ABSTRAK PENGARUH MADU TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEWASPADAAN, KETELITIAN DAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF Shannon Conversia Pdabo Matabei, 2013 Pembimbing I : Decky Gunawan, dr., M.Kes, AIFO. Pembimbing II: Endang Evacuasiany, Dra., Apt., MS, AFK. Tingkat kewaspadaan, ketelitian dan fungsi kognitif merupakan bagian dari fungsi otak yang penting dalam kegiatan manusia sehari-hari. Hal-hal ini diperlukan untuk bereaksi secara cepat dan sesuai terhadap berbagai situasi yang dihadapi. Fungsi dan kerja otak dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor. Salah satunya adalah kebutuhan energi yang berasal dari bahan makanan. Madu adalah salah satu jenis bahan makanan yang dapat meningkatkan kewaspadaan, ketelitian dan fungsi kognitif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai pengaruh madu terhadap peningkatan kewaspadaan, ketelitian dan fungsi kognitif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental kuasi bersifat komparatif dengan desain penelitian pre-test dan post-test. Subjek penelitian adalah 30 orang perempuan dewasa muda. Kewaspadaan dinilai berdasarkan waktu penyelesaian Jhonson Pascal test, ketelitian dinilai berdasarkan jumlah angka yang dapat dijumlahkan dalam waktu 1 menit pada Additional sheet test dan fungsi kognitif dinilai berdasarkan waktu penyelesaian Traffic Jam puzzle sebelum dan sesudah pemberian madu. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji t berpasangan dengan = 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hasil Jhonson Pascal test sebelum pemberian madu (137,93 detik) lebih singkat dibanding setelah pemberian madu (112,43 detik), hasil penjumlahan Additional sheet test sebelum pemberian madu (44,64) meningkat setelah pemberian madu (55,14), dan hasil Traffic Jam puzzle sebelum pemberian madu (125,57 detik) lebih singkat dibanding setelah pemberian madu (90,3 detik), dengan nilai p < 0,01. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah madu meningkatkan kewaspadaan, ketelitian dan fungsi kognitif. Kata kunci: madu, kewaspadaan, ketelitian, fungsi kognitif.
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ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF HONEY TO INCREASE ALERTNESS, CAREFULNESS AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION Shannon Conversia Pdabo Matabei, 2013 1st Tutor : Decky Gunawan, dr., M.Kes, AIFO. 2nd Tutor: Endang Evacuasiany, Dra., Apt., MS, AFK. The level of alertness, carefulness, and cognitive function are parts of our brain functions that are important for daily activities of a human being. These things are required in order for someone to be able to respond quickly and appropriately to all kinds of situations they are facing. The works and functions of the brain are affected by various factors, including the energy consumed from food. Honey is a type of food that can be used to increase alertness, carefulness and cognitive function. The study aims to determine the effect of honey on alertness, carefulness, and cognitive function. The research uses the quasi-experimental method that have a comparative attribute of a pre-test and post-test system. The subjects of the research are 30 young adult women. The alertness was assessed based on the length of time required to finish the Johnson Pascal test, the carefulness was assessed based on the number of additions done in 1 minute on the Additional sheet test, and the cognitive function were assessed based on the length of time required to finish the Traffic Jam puzzle, before and after the consuming of honey. The data analysis was done using the paired t-test with = 0.05. The experiment result shows that the time required to do Jhonson Pascal test before consuming honey (137.93 seconds) decreases after consuming honey (112,43 seconds), the number of additions done in 1 minute on the Additional sheet test before consuming honey (44.64) improves after consuming honey (55,14), and the time required to do the Traffic Jam puzzle before consuming honey (125,57 seconds) decreases after consuming honey (903 seconds), with the value of p < 0,01. It was concluded that honey increases the alertness, carefulness and cognitive function. Keywords: honey, alertness, carefulness, cognitive function.
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DAFTAR ISI Halaman JUDUL ................................................................................................................. i LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ............................................................................... ii SURAT PERNYATAAN .................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... v KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ viii DAFTAR TABEL................................................................................................ xi DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................... xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah .................................................................................... 2 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan ..................................................................................... 3 1.4 Manfaat Karya Tulis Ilmiah......................................................................... 3 1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ............................................................................. 3 1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ................................................................................. 3 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis Penelitian ............................................ 3 1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran .......................................................................... 3 1.5.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ........................................................................... 6
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Anatomi Otak............................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Cerebrum............................................................................................. 7 2.1.2 Cerebellum ......................................................................................... 10
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2.1.3 Batang Otak ....................................................................................... 11 2.1.3.1 Formatio Reticularis .............................................................. 11 2.1.3.2 Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) .................... 13 2.1.4 Sistem Limbik .................................................................................... 14 2.2 Kewaspadaan, Ketelitian dan Fungsi Kognitif ............................................ 16 2.2.1 Kewaspadaan dan Ketelitian .............................................................. 16 2.2.1.1 Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tes Kewaspadaan dan Ketelitian ....................................................................................... 16 2.2.1.2 Tes Kewaspadaan (Johnson Pascal test)....................................... 17 2.2.1.3 Tes Ketelitian (Additional test) ..................................................... 17 2.2.2 Fungsi Kognitif .................................................................................. 18 2.2.2.1 Problem Solving ............................................................................ 19 2.2.2.2 Tes Fungsi Kognitif (Traffic Jam Puzzle) ..................................... 21 2.3 Metabolisme Energi Otak ............................................................................ 21 2.3.1 Transportasi Zat ................................................................................. 21 2.3.2 Metabolisme Glukosa dan Fruktosa .................................................. 22 2.3.2.1 Metabolisme Glukosa ................................................................... 22 2.3.2.2 Glikolisis dan Fosforilasi Oksidatif .............................................. 24 2.3.2.3 Metabolisme Fruktosa .................................................................. 25 2.3.3 Mikronutrien sebagai Kebutuhan Dasar untuk Fungsi Kognitif........ 26 2.4 Madu ............................................................................................................ 27 2.4.1 Sejarah Madu ..................................................................................... 27 2.4.2 Produksi Madu ................................................................................... 28 2.4.3 Jenis-jenis Madu ................................................................................ 30 2.4.4 Komposisi Madu ................................................................................ 32 2.4.5 Khasiat Madu ..................................................................................... 33 2.5 Madu sebagai Sumber Energi ...................................................................... 34
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN 3.1 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ............................................................................ 37 3.1.1 Alat Penelitian .................................................................................... 37
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3.1.2 Bahan Penelitian ................................................................................ 37 3.2 Subjek Penelitian.......................................................................................... 37 3.3 Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian ....................................................................... 38 3.4 Metode Penelitian......................................................................................... 38 3.4.1 Desain Penelitian ............................................................................... 38 3.4.2 Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................ 38 3.4.2.1 Definisi Konsepsional Variabel Penelitian .......................... 38 3.4.2.2 Definisi Operasional Variabel Penelitian ............................. 38 3.4.2.3 Besar Sampel Penelitian....................................................... 39 3.5. Prosedur Kerja .............................................................................................. 39 3.6 Analisis Data ................................................................................................ 41 3.6.1 Hipotesis Statistik ............................................................................... 41 3.6.2 Kriteria Uji .......................................................................................... 42 3.7 Aspek Etik Penelitian ................................................................................... 42
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................................. 43 4.2 Pembahasan .................................................................................................... 45 4.3 Pengujian Hipotesis Penelitian....................................................................... 47
BAB V 5.1 Simpulan ....................................................................................................... 50 5.2 Saran.............................................................................................................. 50
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................... 51 LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................................... 56 RIWAYAT HIDUP ............................................................................................. 68
DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 4.1 Waktu dalam satuan detik yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan Jhonson Pascal test sebelum dan sesudah diberi madu ..................... 43 Tabel 4.2 Rata-rata banyaknya penjumlahan yang dapat diselesaikan dalam waktu 1 menit pada Additional sheet test sebelum dan sesudah diberi madu......................................................................................... 44 Tabel 4.3 Waktu dalam satuan detik yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan Traffic Jam puzzle sebelum dan sesudah diberi madu ....................... 44 Tabel L 4.1 Waktu yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan Jhonson Pascal test .. 62 Tabel L 4.2 Penjumlahan yang dapat dilakukan dalam waktu 1 menit pada Additional sheet test ........................................................................... 62 Tabel L 4.3 Waktu yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan Traffic Jam puzzle .... 63
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1.1 Kerangka Pemikiran ........................................................................ 6 Gambar 2.1 Anatomi Otak ................................................................................... 7 Gambar 2.2 Lobus-lobus Otak ............................................................................. 10 Gambar 2.3 Ascending Reticular Activating System ........................................... 13 Gambar 2.4 Sistem Limbik .................................................................................. 15 Gambar 2.5 Proses Problem Solving ................................................................... 19 Gambar 2.6 Glikolisis .......................................................................................... 24 Gambar 2.7 Siklus Krebs ..................................................................................... 25 Gambar 2.8 Metabolisme Fruktosa ...................................................................... 26 Gambar 2.9 Madu ................................................................................................ 28 Gambar 2.10 Sarang Lebah Madu ........................................................................ 30 Gambar 2.11 Kandungan Madu ............................................................................ 32 Gambar 2.12 Struktur Kimia Glukosa dan Fruktosa ............................................. 34 Gambar 4.1 Grafik Hasil Jhonson Pascal test, Additional sheet test dan Traffic Jam puzzle ........................................................................................ 45
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Surat Pernyataan Persetujuan untuk Ikut Serta Dalam Penelitian (Informed Consent) .......................................................................... 56 Lampiran 2 Jhonson Pascal test .......................................................................... 57 Lampiran 3 Additional sheet test ......................................................................... 59 Lampiran 4 Pola Traffic Jam puzzle .................................................................... 61 Lampiran 5 Hasil Jhonson Pascal Test, Additional Sheet test, dan Traffic Jam puzzle ............................................................................................... 62 Lampiran 6 Hasil Uji t Berpasangan Johnson Pascal test, Additional sheet test, dan Traffic Jam puzzle Sebelum dan Sesudah Pemberian Madu ................................................................................................ 64 Lampiran 7 Hasil Validasi Kemurnian Madu ..................................................... 65 Lampiran 8 Surat Keputusan Komisi Etik Penelitian ......................................... 66 Lampiran 9 Dokumentasi .................................................................................... 67
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