o f m a r i j u a n a f i e l d s and a t o n o f t h e d r i e d e r o p i n Pucok A l u e P i n a n g , P i d i e . He r e p o r t e d l y " c o n f e s s e d " t h a t A c e h Merdeka was f i n a n c e d by the m a r i j u a n a t r a d e , but c o n f e s s i o n s i n such cases are o f t e n c o e r c e d . He was c o n v i c t e d o f s u b v e r s i o n and i s c u r r e n t l y s e r v i n g h i s s e n t e n c e i n S i g l i P r i s o n , P i d i e . ( E d i t o r , O c t o b e r 1, 1988 i n I n d o n e s i a News S e r v i c e , No. 148, November 3, 1988. The q u o t a t i o n marks a r e A s i a W a t c h ' s ; See a l s o E d i t o r , A p r i l 15, 1989) A m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n , O p e r a t i o n N i l a ï, mounted i n e a r l y 1989 appeared t o be aimed a t e r a d i c a t i n g b o t h m a r i j u a n a and Aceh Merdeka. I n June 1989, a s u b d i s t r i c t m i l i t a r y o f f i c e r named C o r p o r a l Mohamad Gade was s h o t dead t o g e t h e r w i t h h i s commanding o f f i c e r i n T i r o , P i d i e . A c c o r d i n g to the Indonesian magazine E d i t o r ( J u n e 3, 1 9 9 0 ) , Gade had been a s s i g n e d t o t r a c k down s u s p e c t e d Aceh M e r d e k a s u p p o r t e r s and was known as "the h u n t e r . " I n A p r i l , he had k i l l e d an A c e h M e r d e k a "commander" named Z a i n u d d i n F a q i h ( a l s o s e e n a s P a k e h ) a t h i s home i n T i r o . The m i l i t a r y a t t r i b u t e d h i s d e a t h , however, t o g a n j a p l a n t e r s , v e n g e f u l because t h e i r f i e l d s were being destroyed. By mid-1990, t h e m i l i t a r y was s t i l l e x p l a i n i n g t h e c o n t i n u i n g v i o l e n c e as w h o l l y c r i m i n a l , despite increasing evidence of political motivation, such as attempts at f l a g - r a i s i n g and d i s t r b u t i o n o f anonymous f l y e r s . F o r t h e m i l i t a r y , h o w e v e r , t h e " b r a i n s " b e h i n d t h e v i o l e n c e was a f o r m e r s o l d i e r f r o m North S u m a t r a named S u r y a Darma, a l s o known as R o b e r t . P o r t r a y e d by t h e army a s a d i s s o l u t e c h a r a c t e r w i t h a p e n c h a n t f o r a l c o h o l and c o c k f i g h t i n g , R o b e r t e n l i s t e d i n t h e army i n 1982 and had been a s s i g n e d t o I n f a n t r y B a t t a l i o n 111 i n Lhokseumawe, N o r t h A c e h , o n l y t o be d i s c h a r g e d f o u r y e a r s l a t e r b e c a u s e o f o n g o i n g d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o b l e m s . S i n c e t h e n , R o b e r t had a t t r a o t e d around h i m a g r o u p o f a b o u t 120 p e o p l e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e army, most o f them d e s e r t e r s f r o m t h e army and p o l i c e who p r o v i d e d weapons f o r t h e g r o u p and f o r m e d p a r t o f t h e g a n j a s y n d i c a t e . Acehnese i n t e r v i e w e d by A s i a Watch i n November were d i v i d e d as t o w h e t h e r " R o b e r t " was a f i o t i o n o f t h e s e c u r i t y f o r c e s , a "new c a d r e " o f Aceh M e r d e k a , o r a d i s r e p u t a b l e e l e m e n t p l a n t e d by m i l i t a r y i n t e l l i g e n c e t o d i s c r e d i t t h e g e n u i n e movement, b u t a t l e a s t one s o u r c e r e p o r t e d t h a t R o b e r t i n f a c t had b e e n p r e s e n t a t a m e e t i n g a t a r e l i g i o u s s c h o o l i n P e u r e u l a k , E a s t A c e h , i n September 1990 and n a r r o w l y escaped arrest. (Several sources s y m p a t h e t i c t o Acehnese i n d e p e n d e n c e e x p r e s s e d c o n c e r n a b o u t some o f t h e a c t i o n s a t t r i b u t e d t o Aceh Merdeka and suggested that the Indonesian government had e s t a b l i s h e d a " f a l s e " A c e h Merdek i n K u a l a Lumpur w h i c h was d i l u t i n g t h e movement's aims and e m p l o y i n g c r i m i n a l e l e m e n t s . I t s h o u l d be n o t e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t Aceh Merdeka n e v e r had the reputation of being h i g h l y d i s c i p l i n e d or well-behaved). N e i t h e r resentment over a drug e r a d i c a t i o n program nor the s k i l l s of a s i n g l e underworld f i g u r e are s a t i s f a c t o r y e x p l a n a t i o n s f o r t h e r e - e m e r g e n c e o f an i n s u r g e n c y l a s t t r e a t e d as a s e r i o u s s e c u r i t y t h r e a t i n t h e l a t e 1970's. I t may w e l l be t h a t t h e r e a r e two d y n a m i c s o p e r a t i n g , and t h a t t h e p o l i t i c a l movement has f e d o f f abuses committed i n the c o u r s e o f the drug e r a d i c a t i o n e f f o r t s . O t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n s h a v e been p u t f o r w a r d , such as t h e g r o w i n g social dislocations resulting from the development o f huge i n d u s t r i e s , s u c h a s t h e PT A r u n n a t u r a l gas p l a n t and two g i a n t 2
f e r t i l i z e r p l a n t s i n N o r t h A c e h and t h e p u l p a n d p a p e r p l a n t , PT K e r t a s K r a f t Aceh, i n C e n t r a l A c e h . T h e r e a r e c o n s p i r a c y t h e o r i e s w h i c h l o o k f o r answers i n d o m e s t i c p o l i t i c a l m a n e u v e r i n g b e f o r e t h e 1992 e l e c t i o n s . None o f t h e s e t h e o r i e s i s w h o l l y i m p l a u s i b l e , b u t none i s a d e q u a t e , e i t h e r . I n t h e e n d , t h e c a u s e o f i n c r e a s e d a c t i v i t y o f Aceh Merdeka may be l e s s i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e A c e h n e s e n a t i o n a l i s m i t has a r o u s e d , e v e n among t h o s e who q u e s t i o n i t s methods. fl N o t e on Aceh Merdeka In late October 1976, a man calling himself a s e v e n t h - g e n e r a t i o n A c e h n e s e n a t i o n a l i s t , H a s a n d i T i r o , who h a d been l i v i n g i n e x i l e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r 25 y e a r s , s e c r e t l y r e t u r n e d t o Aceh. On December 4, 1976, he i s s u e d a " r e d e c l a r a t i o n o f i n d e p e n d e n c e . " A t t h e same t i m e , he a n n o u n c e d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e Acheh/Sumatra N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t , aimed a t s e c u r i n g t h e r e m o v a l o f "Javanese" d o m i n a t i o n o f A c e h a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f an i n d e p e n d e n t I s l a m i c s t a t e . ( H a s a n D i T i r o l e f t A c e h i n M a r c h 1979 a n d t o o k up r e s i d e n c e i n Sweden). The F r o n t was h e i r t o a l o n g t r a d i t i o n o f r e b e l l i o n i n A c e h . I t was A c e h w h i c h engaged t h e D u t c h c o l o n i a l army i n t h e l o n g e s t , c o s t l i e s t and b l o o d i e s t war i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e N e t h e r l a n d s E a s t I n d i e s , a war w h i c h s t a r t e d i n 1873 a n d l a s t e d t h i r t y y e a r s . When I n d o n e s i a d e c l a r e d i n d e p e n d e n c e i n 1945, A c e h n e s e r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r s r e v o l t e d a g a i n s t t h e i n d i g e n o u s a r i s t o c r a c y t h r o u g h whom t h e D u t c h had r u l e d Aceh a f t e r t h e w a r , k i l l i n g h u n d r e d s i n what became a s m a l l c i v i l war. I n 1953, an I s l a m i c s c h o l a r named Daud B e u r e u e h became t h e l e a d e r o f a s e p a r a t i s t r e b e l l i o n c a l l e d D a r u l I s l a m , t r i g g e r e d by e f f o r t s o f t h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t i n J a k a r t a t o merge Aceh i n t o a l a r g e r p r o v i n c e . The r e v o l t ended p e a c e f u l l y i n 1959, w i t h A c e h r e c o g n i z e d as a " s p e c i a l r e g i o n " r a t h e r t h a n a p r o v i n c e . V i o l e n c e b r o k e o u t a g a i n i n A c e h f o l l o w i n g t h e a t t e m p t e d coup i n 1965, w h i c h t h e S u h a r t o g o v e r n m e n t h a s blamed on t h e I n d o n e s i a n Communist P a r t y , when t h e f e r o c i t y o f t h e s l a u g h t e r o f s u s p e c t e d Communists may have been p a r a l l e l e d o n l y i n E a s t J a v a and B a l i . Hasan Di Tiro's d e c l a r a t i o n i n 1976 c o i n c i d e d with p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r t h e 1977 g e n e r a l e l e c t i o n s i n w h i c h t e n s i o n s between M u s l i m a c t i v i s t s and t h e m i l i t a r y were p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h . The f o l l o w i n g y e a r , an o u t b u r s t o f p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i s m throughout J a v a a n d Sumatra i n w h i c h s t u d e n t s t o o k t h e l e a d a f f e c t e d A c e h a s w e l l . The r e s u l t o f a l l o f t h e above was t h e a r r e s t o f h u n d r e d s o f p e o p l e i n A c e h and t h e n e i g h b o r i n g p r o v i n c e o f N o r t h S u m a t r a i n 1977-79, a s m a l l f r a c t i o n o f whom were A c e h M e r d e k a s u p p o r t e r s . ( Note : P r i o r t o t h e 1977 c a m p a i g n , t h e l a t e L t . Gen. A l i M u r t o p o who was t h e n t h e d e p u t y head o f t h e I n d o n e s i a n intelligence o r g a n i z a t i o n , BAKIN, b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r f o r m e r l e a d e r s o f D a r u l I s l a m , a West J a v a - b a s e d M u s l i m r e b e l l i o n w h i c h h a d been c r u s h e d by t h e army i n 1962. M u r t o p o e n c o u r a g e d t h e D a r u l I s l a m l e a d e r s t o r e - a c t i v a t e t h e movement. He a p p a r e n t l y t o l d them t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s i n s u p p o r t o f an I s l a m i c s t a t e were n e e d e d t o s t o p t h e s p r e a d o f Communism a f t e r t h e f a l l o f V i e t n a m , b u t h i s r e a l r e a s o n , i t i s now b e l i e v e d , was t o d i s c r e d i t t h e M u s l i m p a r t i e s b e f o r e t h e e l e c t i o n by a s s o c i a t i n g them w i t h e x t r e m i s m . C l o s e t o 1,000 p e o p l e s u s p e c t e d o f h a v i n g a t t e n d e d m e e t i n g s w i t h f o r m e r D a r u l I s l a m members w e r s a r r e s t e d between 1977-79 a n d a c c u s e d o f b e i n g membeis o f a n o n - e x i s t e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n c a l l e d Komando J i h a d o r t h e H o i y War
Command. S i n c e A c e h had i t s own D a r u l I s l a m movement, some o f t h e a r r e s t s t h e r e i n t h e l a t e 1970's were a l s o b y - p r o d u c t s o f M u r t o p o ' s electoral machinations). In t h e i n t e r v e n i n g decade, Aceh Merdeka r e c e i v e d l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n . I t was n o t u n t i l 1989 t h a t i n c i d e n t s began t o o c c u r w i t h a f r e q u e n c y and g e o g r a p h i c s p r e a d t h a t s u g g e s t e d a more c o o r d i n a t e d movement. As o f December 1990, however, t h e A c h e h / S u m a t r a N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t seemed n e i t h e r w e l l - e q u i p p e d n o r w e l l - o r g a n i z e d and controlled no territory, although Hasan d i T i r o ' s home s u b d i s t r i c t o f T i r o i n t h e d i s t r i c t o f P i d i e r e m a i n s an A c e h Merdeka s t r o n g h o l d . A c e h Merdeka has no known s o c i a l p r o g r a m s . I n at l e a s t t h r e e d i s t r i c t s , E a s t Aceh, P i d i e and N o r t h Aceh, i t a p p e a r s t o h a v e t h e r u d i m e n t s o f a command s t r u c t u r e and a p o o l o f young men on whom i t c a n r e l y f o r h i t - a n d - r u n a t t a c k s and ambushes o f m i l i t a r y p a t r o l s ; i t a l s o r e l i e s h e a v i l y on M a l a y s i a as a p l a c e of sanctuary. Although t h e movement's "government-in-exile" c o n t i n u e s t o be l e d by Hasan d i T i r o f r o m Sweden, i t s o p e r a t i o n a l l e a d e r s h i p , t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e r e i s o n e , a p p e a r s t o be i n K u a l a Lumpur. T h e r e a r e p e r s i s t e n t r e p o r t s o f L i b y a n a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e movement and f o r a b r i e f p e r i o d i n t h e 1980s, D i T i r o was r e p o r t e d t o be l i v i n g i n T r i p o l i . W h i l e some A c e h n e s e h a v e r e p o r t e d l y been sent t o L i b y a f o r t r a i n i n g , there i s l i t t l e evidence to suggest t h a t A c e h M e r d e k a i s r e c e i v i n g o u t s i d e arms s u p p l i e s . ( W h i l e b o t h s i d e s u s e M-16s as t h e i r weapon o f c h o i c e , some s o u r c e s s a i d t h a t people s h o t by A c e h Merdeka p e o p l e u s u a l l y had f a r more s e v e r e injuries and s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e a m m u n i t i o n u s e d was different. A c e h M e r d e k a a p p e a r s t o a c q u i r e i t s arms p r i m a r i l y f r o m a t t a c k s on s o l d i e r s and p o l i c e ) . For a l l i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n a l weaknesses, Aceh Merdeka has a p p a r e n t l y succeeded i n t a p p i n g deeply f e i t resentment a g a i n s t the Indonesian government, a f e e l i n g exacerbated by t h e p e r c e i v o d e c o n o m i e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e a r e a by W e s t e r n o r Jakarta-based i n t e r e s t s . I f m i l i t a r y abuses c o n t i n u e u n a b a t e d , t h a t r e s e n t m e n t w i l l only increase. T h i s r e p o r t i s b a s e d on a wide r a n g e o f s o u r c e s , i n c l u d i n g i n t e r v i e w s c o n d u c t e d i n Aceh, p r e s s a r t i c l e s and m a t e r i a l s c o m p i l e d by A c e h M e r d e k a s u p p o r t e r s . A word s h o u l d be s a i d a b o u t t h e l a t t e r . I n November, t h e " I n f o r m a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t " o f A c h e h / S u m a t r a N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t i s s u e d a document e n t i t l e d A B l a c k P a p e r D o c u m e n t i n g J a v a n e s e / I n d o n e s i a n Crime o f G e n o c i d e A g a i n s t the People o f A c h e h / S u m a t r a 1990. A s i a Watch has examined the document, a c o l l e c t i o n o f l e t t e r s s e n t f r o m A c e h , w i t h c a r e . I n many c a s e s , t h e i n c i d e n t s d e s c r i b e d t a l l y w i t h t h o s e r e p o r t e d from a m i l i t a r y p e r s p e c t i v e i n the p r e s s . (Note: For example, a m i l i t a r y p r e s s r e l e a s e r e p o r t e d t h a t a "GPK" l e a d e r named Y u s u f AB was s h o t and k i l l e d on J u l y 1 w h i l e r e s i s t i n g a r r e s t ; t h e B l a c k P a p e r r e p o r t s t h e m a r t y r d o m o f Teungku ( a p p e l l a t i o n f o r a r e l i g l o u s l e a d e r ) M. Y u s u f AB, G o v e r n o r o f Pase P r o v i n c e o f t h e I s l a m i c S t a t e o f A c h e h S u m a t r a , on t h e same day. The I n d o n e s i a n p r e s s r e p o r t e d t h a t a t e a c h e r named A l i Gayo had been f o u n d s h o t t o d e a t h ; t h e B l a c k P a p e r c o n t a i n s a l e t t e r c l a i m i n g A l i Gayo was an i n f o r m e r whose I n f o r m a t i o n l e d t o t h e w r i t e r ' s a r r e s t and n o t e s t h a t he has s i n c e been k i l l e d ) . When I n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e B l a c k P a p e r can be c r o s s - c h e c k e d a g a i n s t o t h e r s o u r c e s , A s i a Watch has u s e d i t .
4
K i l l i n g s and
Disappearances
B o t h s i d e s have been r e s p o n s i b l e f o r summary e x e c u t i o n s , b u t t h e r e i s a v a s t d i f f e r e n c e i n s c a l e . A c e h Merdeka s u p p o r t e r s h a v e ambushed and k i l l e d m i l i t a r y and p o l i c e as w e l l a s s u s p e c t e d c i v i l i a n i n f o r m e r s o r e m p l o y e e s o f I o c a l c o m p a n i e s , and t h e y h a v e o f t e n been b r u t a l . One c o r p s e o f a s u s p e c t e d i n f o r m e r was f o u n d on A p r i l 29, 1990 i n Bayu, N o r t h A c e h w i t h i t s e y e s gouged o u t . The I n d o n e s i a n m i l i t a r y , f o r i t s p a r t , a p p e a r s t o have s y s t e m a t i c a l l y k i l l e d a t l e a s t d o z e n s and p e r h a p s h u n d r e d s o f s u s p e c t e d A c e h M e r d e k a s u p p o r t e r s i n r e v e n g e , as a d e t e r r e n t t o o t h e r s , and as a means o f d i s p o s i n g o f p r i s o n e r s . One s o l d i e r i n t e r v i e w e d by R e u t e r s a c k n o w l e d g e d t h a t s u s p e c t e d A c e h Merdeka p a r t i s a n s were b e i n g k i l l e d as p s y c h o l o g i c a l w a r f a r e . "Okay, t h a t d o e s happen," t h e s o l d i e r s a i d . "But t h e y use t e r r o r i s t s t r a t e g i e s , so we a r e f o r c e d t o use a n t i - t e r r o r i s t s t r a t e g i e s . " ( R e u t e r , November 23, 1990). G e n e r a l Pramono went f u r t h e r i n an i n t e r v i e w he gave t o t h e I n d o n e s i a n newsweekly TEMPO. " I ' v e t o l d t h e p e o p l e , t h e i m p o r t a n t t h i n g i s i f you see a GPK, kill him. T h e r e ' s no need f o r i n v e s t i g a t i n g . Don't w a i t t i l l t h e p e o p l e g e t h u r t . T h e y ' r e f o r c e d t o do t h i s and t h a t and i f t h e y d o n ' t want t o , t h e y ' r e s h o t o r g e t t h e i r t h r o a t s s l i t . So I ' v e o r d e r e d t h e p e o p l e t o c a r r y s h a r p weapons. I t c a n be a k n i f e , a n y t h i n g t h e y want, j u s t so t h a t i f t h e y s e e a GPK, t h e y k i l l him." (Tempo, November 17, 1990, p . 3 4 ) . Such statements are h a r d l y i n accordance w i t h a c o u n t r y t h a t f o r y e a r s has been t r y i n g , u n s u c c e s s f u l l y , t o p r o j e c t an image o f i t s e l f as one w h i c h a b i d e s by t h e r u l e o f l a w . Some o f t h e army k i l l i n g s h a v e b e e n w e l l documented; a l l o f t h e f o l l o w i n g c a s e s need f u r t h e r investigation so t h a t t h e p e r p e t r a t o r s can be b r o u g h t t o j u s t i c e . I n one c a s e , a man named S u l a i m a n Ampo A l i , 37, from M a t a n g Reubek, N o r t h Aceh, was w a l k i n g home on A u g u s t 2, 1990 and f a i l e d t o s t o p when o r d e r e d t o do so by a t r u c k l o a d o f s o l d i e r s . He was s h o t i n t h e l e g , a r r e s t e d and h a u l e d i n t o t h e t r u c k . He was i n t e r r o g a t e d on t h e way t o t h e Sampe I - N i e t r i v e r where he was s h o t , h i s body put i n t o a s a c k and t h r o w n i n t h e r i v e r . I t was f o u n d t h r e e days l a t e r by v i l l a g e r s . ( T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l s o u r c e s f o r t h i s i n c i d e n t w i t h s l i g h t l y d i f f e r i n g d a t e s ; one s o u r c e g i v e s i t as J u l y 27. ) S e v e r a l s o u r c e s r e p o r t e d t h e mass e x e c u t i o n on S e p t e m b e r 12, 1990 o f a t r u c k l o a d o f male p r i s o n e r s f r o m a " r e d " camp ( p r o b a b l y r e f e r r i n g t o one r u n by t h e I n d o n e s i a n S p e c i a l F o r c e s o r K o p a s s u s who wear r e d b e r e t s ) i n Rancong, Lhokseumawe, N o r t h A c e h . They were r e p o r t e d l y s t r i p p e d , d r i v e n t o C o t P a n g l i m a a b o u t 28 km a l o n g t h e T a k e n g o n r o a d and e x e c u t e d . Among t h o s e r e p o r t e d k i l l e d were M. I s a Kasem o f P a n t o n Labu; M. Umar o f P a n t o n Labu; I s h a k o f P u n t e u t ; B a d a i o f Lapang; R a s j i d o f Lapang; S o p i a n and U s o f o f Matang S i d j e u k ; M u c h t a r and S u l a i m a n o f Lapang; R a s j i t o f Mancang, L h o k s u k o n ; and B a s r i o f G a r o t - P i d i e . A g a i n , t h e r e a r e d i f f e r i n g d e t a i l s on t h e numbers o f t h o s e k i l l e d , from 17 t o 56. A s i a Watch has n o t i n d e p e n d e n t l y c o n f i r m e d t h e e x e c u t i o n s , b u t g i v e n the s e v e r i t y of the a l l e g a t i o n , a thorough i n v e t i g a t i o n i s c l e a r l y warranted. A second r e p o r t n o t e s t h a t v i l l a g e r s found n i n e b o d i e s n e a r t h e same s p o t on t h e T a k e n g o n r o a d on S e p t e m b e r 18. 5
B e t w e e n S e p t e m b e r 12 and O c t o b e r 14, s e v e n b o d i e s were f o u n d i n K e j u r u a n Muda, E a s t Aceh, a l l k i l l e d i n t h e same manner w i t h t h e b a c k o f t h e h e a d b a s h e d i n . Ten c o r p s e s were r e p o r t e d f o u n d i n t h e S u n g a i T a m i a n g i n O c t o b e r i n s u b d i s t r i c t B e n d a h a r a , E a s t Aceh, a c c o r d i n g t o a TEMPO r e p o r t . (Tempo, November 17, 1990). I n a n o t h e r c a s e w h i c h may be r e l a t e d t o t h e A c e h M e r d e k a movement, J a e n a l Aman A m i r i n , 35, was s h o t dead by t h r e e o f f i c e r s o f t h e p o l i c e s t a t i o n i n T e r a n g o n , S o u t h e a s t Aceh on May 10, 1990. I n a c o m p l a i n t f i l e d w i t h t h e armed f o r c e s h e a d q u a r t e r s i n J a k a r t a on May 14, t h e v i c t i m ' s b r o t h e r r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e had b e e n a k n o c k a t t h e d o o r a t l l : 3 0 p m on May 10. T h r e e u n i f o r m e d o f f i c e r s w e r e a t t h e d o o r . J a e n a l , who was d e a f , and h i s w i f e T i k a h a s k e d t h e o f f i c e r s i n . T i k a h went t o g e t h e r u n c l e who l i v e d n e a r b y and when s h e was o u t s i d e t h e house, s h e h e a r d s h o t s . The v i l l a g e head went t o t h e h o u s e t o s e e what had happened, and t h e t h r e e p o l i c e a s k e d h i m i f someone w i t h t h e i n i t i a l s BED l i v e d t h e r e . I t t u r n e d o u t t h a t BED l i v e d i n a n e i g h b o r i n g v i l l a g e and t h e p o l i c e had k i l l e d J a e n a l by m i s t a k e . T h e r e has been no news on w h e t h e r t h e p o l i c e i n v o l v e d h a v e b e e n p r o s e c u t e d . (Waspada, J u n e 20, 1990 r e p o r t e d i n I n d o n e s i a News S e r v i c e No.259, A u g u s t 29, 1990). I n Sungo R a j a , P e u r e u l a k , E a s t Aceh, Toke T h a l e b , 40, and Toke A b d u l l a h , 35, w e r e r e p o r t e d l y s h o t and t h e i r b o d i e s l e f t by t h e s i d e o f t h e r o a d on J u l y 18. Other such k i l l i n g s a r e l i s t e d i n the appended Chronology. To A s i a W a t c h ' s knowledge, t h e r e h a v e been no i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o r i n q u e s t s ; i n many c a s e s , t h e b o d i e s a r e n o t e v e n r e t u r n e d t o t h e families. Many o f t h e c o r p s e s a r e b u r i e d w i t h o u t a t t e m p t s a t Identification, and i t i s widely believed that the army i s e x e c u t i n g p r i s o n e r s and d e l i b e r a t e l y dumping t h e i r b o d i e s many k i l o m e t e r s f r o m t h e i r home v i l l a g e . " D i s a p p e a r a n c e s " , where a p e r s o n i s m i s s i n g a f t e r h a v i n g l a s t b e e n s e e n i n m i l i t a r y c u s t o d y , h a v e become commonplace. Some o f t h o s e who " d i s a p p e a r " may s t i l l be a l i v e i n m i l i t a r y c u s t o d y , s i n c e a s n o t e d below, t h e I n d o n e s i a n m i l i t a r y r o u t i n e l y i g n o r e t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n t o i n f o r m a s u s p e c t ' s f a m i l y o f h i s o r h e r a r r e s t . But t h e number o f u n i d e n t i f i e d c o r p s e s f o u n d i n A c e h s u g g e s t t h a t many o f t h o s e who h a v e " d i s a p p e a r e d " may i n f a c t have b e e n k i l l e d . A b u b a k a r S u n g a i Paoh i s one " d i s a p p e a r a n c e " c a s e w h i c h n e e d s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . On J u n e 30 o r J u l y 1, 1990 i n A l u e P i n e u n g , Langsa soldiers from KODIM 0104 shot and killed two Aceh Merdeka s u p p o r t e r s , I s k a n d a r A l i and A z h a r S u n g a i Paoh, r e p o r t e d l y a f t e r t h e y t r i e d t o s h o o t an o f f i c e r . A b u b a k a r was a r r e s t e d a f t e r t h e i n c i d e n t and t a k e n away by t h e s o l d i e r s ; as o f S e p t e m b e r , he had not been seen. On A u g u s t 11, 1990, a g r o u p o f s o l d i e r s e n t e r e d t h e v i l l a g e o f L u e n g P u e t IV, E a s t Aceh, t o hunt f o r a man named J u n e i d T o k e Daud f r o m L u e n g Sa I . He was r e p o r t e d l y c a p t u r e d a t h i s f i s h pond, b e a t e n , s t r i p p e d and f o r c e d t o march w i t h t h e s o l d i e r s . As o f S e p t e m b e r , he h a d n o t b e e n s e e n s i n c e . T e u n g k u Y a s i n , 50, h e a d o f a I o c a l mosque i n P e u r e u l a k , E a s t A c e h , was a r r e s t e d on September 21, 1990 o n s u s p i c i o n o f h e l p i n g A c e h M e r d e k a . As o f t h e end o f September, h i s w h e r e a b o u t s were 6
unknown. A r r e s t s and P l a c e s o f D e t e n t i o n O v e r t h e l a s t y e a r , c l e a r p a t t e r n s o f a r r e s t h a v e emerged, d e p e n d i n g on why, how and by whom one i s a r r e s t e d . F o r a l l t h o s e a r r e s t e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h Aceh M e r d e k a , a r r e s t w a r r a n t s a r e u n h e a r d o f , t o r t u r e i s r o u t i n e , t h e r e i s no q u e s t i o n o f a c c e s s by l a w y e r s and f a m i l i e s a r e o f t e n n o t i n f o r m e d o f t h e i r r e l a t i v e s ' whereabouts. General Pramono said "informing families was i m p r a c t i c a l . ' T h i s i s a m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n . ' " ( R e u t e r , November 23, 1990). The most common p a t t e r n o f a r r e s t i n v o l v e s t h e mass r o u n d i n g up o f v i l l a g e r s , a f t e r an ambush o r k i l l i n g by A c e h Merdeka i n t h e a r e a o r d u r i n g a m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n i n an a r e a c o n s i d e r e d "hot." I n a t y p i c a l i n c i d e n t , A c e h M e r d e k a s u p p o r t e r s on A p r i l 21, 1990 s e i z e d a p i s t o l f r o m a p o l i c e m a n i n t h e v i l l a g e o f U l e e A t e u e n g , P e u r e u l a k , E a s t A c e h ; t h e p o l i c e m a n was r e p o r t e d l y n o t injured. I n r e t a l i a t i o n , s o l d i e r s r o u n d e d up 31 v i l l a g e men, b e a t them w i t h r i f l e b u t t s i n p u b l i c and t o o k them by t r u c k t o t h e n e a r b y town o f Bagok where a l l were made t o s t a n d i n a f i s h p o n d u n t i l e a r l y t h e n e x t m o r n i n g . F i v e were t h e n r e l e a s e d ; as o f May 30, 1990 t h e o t h e r 26 r e m a i n e d i n m i l i t a r y d e t e n t i o n i n K r e u n g Tan, P e u r e u l a k ( s e e a t t a c h e d C h r o n o l o g y f o r names). E x t e n s i v e m i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s were c a r r i e d o u t i n P e u r e u l a k i n June and J u l y . On June 26, 32 men were r o u n d e d up o u t s i d e a shop i n t h e v i l l a g e of J i n g k i , Rambong Payong, P e u r e u l a k , k i c k e d , h i t w i t h r i f l e b u t t s and o t h e r w i s e a b u s e d . F o u r o f t h e 32, Z a k a r i a b i n Asjem, 25; Z u l k i f l i ; Raman Gampong N i s a m , 40; and I s a b i n Itam, 28, were a r r e s t e d and t a k e n t o a m i l i t a r y p o s t on n e a r b y Asamera P.oad. A s i m i l a r i n c i d e n t t o o k p l a c e on J u l y 2, i n Gampong Simpang Peu, a l s o i n Rambong Payong, P e u r e u l a k where 18 men were t a k e n from a g r o u p a s s e m b l e d by I n d o n e s i a n t r o o p s and a r r e s t e d ( s e e a t t a c h e d C h r o n o l o g y f o r names.) B o t h s e r i e s o f a r r e s t s may have been i n r e t a l i a t i o n f o r an i n c i d e n t n o t e d i n a m i l i t a r y p r e s s r e l e a s e o f an A c e h Merdeka ambush o f a l o g g i n g t r u c k i n t h e same a r e a owned by PT N a l a n g R a y a . The ambush t o o k p l a c e on J u n e 15. P e o p l e a r r e s t e d i n s u c h c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e l i k e l y t o be f u r t h e r i n t e r r o g a t e d and t o r t u r e d i n t h e i r f i r s t p l a c e o f d e t e n t i o n , and t h o s e s u s p e c t e d o f b e i n g more d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e d i s t r i c t m i l i t a r y commands (KODIMs) i n L a n g s a , E a s t A c e h o r Lhokseumawe ( N o r t h A c e h ) . Many p e o p l e have b e e n a r r e s t e d n o t b e c a u s e t h e y were s u s p e c t e d o f c o m m i t t i n g any c r i m e b u t b e c a u s e t h e I n d o n e s i a n m i l i t a r y saw them as p o t e n t i a l s o u r c e s o f I n f o r m a t i o n . Such p e o p l e t e n d t o be d e t a i n e d f o r months a t a t i m e b e f o r e b e i n g released. They a r e moved b a c k and f o r t h b e t w e e n v a r i o u s m i l i t a r y d e t e n t i o n c e n t e r s f o r i n t e r r o g a t i o n , w i t h many o f t h e most i m p o r t a n t p r i s o n e r s e n d i n g up i n t h e d e t e n t i o n c e n t e r a t t h e r e g i o n a l m i l i t a r y h e a d q u a r t e r s , KODAM B u k i t B a r i s a n , i n Medan. The h e a d q u a r t e r s i s known a s " G a p e r t a " a f t e r t h e S t r e e t on w h i c h i t i s l o c a t e d , and many a c c o u n t s r e f e r t o p e o p l e i n " G a p e r t a P r i s o n . " T r a n s f e r t o Medan, w h i c h i s s e v e r a l h u n d r e d k i l o m e t e r s away f r o m Aceh, makes f a m i l y v i s i t s i n t h e r a r e c a s e s t h a t t h e y 7
are allowed,
virtually
impossible.
I n one c a s e , Y u s u f S u l a i m a n , a s t u d e n t , 22, f r o m P a n t o n Labu, N o r t h A c e h was a r r e s t e d i n August 1989 by f i v e s o l d i e r s , f o u r o f them i n c i v i l i a n c l o t h e s , and t a k e n t o t h e KODIM i n Lhokseumawe f o r i n t e r r o g a t i o n . He had a p p a r e n t l y become a c o m m i t t e d s u p p o r t e r o f t h e movement w h i l e i n M a l a y s i a , and h i s a c t i v i t i e s i n M a l a y s i a formed one l l n e o f q u e s t i o n i n g . He s a i d t h e o n l y i n f o r m a t i o n he had about Aceh M e r d e k a was t h a t one o f i t s l e a d e r s was S a n u s i J u n i d , a r e s p o n s e n o t g u a r a n t e e d t o p l e a s e h i s m i l i t a r y i n t e r r o g a t o r s . ( S a n u s i b i n J u n i d , an A c e h n e s e m a r r i e d t o t h e g r a n d d a u g h t e r o f Daud B e u r e u e h , t h e man who l e d t h e D a r u l I s l a m r e b e l l i o n i n t h e 1950's, i s t h e Malaysian M i n i s t e r o f A g r i c u l t u r e . He i s b e l i e v e d by many t o be w o r k i n g w i t h t h e I n d o n e s i a n government t o c r e a t e d i v i s i o n s i n A c e h Merdeka). He was t o r t u r e d r e p e a t e d l y , i n c l u d i n g w i t h e l e c t r i c s h o c k s on h i s g e n i t a l s . A f t e r a month and.a h a l f a t t h e KODIM, he was t r a n s f e r r e d t o G a p e r t a t o g e t h e r w i t h f i v e o t h e r s u s p e c t e d A c e h M e r d e k a s u p p o r t e r s . He was f i n a l l y r e l e a s e d on A p r i l 25, 1990 and has r e t u r n e d t o M a l a y s i a . Women a r e f r e q u e n t l y a r r e s t e d and b e a t e n i n o r d e r t o g e t them t o r e v e a l t h e w h e r e a b o u t s o f t h e i r h u s b a n d s . On F e b r u a r y 2, 1990, a man named D i n L a h a r , whom Aceh M e r d e k a s u s p e c t e d o f i n f o r m i n g on them t o t h e d i s t r i c t m i l i t a r y command i n S i g l i , P i d i e was k i l l e d i n t h e T i r o s u b d i s t r i c t . S h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r , s o l d i e r s a r r e s t e d the w i v e s o f t h e men t h e y s u s p e c t e d o f k i l l i n g D i n . The women, f o u r o f whom have been i d e n t i f i e d by name, were t a k e n by t r u c k t o t h e s u b d i s t r i c t m i l i t a r y command i n Lammuelo ( L a m l o ) where t h e y were i n t e r r o g a t e d , and r e p o r t e d l y b e a t e n w i t h r i f l e b u t t s , k i c k e d and s e x u a l l y h a r a s s e d . They a p p e a r t o have been h e l d o v e r n i g h t and r e l e a s e d . A t h i r d c a t e g o r y o f p r i s o n e r s i n c l u d e s t h o s e who have a r e c o r d of p r e v i o u s a r r e s t s i n connection w i t h Acehnese n a t i o n a l i s t a c t i v i t i e s . I t i s a p r a c t i c e more a s s o c i a t e d w i t h I r i a n J a y a and E a s t T i m o r t h a t whenever an a c t o f p o l i t i c a l v i o l e n c e occurs, a l l those previously arrested f o r involvement w i t h a p o l i t i c a l movement i m m e d i a t e l y become s u s p e c t . I n A c e h , military i n t e l l i g e n c e p e r s o n n e l appear t o be systematically f o l l o w i n g up on t h o s e a r r e s t e d i n t h e l a t e 1970's f o r i n v o l v e m e n t i n A c e h M e r d e k a and r e - a r r e s t i n g some o f t h o s e c o n c e r n e d . A r r e s t s i n s u c h c a s e s a r e f r e q u e n t l y made by BAKORSTANASDA, the i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y arm o f t h e m i l i t a r y . N u r d i n A b d u r r a c h m a n , 39, i s one s u c h p e r s o n . A l e c t u r e r at t h e L a n g u a g e I n s t i t u t e (Lembaga Bahasa) a t S y i a h K u a l a U n i v e r s i t y i n Banda A c e h and o r i g i n a l l y from Jeumpa, N o r t h A c e h , he was t a k e n f r o m h i s home by armed men on t h e n i g h t o f O c t o b e r 15, 1990; as o f l a t e November, h i s f a m i l y had n o t b e e n t o l d where he i s b e i n g h e l d , a l t h o u g h t h e y were a s k e d t o s e n d him c l o t h e s . N u r d i n had b e e n d e t a i n e d f o r two y e a r s i n t h e l a t e 1970s as an A c e h M e r d e k a s u p p o r t e r , r e p o r t e d l y a f t e r t u r n i n g h i m s e l f i n , and had b e e n t o r t u r e d t h e n . His e l d e r b r o t h e r i s a l s o r e p o r t e d to have b e e n a r r e s t e d . H a z b i , 42, i s a n o t h e r S y i a h K u a l a U n i v e r s i t y l e c t u r e r who t e a c h e s i n t h e e c o n o m i c s f a c u l t y . A n a t i v e o f M u t i a r a , P i d i e , he was a r r e s t e d i n September. He had been d e t a i n e d o n c e b e f o r e i n 8
1978. A t t h a t t i m e , h i s e l d e r b r c t h e r was a " c a b i n e t m i n i s t e r " i n H a s a n d i T i r o ' s "government"; h i s f a t h e r was a l s o s u s p e c t e d o f i n v o l v e m e n t and d e t a i n e d i n t h e l a t e 1 9 7 0 ' s . They a r e o n l y two o f a number o f l e c t u r e r s a t S y i a h K u a l a and t h e n e i g h b o r i n g S t a t e I s l a m i c I n s t i t u t e ( I A I N ) r e p o r t e d a r r e s t e d . Two l e c t u r e r s , one i n t h e E d u c a t i o n F a c u l t y , one i n t h e A g r i c u l t u r e F a c u l t y o f S y i a h K u a l a were a r r e s t e d b r i e f l y and r e l e a s e d ; one had been v i s i t e d by a f o r m e r c l a s s m a t e known t o h a v e A c e h Merdeka c o n n e c t i o n s ; a n o t h e r r e p o r t e d l y had r e l a t i v e s i n t h e movement but was not p e r s o n a l l y i n v o l v e d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e l i n k s t o 1977-78, t h e l e c t u r e r s may h a v e been u n d e r s u r v e i l l a n c e because the m i l i t a r y i s c o n v i n c e d t h a t i n t e l l e c t u a l s a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e movement. The r e g i o n a l m i l i t a r y commander, G e n e r a l Pramono, n o t e d i n an i n t e r v i e w i n November t h a t a f l y e r had been s e n t t o j o u r n a l l s t s by t h e "GPK" e x p l a i n i n g t h e aims o f t h e movement. " I f t h e r e a r e n ' t i n t e l l e c t u a l s , t h e r e ' s no way t h e y ' d have t h e c a p a c i t y t o p r o d u c e s u c h a f l y e r , " he s a i d . (Tempo, November 17, 1 9 9 0 ) . Even p e o p l e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e D a r u l I s l a m movement o f t h e 1950's h a v e been a r r e s t e d . Teungku A l i P i y e u n g , a w e l l - k n o w n r e l i g i o u s s c h o l a r and b u s i n e s s m a n now i n h i s 80's who was a c t i v e i n t h e D a r u l I s l a m movement was a r r e s t e d i n September. He i s o r i g i n a l l y from M o n t a s i e k , A c e h B e s a r . ' Two weeks a f t e r h i s a r r e s t , one o f h i s f o l l o w e r s , whose name was g i v e n t o A s i a Watch, went t o v i s i t him i n p r i s o n . J u s t b e c a u s e o f t h e v i s i t , t h e f o l l o w e r h i m s e l f was d e t a i n e d f o r one day, and as o f November, was s t i l l b e i n g r e q u i r e d t o r e p o r t r e g u l a r l y t o t h e army. I n a s i m i l a r c a s e , Hop. J a l i ( J a l i l ) , from Leupung, A c e h B e s a r , a b u s i n e s s m a n and f o r m e r CPM ( M i l i t a r y P o l i c e C o r p s ) , who had been a c t i v e b o t h i n D a r u l I s l a m and i n A c e h M e r d e k a i n t h e 1970's, was r e p o r t e d l y a r r e s t e d i n A u g u s t - S e p t e m b e r . He i s i n h i s s e v e n t i e s . No e f f o r t a p p e a r s t o be made t o l o o k f o r e v i d e n c e before m a k i n g a r r e s t s . One man a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n a r r e s t e d and d e t a i n e d f o r seven months s i m p l y b e c a u s e h i s c a r was t h e same make and c o l o r as t h a t used i n t h e ambush o f a m i l i t a r y p a t r o l i n w h i c h two s o l d i e r s were k i l l e d . Toke C u t , 63, a b u s i n e s s m a n and c o n t r a c t o r i n Lhokseumawe was r e p o r t e d l y r i d i n g i n a b l u e T o y o t a K i j a n g on September 9 when he was a r r e s t e d i n K r e u n g Geukeh, N o r t h A c e h . The ambush had t a k e n p l a c e s h o r t l y b e f o r e . He was t a k e n t o t h e d i s t r i c t m i l i t a r y command i n Lhokseumawe and t h e n t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e G a p e r t a p r i s o n i n Medan where he was h e l d i n a c e l l with f i v e others. He was r e l e a s e d on A p r i l 25, 1990. A t l e a s t one c a s e has been a r r e s t e d f o r laughing
been r e p o r t e d at s o l d i e r s .
o f a young man
having
In a d d i t i o n to the d e t e n t i o n c e n t e r s a t the v a r i o u s m i l i t a r y d i s t r i c t and s u b d i s t r i c t commands, t h e r e a r e a l s o r e p o r t e d t o be s e v e r a l m i l i t a r y camps where p r i s o n e r s c a n be h e l d . One i s t h e " r e d " camp i n K r e u n g Geukueh, Rancong, N o r t h A c e h , f r o m w h i c h t h e 50 men were r e p o r t e d l y e x e c u t e d ; one i s B u k i t S i n t a n g Camp n e a r a s h o p c a l l e d S e i s m i c S t o r e i n L h o k s u k o n , N o r t h A c e h ; one i s a p o l i c e s t a t i o n at A l u e Buket, near the s e n i o r h i g h s c h o o l (SMA) i n L h o k s u k o n , N o r t h A c e h . T h e r e was e v e n one r e p o r t f r o m P e u r e u l a k , E a s t Aceh, t h a t so many p e o p l e had been a r r e s t e d i n J u l y t h a t t h e I o c a l o f f i c e o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f P u b l i c Works was 9
.being u s e d t o h o u s e d e t a i n e e s . P e o p l e a r r e s t e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h A c e h M e r d e k a c a n a l s o be r e l e a s e d f o r a v a r i e t y o f r e a s o n s . A few mass r e l e a s e s have t a k e n p l a c e , most n o t a b l y when 140 p e o p l e were r e l e a s e d i n Lhokseumawe i n a s p e c i a l ceremony a t t h e d i s t r i c t p a r l i a m e n t b u i l d i n g ; a f t e r s p e n d i n g t h r e e months i n d e t e n t i o n , i t was d e c i d e d t h a t t h e y had o n l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e s i n the "GPK", m e a n i n g t h e y s h o u l d p r o b a b l y n e v e r h a v e been a r r e s t e d i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e . T h e r e have been numerous i n s t a n c e s o f p e o p l e p a y i n g t h e i r way o u t o f p r i s o n . And i n s e v e r a l c a s e s , men have been r e l e a s e d t o a c t as g u i d e s . I n one s u c h c a s e , a man named Z a k a r i a T j u r e h , 27, was a r r e s t e d on November 20, 1989 i n a r a i d by s o l d i e r s on an a u t o r e p a i r w o r k s h o p i n M a t a n g Geulumpung Dua, N o r t h A c e h . Z a k a r i a was s h o t n e a r t h e e a r when he r e p o r t e d l y t r i e d t o e s c a p e . He was b e a t e n , t a k e n t o t h e KODIM i n Lhokseumawe and e v e n t u a l l y t r a n s f e r r e d t o G a p e r t a i n Medan. He was r e l e a s e d i n A p r i l 1990 and i s r e p o r t e d l y b e i n g u s e d as a g u i d e t o p a t r o l bus t e r m i n a l s i n Medan and Lhokseumawe. The g o v e r n m e n t announced i n November t h a t t r i a l s o f "GPK" members w o u l d b e g i n i n J a n u a r y i n Banda Aceh, Lhokseumawe and Medan d i s t r i c t c o u r t s . One o f the f i r s t o f some 40 e x p e c t e d t o be t r i e d i s r e p o r t e d l y Abdurrachman Toyo, c u r r e n t l y d e t a i n e d i n G a p e r t a , Medan, a c c u s e d o f t a k i n g p a r t i n an ambush on a m i l i t a r y p a t r o l i n K r e u n g Geukueh i n which two s o l d i e r s were k i l l e d . O n l y a f t e r t h e p r i s o n e r d o s s i e r s are f o r m a l l y t u r n e d o v e r t o the d i s t r i c t c o u r t s w i l l any o f these p r i s o n e r s , many o f whom have been i n d e t e n t i o n f o r more t h a n a y e a r , be a b l e t o s e e a l a w y e r . Torture S e v e r e b e a t i n g s , o f t e n w i t h r i f l e b u t t s , d u r i n g a r r e s t and v a r i o u s forms of t o r t u r e during i n t e r r o g a t i o n i n m i l i t a r y custody a r e r o u t i n e . C r u d e forms o f e l e c t r i c s h o c k u s i n g a s i n g l e l i v e w i r e a t t a c h e d t o a h a n d - c r a n k e d g e n e r a t o r o r i n s e r t e d i n t o an e l e c t r i c a l o u t l e t a p p e a r t o be commonplace i n KODIMs. Y u s u f S u l a i m a n , t h e s t u d e n t m e n t i o n e d above, r e c e i v e d e l e c t r i c s h o c k s on h i s g e n i t a l s and had a w i r e i n s e r t e d i n t o h i s p e n i s . I n a s i g n e d s t a t e m e n t , he s a i d t h a t w h i l e he was i n p r i s o n i n Lhokseumawe, t h e r e were two boys, Ibnu H a d j a r , aged 12 and Ibnu S j a k b i , aged 14, who had s e t f i r e t o a s u b d i s t r i c t m i l i t a r y command i n Bayu, N o r t h A c e h who had been s u b j e c t e d t o s e v e r e b e a t i n g s w i t h a s a n d a l w o o d s t i c k , c a u s i n g them t o r o l l a b o u t the f l o o r . They a r e a p p a r e n t l y l i k e l y t o be c h a r g e d w i t h a r s o n . T h e r e a r e numerous r e p o r t s o f s e x u a l a b u s e o f women, b u t t h e y a r e d i f f i c u l t t o s u b s t a n t i a t e . A man who had b e e n d e t a i n e d i n t h e Lhokseumawe KODIM i n l a t e 1989 t o l d an A s i a Watch s o u r c e t h a t t h e w i f e o f a v i l l a g e head who was known f o r h e r c a r e o f wounded A c e h M e r d e k a members was t o r t u r e d i n h i s p r e s e n c e by h a v i n g a s t i c k i n s e r t e d i n t o her v a g i n a . A n o t h e r f o r m o f t o r t u r e r e p o r t e d f r o m A c e h and S t a n d a r d t h r o u g h o u t I n d o n e s i a i s the p l a c i n g o f a c h a i r o r t a b l e o v e r the s u s p e c t ' s f o o t w h i c h t h e i n t e r r o g a t o r t h e n s i t s on.
10
Other Counterinsurgency
Measures
In a d d i t i o n to the k i l l i n g s , disappearances, a r b i t r a r y a r r e s t s and t o r t u r e t a k i n g p l a c e i n A c e h , t h e m i l i t a r y i s u s i n g o t h e r methods t o i n t i m i d a t e t h e p o p u l a c e . One particularly d i s t u r b i n g development i s the c r e a t i o n o f " v o l u n t a r y " civil p a t r o l s which are encouraged to a r r e s t p e o p l e they s u s p e c t of a f f i l i a t i o n to Aceh Merdeka. I n N o r t h Aceh, a g r o u p c a l l e d " D e f e n d t h e S t a t e " ( B e l a N e g a r a ) was formed by t h e s e c u r i t y f o r c e s , composed o f y o u t h s r e c r u i t e d from v i l l a g e s and g i v e n m i l i t a r y t r a i n i n g , i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e s t a t e i d e o l o g y , P a n c a s i l a , b u t no f i r e a r m s . The r e a s o n f o r d o i n g s o was not t h a t t h e m i l i t a r y f e a r e d t h e r e c r u i t s w o u l d n o t u s e t h e weapons p r o p e r l y b u t t h a t i t f e a r e d t h e "GPK" would s t e a l them. As o f November 1990, B e l a N e g a r a had 200 r e g i s t e r e d members. (Tempo, November 17, 1990 p . 2 8 ) . An A c e h M e r d e k a s o u r c e s a i d t h a t young men were b e i n g f o r c e d t o j o i n " v o l u n t a r y armed f o r c e s " i n N o r t h A c e h w i t h 10 men f r o m e a c h v i l l a g e , and t h a t a n y o n e who r e f u s e d t o j o i n was s e v e r e l y p u n i s h e d . I n E a s t Aceh, t h e e q u i v a l e n t i s " P e o p l e ' s M i l i t i a " o r L a s y k a r R a k y a t w i t h a b o u t 1,500 members i n 120 v i l l a g e s who go on n i g h t l y p a t r o l s i n g r o u p s o f 40 w i t h s h a r p e n e d bamboo s p e a r s , k n i v e s and o t h e r weapons. T a k i n g p a r t i n t h e p a t r o l s a p p e a r s t o be o b l i g a t o r y i n some a r e a s . In one i n c i d e n t i n S e p t e m b e r , m i l i t i a members l e a r n e d t h a t t h e r e was an A c e h M e r d e k a h i d e o u t i n Seunebok Kolam, a b o u t 15 km from I d i . M i l i t i a members l e d t r o o p s f r o m t h e r e g u l a r m i l i t a r y t h e r e . When t h e y were c l o s e e n o u g h t o s e e t h a t t h e p a r t i s a n s were armed, t h e t r o o p s went on a h e a d . S e v e n m e t e r s from t h e h i d e o u t , t h e A c e h M e r d e k a p e o p l e o p e n e d f i r e w h i c h t h e t r o o p s r e t u r n e d , k i l l i n g two p a r t i s a n s . The other e i g h t were a b l e t o e s c a p e . On O c t o b e r 17, m i l i t i a members a r r e s t e d f o u r p e o p l e i n I d i c u t and t u r n e d them o v e r t o t h e m i l i t a r y . By mid-November, t h e t o t a l number o f a r r e s t s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e m i l i t i a was a b o u t 80.
run
There i s a l s o a c i v i l p a t r o l i n P i d i e , based by a man named Teuku I n d r a .
in Sigli
and
In a d d i t i o n to the p a t r o l s , v i l l a g e r s i n a f f e c t e d a r e a s are f o r c e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n mass d e m o n s t r a t i o n s o f l o y a l t y t o t h e I n d o n e s i a n government, some o f w h i c h r e s e m b l e t h e s t a g e d "mass s u r r e n d e r s " o f t h e New P e o p l e ' s Army i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . N e w s p a p e r s announced t h a t on A u g u s t 18, 1990, 345 r e s i d e n t s o f T a n j u n g B e r i d i , Peusangan, r e t u r n e d t o t h e f o l d o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t and a n n o u n c e d t h e i r l o y a l t y t o t h e New O r d e r g o v e r n m e n t and Pancasila. On A u g u s t 5, some 655 men f r o m 33 v i l l a g e s i n S e u n e u d o n and U l e e Ruebek, a l l s u s p e c t e d o f b e i n g A c e h M e r d e k a s u p p o r t e r s , were b r o u g h t by t r u c k and j e e p t o t h e R a w a s a k t i s p o r t s s t a d i u m i n Lhokseumawe, a d i s t a n c e o f some 60 km. There t h e KODIM commander a d m i n i s t e r e d an o a t h o f l o y a l t y t o them as I o c a l government o f f i c i a l s l o o k e d o n . T h e y a l s o d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e y w o u l d not s u p p o r t any a c t i v i t i e s t h a t were i n v i o l a t i o n o f n a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s . An o f f i c i a l o f t h e N o r t h S u m a t r a p r o v i n c i a l p a r l i a m e n t t o l d r e p o r t e r s from t h e A t j e h P o s t t h a t n o n e o f t h e men had been f o r c e d t o come and t h a t t h e y had v o l u n t a r i l y s o u g h t t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f the government.
'Information
Control
I n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s i t u a t i o n i n Aceh i s s t r i c t l y monitored by t h e m i l i t a r y . The c o n t e n t o f newspapers i s c o n t r o l l e d . P h o t o c o p y i n g h a s become a r i s k y u n d e r t a k i n g . I n J u l y , two y o u t h s were r e p o r t e d l y a r r e s t e d a t a photocopying s t a l l on J a l a n Diponegoro i n t h e c i t y o f B a n d a A c e h a f t e r t h e s h o p k e e p e r saw t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e f l y e r and c a l l e d t h e p o l i c e . M a i l t o and from Aceh i s r e p o r t e d l y censored. S h o r t l y a f t e r t h e c u r r e n t r e g i o n a l commander, G e n e r a l P r a m o n o , was a p p o i n t e d , he r e p o r t e d l y c a l l e d i n j o u r n a l i s t s based i n A c e h a n d t o l d t h e m t h a t t h e i r r e p o r t i n g was n o t t o s u g g e s t a n y p o l i t i c a l motivation to the violence since i t could hurt foreign investment. A l l newspapers i n Indonesia r e g u l a r l y p r i n t t h e m i l i t a r y p r e s s r e l e a s e s o n t h e c a p t u r e o r s u r r e n d e r o f "GPK" m e m b e r s ; w h i l e Tempo a n d E d i t o r , t h e t w o l e a d i n g n e w s w e e k l i e s i n t h e c o u n t r y , h a v e m e n t i o n e d H a s a n d i T i r o ' s name, t h e p h r a s e "Aceh Merdeka" never appears i n any o f t h e d a i l y newspapers i n Aceh o r elsewhere. The p r e s s i s a l s o s u b j e c t t o p r e s s u r e from A c e h M e r d e k a . A f l y e r s e n t t o e i g h t newspapers i n Aceh and North Sumatra i n J u l y warned j o u r n a l i s t s a g a i n s t c o n t i n u i n g t o use "untrue and ones i d e d " m i l i t a r y p r e s s r e l e a s e s . "We w i l l t a k e a c t i o n a n d d o whatever i s n e c e s s a r y a g a i n s t newspapers which c o n t i n u e t o d i s r e g a r d A c e h M e r d e k a , " t h e f l y e r r e a d . "We a r e n o t e n e m i e s o f t h e M a l a y a , Padang [ s i c ] o r Batak peoples [ a l l e t h n i c g r o u p s i n S u m a t r a ] b u t we a r e e n e m i e s o f t h e J a v a n e s e colonizers." Conclusions The human r i g h t s v i o l a t i o n s c o m m i t t e d i n A c e h f a l J i n t o a p a t t e r n o f s y s t e m a t i c and g r o s s abuses a l r e a d y w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d in Indonesia. The l a r g e number o f u n i d e n t i f i e d b o d i e s k i l l e d i n t h e same manner i s r e m i n i s c e n t o f t h e " m y s t e r i o u s k i l l i n g s " i n 1983-85 when t h e s e c u r i t y f o r c e s embarked on an a n t i - c r i m e c a m p a i g n u s i n g summary e x e c u t i o n s a s a f o r m o f "shock therapy." T h e m i l i t a r y b l a m e s t h e "GPK" f o r t h e d e a t h s ; i f s e r i o u s a n d i m p a r t i a l i n q u e s t s and a u t o p s i e s were conducted, t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h o s e c l a i m s c o u l d be t e s t e d . The mass a r r e s t s a n d p h y s i c a l a b u s e o f v i l l a g e r s i n a r e a s where p o l i t i c a l v i o l e n c e has occurred f o l l o w t h e p a t t e r n e s t a b l i s h e d i n E a s t Timor, I r i a n Jaya and C e n t r a l J a v a d u r i n g périods o f M u s l i m a c t i v i s m . The t o r t u r e t e c h n i q u e s r e p o r t e d f r o m Aceh occur throughout Indonesia, including i n J a k a r t a p o l i c e s t a t i o n s . D e s p i t e repeated appeals t o the Indonesian government by human r i g h t s a n d h u m a n i t a r i a n o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t h e g o v e r n m e n t h a s made l i t t l e o r no p r o g r e s s i n p r e v e n t i n g t h e s e abuses. Asia
Watch c a l l s
on t h e I n d o n e s i a n
government t o :
1. i s s u e a f u l l a n d d e t a i l e d l i s t o f a l l t h o s e a r r e s t e d , d e t a i n e d a n d r e l e a s e d s i n c e mid-1989 i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e v i o l e n c e i n A c e h a n d make t h e s e l i s t s a v a i l a b l e i n d e s i g n a t e d p l a c e s s o t h a t t h e f a m i l i e s o f p r i s o n e r s a n d m i s s i n g p e r s o n s c a n c o n s u l t i t . The l i s t s h o u l d i n c l u d e t h e d a t e and p l a c e o f a r r e s t , c u r r e n t p l a c e of d e t e n t i o n , and d a t e and p l a c e o f r e l e a s e . 12
2. t h o r o u g h l y i n v e s t i g a t e a l l r e p o r t s o f summa: t o r t u r e and raake a p u b l i c commitment t o p r o s e c i responsible. 3. i m p l e m e n t t h e I n d o n e s i a n C r i m i n a l P r o c e d u r e r e s p e c t t o a r r e s t and d e t e n t i o n p r o c e d u r e s and suspects. I f those arrested are a l l c r i m l n a l s , n o t e s , t h e r e i s no e x c u s e w h a t s o e v e r f o r n o t ai p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e Code. 4. a p p o i n t a n i n d e p e n d e n t team o f d o c t o r s t o O a u t o p s i e s o n a l l b o d i e s o f t h o s e who a p p e a r t o unnatural deaths. 5. a l l o w i n t e r n a t i o n a l human r i g h t s a n d humani organizations access t o Aceh t o v i s i t pr independent autopsies o r other f o r e n s i c i n v e s t i 6. s t r i c t l y m o n i t o r t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f c i v i l pa p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s not forced, that the p a t r o l s t o engage i n a r r e s t s o r t h e use o f f o r c e a g a i n 7. d i s c i p l i n e a n y member o f t h e s e c u r i t y f o r c e c o m m a n d i n g o f f i c e r s , who u r g e c i t i z e n s t o t a k e own h a n d s o r e x h o r t o t h e r s t o v i o l e n c e .
We had no hand in Aceh killings: Indonesian army JAKARTA — The Indonesian military said yesterday it was not responsible for a spate of murders that littered the troubled Aceh province with unidentifiable corpses. A human rights lawyer, who récently returned from Aceh, said residents reported finding mass graves and a steady flow of decomposing corpses, which they believed were the work of soldiers trying to quash a rebellion by terrorising people. The military said the murders were the work of rebels, known as the Security Disturbing Movement or GPK. "It's psychological warfare, (to see) whoever can influence more people. But there is no need for us to cover the facts. If it were done by the military, we would say so," military spokesman Brig-Gen Nurhadi Purwosaputro said. Human rights sources said decomposing bodies of people who were not known locally had been found in plantations and rivers around north-east Aceh, the heart of the troubled zone in the province on
the northern tip of Sumatra, Indonesia's main island. "It's got to the point where villagers say they are bored of having to bury bodies they fish out of the river. It happens pretty much every day in some areas," the lawyer said. A Western human rights observer said he had reliable reports dating back to June of a mass grave discovered in the Alue Mira district. "Reports were completely suppressed by Iocal officials," he said. Brig-Gen Nurhadi said the military had suffered in the shadowy rebellion in which soldiers dismissed by the army had banded together with militant Islamic separatists to oppose Jakarta, which they said had deprived the Acehnese of their rights. He sald Iocal people who had been detained by the military were often killed by GPK members on their release "because they think they have become informers". — Reuter.
(e) B3-0320/91 1
RESOLUTION on human r i g h t s v i o l a t i o n s
The E u r o p e a n A.
conscious
i n Aceh,
Sumatra
Parliament, of the strong
cultural
roots
and h i s t o r i c a l
identity
o f the
p e o p l e o f Aceh, S u m a t r a , B
deeply concerned by c o n t i n u i n g r e p o r t s o f r e p r e s s i o n , mass a r r e s t s , t o r t u r e and some 5000 i l l e g a l k i l l i n g s by t h e Indonesian Army d u r i n g 1990,
C.
a p p a l l e d by t h e i n c i t e m e n t t o k i l l members o f t h e Aceh Sumatra L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e g i o n a l m i l i t a r y commander, Major-General Djoko Prhmona, i n t h e D j a k a r t a ,eekly 'Tempo' o f 17 November 1990 and the d i s p a t c h o f b a t t l e - h a r d e n e d troops,
1.
C a l l s upon t h e Indonesian a u t h o r i t i e s t o take immediate steps t o stop a l l k i l l i n g s and t o r t u r e and observe i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y accepted human r i g h t s standards i n a l l r e s p e c t s i n i t s r e l a t i o n s with the people of Aceh;
2.
Urges human r i g h t s o r g a n i s a t i o n s t o i n v e s t i g a t e a n d monitor t h e s i t u a t i o n i n Aceh;
3.
Demands t h a t those accused o f c r i m e s i n d i v i d u a l s be brought t o t r i a l ;
against
i n d i v i d u a l s or 'groups o f
4.
Appeals t o a l l Member States t o b a n t h e s u p p l y o f arms t o Indonesia a n d t o take a c t i o n through the U n i t e d K a t i o n s t o p r e s s f o r an i n t e r n a t i o n a l ban on such s u p p l i e s ; ;
5.
I n s t r u c t s i t s P r e s i d e n t t o f o r w a r d t h i s r e s o l u t i o n t o the Governments o f a l l Member S t a t e s and t o EPC, t h e S e c r e t a r y - G e n e r a l o f the U n i t e d Nations and the Government o f I n d o n e s i a .
i
RESOLUTIE VAN HET EUROPESE PARLEMENT [ i n g e d i e n d door S t a n l e y Newens en Ken Coates van de sche F r a c t i e en aangenomen op 21 f e b r u a r i 1991] (1 pagina)
Socialisti-
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR T H E T I M E S M O N D A Y J A N U A R Y 28 1991
Indonesia violations
Malaysian press over the last year, as well as the statements made by' From Lord Avebury and others refugces. With 12,000 troops in the Sir, On November 17, 1990, the area, the Indonesian military are Indonesian military commander o f trying to extinguish the spark of Acheh, northem Sumatra, Major- separatism by a massive campaign General pjoko Pramono, was re- of terror. ported in the Jakarta weekly Tempo The U N Human Rights Comas saying: mission begirts its annual sitting at ! have told the people here, if you meel Geneva on January 28. Britain no G P K members, you should kill them. longer has a place on the comNo need to invettig&te .'. . Just shoot them or knife them. I have told people mission, but our observer is entitled to arm themselves with sharp weap- to speak. In view of the long history ons, machetes or whatever. If you of friendship between Britain and Acheh — including a treaty of encounier the OPK, just kill them. "perpetual pcace, friendship and Faccd with growtng resistance to dcfensive Alliance" in 1819 - before Indonesian .rule by the Acheh Sumatra National Liberation Front, the lerritory was invaded by the (referred to by the acronym G P K ) , Dutch in 1873, it would be fitting i f which appears to command wide- we invited the commission to spread support among the people, review the available evidence. The commission should cal! on the Indonesian military have been on a rampage of killing, torture and the Indonesian government to see arbitrary imprisonment. None of that their own laws on arrest and those taken into custody has ap- detention are observed, that officers peared before a court of law, though responsiblc for criminal offences. it has been announced by the against civilians are tried and punIndonesian authorities that trials of ished, and that international human suspected G P K members wil! be rights organisations are permitted to held at Bandar Acheh, Lhokseu- visit the territorymawe and Medan district courts in Yours faithfully, A V E B U R Y (Chairman), January. B E R N A R D BRAINE A detailed report On the extensive violations of human rights in Acheh (Vice Chairman), has just • been published by the A N T H O N Y C O O M B S (Secretary) Washington-based Asia Watch, T O N Y L L O Y D (Vice Chairman), ' supplemcnting the many accounts Parliamentary H u m a n Rights G r o u p , which have rcached the outside Palace of Weslnunsier. world
through
Reuter
and
the
January 18,
INDOÏVÉSIE
INDOC werd in 1979 door een groep vrijwilligers in Leiden opaericht met het doel een breed publiek te informeren over akfuele maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen in Indonesië. Het gebrek aan vrijheid van de burgers om zich te kunnen verweren tegen machtsmisbruik door de overheid heeft daarbij bijzondere aandacht. Inmiddels is een omvangrijke kollektie opgebouwd van berichten uit de Indonesische pers en ander bronmateriaal uit Indonesië. De dokumentatie is gevestigd op Rapenburg 48 te Leiden en is op afspraak van dinsdag tot en met donderdag te raadplegen (tel : 071-124739). Schriftelijke verzoeken om informatie kunt U sturen naar
Indoe Indonesisch d o c u m e n t a t i e en informatie centrum p o s t b u s 11250 2301 E G Leiden
