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Jurnal Prakarsa Infrastruktur Indonesia
PRAKARSA Edisi 6 / April 2011
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Poin-Poin Utama Sebelumnya, fokus para penyusun rencana transportasi perkotaan tertuju pada kemacetan. Mereka sering merekomendasikan pembangunan jalan baru dan meningkatkan sarana untuk kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini merangsang peningkatan penggunaan mobil, yang mengakibatkan masalah ekonomi dan lingkungan yang lebih besar. Sekarang telah dipahami bahwa seharusnya fokus diarahkan pada peningkatan mobilitas, mengubah cara masyarakat menggunakan jalan dan menawarkan pilihan angkutan umum yang menarik. Peningkatan mobilitas hanya sedikit terkait dengan masalah teknik dan lebih terkait dengan perubahan perilaku. Oleh karena itu, peningkatan mobilitas memiliki dimensi sosial yang sangat penting dan melibatkan banyak pemangku kepentingan yang biasanya tidak saling bekerja sama. Tujuannya adalah untuk menciptakan sistem mobilitas perkotaan yang sangat efisien, fleksibel, memperhatikan kepentingan orang banyak, aman dan terjangkau dengan jumlah lalu lintas, perjalanan dan upaya sesedikit mungkin serta memastikan kelestarian lingkungan. Hal ini berarti memprioritaskan angkutan umum, pejalan kaki, kendaraan tidak bermotor, dan kendaraan angkutan barang. Di seluruh dunia, kota-kota di Eropa, Brasil, Kolombia dan India sedang mengembangkan kebijakan mobilitas perkotaan efektif yang memberi manfaat seperti berkurangnya kemacetan, kebisingan, polusi, konsumsi energi, waktu tempuh kendaraan dan kecelakaan lalu lintas; serta meningkatkan kualitas dan aksesibilitas angkutan umum, meningkatkan ruang publik yang tersedia, dan meningkatkan kesehatan dan kesejahteraan penduduk. Indonesia dapat ikut menerapkan keberhasilan pengalaman dari contoh tersebut untuk membuat strategi mobilitas perkotaannya sendiri yang efektif.
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Poin-Poin Utama Kemacetan di Jakarta menurunkan kualitas hidup dan daya saing Jakarta. Pertumbuhan sektor keuangan dan jasa di Jakarta, peningkatan kesejahteraan, pertambahan penduduk, dan kapasitas sistem angkutan umum yang relatif tidak berubah telah membuat masyarakat yang menggunakan sepeda motor dan mobil pribadi. Sementara itu, batasbatas sosial Jakarta semakin meluas, dengan perkiraan jumlah penduduk sebanyak 40 juta jiwa pada tahun 2025. Dengan kecepatan tempuh ratarata pada waktu puncak hanya 13-15 km/jam saat ini, tantangan dalam menggerakkan orang dan barang di masa depan sangat besar. Agar Jakarta dapat meningkatkan penggunaan angkutan umum seperti yang dilakukan kota-kota seperti Seoul, Taipei, dan Bangkok, diperlukan komitmen politik yang kuat, dukungan finansial jangka panjang, dan koordinasi yang efektif. Kantor Wapres, melalui Unit Kerja Presiden untuk Pengawasan dan Pengelolaan Pembangunan (UKP4) sedang mengembangkan kerangka kerja konseptual untuk memungkinkan hal tersebut. Komponen-komponen yang penting antara lain: mengubah fokus dari pengurangan kemacetan menjadi pengelolaan mobilitas; keterlibatan berbagai pemangku kepentingan; cara pandang baru terhadap peran dan hubungan antara semua aspek infrastruktur transportasi; dan investasi pada infrastruktur transportasi awal dan akhir (first and last mile), pangkalan taksi dan paratransit. Pendekatan bertahap dengan penentuan waktu yang baik seperti yang diterapkan di Singapura, dengan pembiayaan yang memadai, penegakan hukum yang konsisten, regulator yang kompeten dan operator yang handal akan turut berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan mobilitas, juga upaya percontohan yang sukses dan pembentukan Otoritas Transportasi Jabodetabek. .
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Poin-Poin Utama Surabaya, kota terbesar kedua di Indonesia, mengalami kemacetan yang semakin meningkat. Sepeda motor secara khusus berkontribusi terhadap pencemaran suara dan udara, serta dikendarai dengan cara ilegal dan tidak aman. Langkah-langkah yang dapat memperbaiki keadaan ini, seperti angkutan umum dan manajemen kebutuhan sangat terbatas. Untuk angkutan umum tersedia angkot dan armada kecil bus umum dengan mutu layanan yang variasi. Kota ini sudah mengalami kemajuan dalam menangani tantangan tersebut, khususnya melalui peningkatan fasilitas bagi pejalan kaki seperti trotoar dan persimpangan bergaris zebra. Kini sedang digarap rencana untuk membuat jaringan lajur sepeda, studi kelayakan untuk koridor Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) sudah dirampungkan, dan layanan kereta penumpang akan ditingkatkan. Untuk bergerak maju diperlukan komitmen politik yang signifikan, dimulai dengan pengembangan strategi mobilitas perkotaan komprehensif yang menangani wilayah secara keseluruhan. Strategi tersebut harus berfokus pada pergerakan manusia dan barang; memberi prioritas kepada angkutan umum, pejalan kaki, dan kendaraan tidak bermotor; dan meningkatkan tautan antara pemanfaatan lahan dan perencanaan transportasi. Jaringan BRT berkualitas tinggi, mudah diakses, dan terjangkau merupakan pilihan yang menjanjikan. Langkah-langkah pelengkap seperti perluasan fasilitas bagi kendaraan tidak bermotor dan pejalan kaki serta pengelolaan parkir juga patut dipertimbangkan. Kota ini telah mencapai kesuksesan, sebagai contoh dengan adanya program Minggu pagi “bebas kendaraan bermotor” menunjukkan adanya potensi untuk meraih visi peningkatan mobilitas dan kualitas hidup di Surabaya.
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Poin-poin Utama Angkot dengan kapasitas 10-12 penumpang mendominasi angkutan umum di Bogor. Angkot beroperasi pada trayek tetap dengan frekuensi tinggi sehingga meminimalkan waktu menunggu. Mereka berhenti di sembarang tempat sesuai permintaan penumpang dan beroperasi tanpa subsidi publik. Ini barangkali terdengar ideal, namun pengusaha angkot menghadapi penurunan jumlah penumpang dan pendapatan. Strategi berkendara perlahan untuk memaksimalkan jumlah penumpang yang masuk angkot dan mengebut untuk mengambil penumpang berikutnya yang sangat baik untuk memaksimalkan pendapatan dalam jangka waktu pendek, berkontribusi pada terjadinya kemacetan. Penumpang yang tidak puas semakin memilih untuk melakukan perjalanan dengan sepeda motor sehingga menambah kemacetan. Pada tahun 2009 kota Bogor menerapkan sistem beroperasi secara bergilir (sistem shift) untuk menanggulangi masalah ini. Pada waktu tertentu hanya shift “A” atau “B” yang beroperasi, mengurangi separuh jumlah angkot di jalan raya. Pendapatan pengemudi tidak berubah karena mereka mendapat dua kali ongkos angkut dengan upaya kerja separuhnya. Peningkatan waktu menunggu bagi penumpang sangat kecil dan dapat diabaikan karena jumlah angkot yang sebenarnya sangat besar. Pada trayek di mana sistem dua shift menghasilkan faktor muatan yang terlalu tinggi, diterapkan sistem tiga shift dan dua dari tiga shift tersebut berada di jalan pada waktu yang bersamaan. Sistem shift tersebut menunjukkan keberhasilan pada 11 dari 23 trayek kota. Sedangkan 12 trayek lainnya dibagi antara angkot kota Bogor dengan angkot yang memiliki izin dari kabupaten. Apabila angkot kota menggunakan sistem shift sedangkan angkot kabupaten tidak, maka pendapatan akan beralih kepada angkot kabupaten. Agar sistem berfungsi secara adil, perlu ada kesepakatan yang melibatkan baik pemerintah kota maupun pemerintah kabupaten.
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Prakarsa tambahan yang dapat mengurangi kemacetan mencakup pemakaian bus lebih besar dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit. Strategi lain adalah untuk membangun terminal bus yang mengantar lalu lintas dari daerah sekitarnya ke titik tersebut, dan kemudian para penumpang beralih ke bus kota. Strategi- strategi yang dapat mengurangi jumlah kendaraan di jalan ini akan menghasilkan mobilitas lebih besar bagi masyarakat.
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HASIL: SEKSI TEKNIK KESELAMATAN JALAN MENDAPAT PENGESAHAN Pada bulan November 2009, Prakarsa Infrastruktur Indonesia (IndII) membantu Ditjen Bina Marga (DJBM) membentuk unit baru yang bertanggung jawab atas rekayasa keselamatan jalan. Ini suatu langkah maju yang penting, tetapi unit awalnya bersifat ad-hoc dan bergantung pada pembiayaan dari donor eksternal sehingga kelanjutannya dalam jangka panjang masih diragukan. Saat ini, berkat efektivitas yang ditunjukkan unit baru tersebut (yang telah menyelenggarakan lokakarya di seluruh Indonesia dan menghasilkan identifikasi dan perbaikan atas “blackspot” di tempat-tempat yang sering terjadi kecelakaan), Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengeluarkan peraturan yang menjadikan unit tersebut menjadi bagian resmi dari organisasi Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum (KemenPU). Dua peraturan – Peraturan Menteri PU No. 08/PRT/2010 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kelola KemenPU, dan Keputusan DJBM No. 02/KPTS/Db/2011 tentang pengecualian dan penunjukan Pejabat Eselon IV – menetapkan Seksi Teknik Keselamatan Jalan sebagai unit baru yang bertugas meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang keselamatan jalan di semua tingkatan pemerintahan. Dengan demikian para pejabat terkait dapat mengusulkan dan mengupayakan infrastruktur jalan yang lebih baik. Fungsi utama seksi ini adalah menyusun berbagai norma, standar, prosedur, dan program audit keselamatan jalan, serta menetapkan persyaratan keamanan minimum untuk rekayasa jalan.
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