ABSTRAK JUS DAN PUREE TOMAT (Solanum lycopersicum) MENURUNKAN PERSENTASE SPERMATOZOA DENGAN MORFOLOGI ABNORMAL PADA MENCIT YANG DIBERI PAJANAN ASAP ROKOK Fatrika Dewi, 2011.
Pembimbing I : Prof. Dr. Susy Tjahjani, dr., M.Kes. Pembimbing II : Teresa Liliana Wargasetia, S.Si., M.Kes.
Infertilitas adalah salah satu masalah kesehatan di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya infertilitas adalah kebiasaan merokok yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas dan kuantitas spermatozoa pada pria. Hal ini disebabkan rokok mengandung senyawa radikal bebas yang dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan pada spermatozoa. Senyawa radikal bebas dapat diredam oleh senyawa antioksidan, salah satunya terdapat pada tomat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah jus dan puree tomat dapat menurunkan persentase spermatozoa dengan morfologi abnormal pada mencit yang diberi pajanan asap rokok dan mengetahui apakah puree tomat lebih berefek dalam menurunkan persentase spermatozoa mencit dengan morfologi abnormal tersebut. Mencit sebanyak 24 ekor galur Swiss Webster dikelompokkan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap bersifat komparatif. Kelompok kontrol hanya diberi pakan dan akuades, kelompok P1 diberi pajanan asap rokok saja, kelompok P2 diberi pajanan asap rokok dan jus tomat 1,5 mL, kelompok P3 diberi pajanan asap rokok dan puree tomat 1,5 mL selama 53 hari. Pada hari ke-54 mencit diterminasi dan dilakukan pembuatan preparat apus spermatozoa dengan pewarnaan kristal violet. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan ANAVA satu arah dan Tukey HSD dengan tingkat kemaknaan α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase spermatozoa dengan morfologi abnormal pada mencit yang diberi pajanan asap rokok dan jus maupun puree tomat lebih rendah daripada yang diberi pajanan asap rokok saja. Persentase spermatozoa dengan morfologi abnormal pada mencit yang diberi pajanan asap rokok dan puree tomat lebih rendah daripada pada mencit yang diberi pajanan asap rokok dan jus tomat. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa jus maupun puree tomat dapat menurunkan persentase spermatozoa mencit dengan morfologi abnormal, namun puree tomat mempunyai efek yang lebih baik. Kata kunci
: asap rokok, morfologi spermatozoa, tomat
iv Universitas Kristen Maranatha
ABSTRACT TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum) JUICE and PUREE DECREASE THE PERCENTAGE OF SPERMATOZOA WITH ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY IN CIGARETTES SMOKE-EXPOSED MICE Fatrika Dewi, 2011.
1st Supervisior : Prof. Dr. Susy Tjahjani, dr., M.kes. 2nd Supervisior : Teresa Liliana Wargasetia, S.Si., M.kes.
Infertility is one of the health problems in the world, including Indonesia. One of the risk factors in the occurance of infertility is the smoking habit, which may cause decrease in quality and quantity of spermatozoa in man. This is caused by cigarettes containing free radical compound which can incur damage to spermatozoa. Free radical compound can be pressed down by antioxidant compound, which among others is found in tomatoes. The purpose of this research is to find out whether tomato juice and puree can decrease the percentage of abnormal sperm morphology in cigarettes smokeexposed mice and whether tomato puree has greater effect in decreasing the percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology in the mice. Twenty four Swiss Webster mice were grouped using comparative complete random design. The negative control group was given only food and aquadest, P1 group was exposed to only cigarettes smoke, P2 group was exposed to cigarettes smoke and 1,5 mL tomato juice, and P3 group was exposed to cigarettes smoke and 1,5 mL tomato puree for 53 days. On the 54th day, mice were terminated and spermatozoa smear slides stained with crystal violet were made.The data was analyzed using One way ANOVA and Tukey HSD with level of significance α=0.05. The result of this research indicates that the percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology in the mice that were exposed to cigarettes smoke and given tomato juice as well as tomato puree is lower than the group that was exposed to cigarettes smoke only. The percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology in the mice that were exposed to cigarettes smoke and tomato puree is lower than the mice given tomato juice. It can be concluded that tomato juice as well as tomato puree can decrease the percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology in the mice, but tomato puree has better effect. Keywords: cigarette smoke, spermatozoa morphology, tomato
iv Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR ISI Halaman JUDUL ................................................................................................................... i LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN .................................................................................. ii SURAT PERNYATAAN ..................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ v KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... viii DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xi DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................... xii DAFTAR GRAFIK ............................................................................................ xiii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ...................................................................................... xiv BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang .......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Identifikasi Masalah .................................................................................. 3 1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................................... 4 1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ..................................................................................... 4 1.5.1 Manfaat Akademis ...................................................................... 4 1.5.2 Manfaat Praktis ........................................................................... 4 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis Penelitian ........................................... 4 1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran .................................................................... 4 1.6 Metodologi Penelitian ................................................................................ 6 1.7 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ..................................................................... 7 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1. Mencit ....................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Taksonomi Mencit ...................................................................... 9 2.1.2 Anatomi dan Fisiologi Mencit ..................................................... 9 2.1.3 Kebiasaan Mencit ....................................................................... 10 2.1.4 Sistem Reproduksi Mencit ........................................................ 10 2.2. Sistem Reproduksi Pria ........................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Testis ......................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Tubulus seminiferous ................................................................ 13 2.2.3 Spermatogenesis ........................................................................ 16 2.2.4 Epididimis ................................................................................. 21
2.3. Analisis Sperma ...................................................................................... 2.3.1 Morfologi Sperma ..................................................................... 2.3.2 Morfologi Spermatozoa Normal ................................................ 2.3.3 Morfologi Spermatozoa Abnormal ........................................... 2.4. Rokok ......................................................................................................
23 24 25 27 29
iv Universitas Kristen Maranatha
2.4.1 Jenis-Jenis Rokok ...................................................................... 2.4.2 Komposisi Rokok ...................................................................... 2.5. Radikal Bebas .......................................................................................... 2.5.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) dan Oxidative Stress (OS) ..... 2.6. Antioksidan ............................................................................................. 2.7. Tomat ...................................................................................................... 2.7.1 Taksonomi dan Klasifikasi Tomat ............................................ 2.7.2 Komposisi Tomat ...................................................................... 2.8. Likopen .................................................................................................. 2.8.1 Metabolisme, Absorbsi dan Bioavailabilitas Likopen .............. 2.8.2 Kadar Likopen dalam Plasma ................................................... 2.8.3 Mekanisme Kerja Likopen terhadap Radikal Bebas ................. 2.8.4 Karakteristik Tomat yang Mengandung Banyak Likopen ........
29 30 31 33 35 36 37 39 40 41 45 45 46
BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN 3.1. Alat, Bahan dan Subjek Penelitian .......................................................... 3.1.1 Alat Penelitian ................................................................................ 3.1.2 Bahan Penelitian ............................................................................. 3.1.3 Subjek Penelitian............................................................................. 3.2. Metode Penelitian .................................................................................... 3.2.1 Desain Penelitian ....................................................................... 3.2.2 Variabel Penelitian .................................................................... 3.3. Metode Penentuan Jumlah Sampel ......................................................... 3.4. Prosedur Kerja ......................................................................................... 3.4.1 Cara Pembuatan Bahan Uji ............................................................ 3.4.2 Prosedur Penelitian ......................................................................... 3.4.3 Cara Pemeriksaan Morfologi Spermatozoa .................................... 3.5. Metode Analisis ...................................................................................... 3.5.1 Hipotesis Statistik ........................................................................... 3.5.2 Kriteria Uji ......................................................................................
47 47 47 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 51 52 53 54 54
BAB IV HASIL, PEMBAHASAN DAN PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS 4.1. Hasil Penelitian ........................................................................................ 4.2. Analisis Hasil .......................................................................................... 4.3. Pengujian Hipotesis ................................................................................. 4.4. Pembahasan .............................................................................................
55 56 58 59
BAB V SIMPULAN 5.1. simpulan .................................................................................................. 62 5.2. Saran ........................................................................................................ 62 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 63 LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................................ 68 DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP ............................................................................ 79
iv Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel 2.1 Kriteria Analisis Sperma Normal ........................................................ 23 Tabel 2.2 Komposisi Karotenoid yang Terdapat Dalam Tomat ......................... 39 Tabel 2.3 Kandungan Likopen Buah Segar dan Olahan Tomat .......................... 40 Tabel 2.4 Kandungan Likopen dalam jaringan Manusia .................................... 43 Tabel 4.1 Perbandingan Rata-Rata Persentase Spermatozoa Mencit dengan Morfologi Abnormal Kelompok Kontrol dengan Kelompok Perlakuan berdasarkan Uji Tukey HSD .................................................................... 56 Tabel 4.2 Perbandingan Rata-Rata Persentase Spermatozoa Mencit dengan Morfologi Abnormal Kelompok Kontrol dengan Kelompok Perlakuan berdasarkan Uji Tukey HSD .................................................................... 57
iv Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR GAMBAR Halaman Gambar 2.1 Morfologi Fisik Mencit (Mus musculus) ........................................... 8 Gambar 2.2 Sistem Reproduksi Mencit Jantan ................................................... 11 Gambar 2.3 Sistem Reproduksi Pria .................................................................... 12 Gambar 2.4 Sawar Darah-Testis ......................................................................... 15 Gambar 2.5 Tubulus Seminiferous ..................................................................... 16 Gambar 2.6 Spermatogenesis .............................................................................. 17 Gambar 2.7 Rotasi spermatozoa .......................................................................... 20 Gambar 2.8 spermiogenesis ................................................................................. 21 Gambar 2.9 Epididimis ....................................................................................... 22 Gambar 2.10 Morfologi Spermatozoa Normal Mencit ........................................ 25 Gambar 2.11 Morfologi Spermatozoa Tikus, Mencit, dan Manusia ................... 26 Gambar 2.12 Morfologi Spermatozoa Normal Manusia ..................................... 27 Gambar 2.13 Morfologi Spermatozoa Abnormal Mencit .................................... 28 Gambar 2.14 Hubungan Peninkatan ROS terhadap Infertilitas ........................... 34 Gambar 2.15 Morfologi Tomat ............................................................................ 36 Gambar 2.16 Berbagai Struktur Isomet Likopen ................................................ 41 Gambar 2.17 Metabolisme dan Absorbsi Karotenoid ......................................... 42
iv Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR GRAFIK Grafik
4.1 Rata-Rata Persentase Spermatozoa Mencit dengan Morfologi Abnormal Kelompok Kontrol (K) dan Rokok (P1), Rokok dan Jus (P2) dan Rokok dan Puree (P3) ...................................................................... 55
iv Universitas Kristen Maranatha
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Halaman Lampiran 1 . Perhitungan Dosis ........................................................................... 68 Lampiran 2. Gambar Alat-Alat, Bahan Penelitian dan Perlakuan ...................... 69 Lampiran 3. Gambar Pengamatan Morfologi spermatozoa Mencit dengan Kristal Violet .............................................................................................. 72 Lampiran 4. Tabel Pengamatan Hasil Penelitian (%) .......................................... 75 Lampiran 5. Perhitungan Statistik SPSS 13.0 ...................................................... 76 Lampiran 6. Kode Etik ......................................................................................... 78
iv Universitas Kristen Maranatha
