ABSTRAK KONSEP KEADILAN SOSIAL MENURUT MUBYARTO DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM Sheema Haseena Armina 34.3.3.11592 Indonesia mencanangkan ekonomi kerakyatan dimana dijelaskan bahwa keadilan sosial adalah tujuan utamanya. Namun sampai sekarang, keadilan sosial masih belum terealisasi dengan baik karena kemiskinan masih terjadi baik dari segi pendapatan perkapita yang berada di bawah standar dan ketimpangan kondisi ekonomi antara kaya dan miskin. Keadaan ini, tidak bisa dilepaskan dari peran pemerintah karena tanggungjawab terbesarnya berada di tangan pemerintah. Salah satu ekonom Indonesia, Mubyarto mempunyai konsep keadilan sosial yang melihat bahwa Pancasila memiliki cara yang dapat menyelesaikan masalah dimana negara Indonesia adalah negara Pancasila yang berbasis pada ketuhanan dan keagamaan. Maka, sistem ekonomi seharusnya juga berbasis agama-agama. Hal ini menarik untuk dikaji dan analisis dalam perspektif Islam yang mana penulis memilih pandangan Umer Chapra dan Syed Nawab Haedir Naqvi sebagai landasan analisisnya. Berdasarkan hal di atas, peneliti bertujuan membahas konsep keadilan sosial menurut Mubyarto dalam sistem ekonomi kerakyatan yang bersumber pada ideologi Pancasila. Serta mengetahui dan menganalisa konsep keadilan sosial menurut Mubyarto tersebut dalam perspektif Islam yang diambil dari pemikiran Umer Chapra dan Syed Nawab Haedir Naqvi. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian literatur. Untuk mengumpulkan data, peneliti menggunakan metode dokumentasi. Kemudian data tersebut dianalisa secara deduktif dan induktif. Diteruskan dengan metode dekripsi analisis konten (isi). Peneliti menggunakan metode ini untuk menganalisa dan mengambil kesimpulan pandangan Mubyarto tentang konsep keadilan sosial dalam perspektif Islam yang dianalisa dari konsep Umer Chapra dan Syed Nawab Haedir Naqvi. Konsep keadilan sosial menurut Mubyarto adalah keadaan yang seimbang antara kebutuhan materi dan spiritual di dalam masyarakat. Dalam prinsipnya, Pancasila adalah prinsip utama yang terdiri dari lima sila yang menyatakan ketuhanan, kemanusiaan, persatuan, kerakyatan dan keadilan sosial. Dimana sila pertama dan kedua sebagai fondasinya, sila ketiga dan keempat yang menjadi sistem pelaksanaannya dan keadilan sosial. Untuk mencapai hal itu, Mubyarto menyatakan bahwa penggunaan sumberdaya seperti air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung di dalam bumi harus dikuasai oleh negara untuk kemakmuran seluruh masyarakat dalam memanfaatkannya. Di samping itu, dalam pendistribusian harta dan pemanfaatan instrument sosial, Mubyarto menekankan pajak sebagai instrument yang wajib dibayar masyarakat.Walaupun begitu, beliau tetap membuka ruang dan potensi pada setiap agama dalam berkontribusi untuk kemakmuran rakyat. Seperti di Indonesia, adanya beberapa ajaran agama misalnya Islam yang mewajibkan zakat, shadaqah dan instrumen lainnya. Juga didalam agama lain misalnya Kristen, Katolik, Budha atau Hindu memiliki ciri khasnya masing-masing. Dalam perspektif Islam. definisi keadilan sosial Mubyarto sesuai dengan Islam yang disebutkan Umer Chapra dan Naqvi bahwa adanya keseimbangan antara kebutuhan materi dan spiritual. Namun dalam prinsip Mubyarto, ditemukan ketidaksesuaian dalam konsep manusia yang mana peran manusia didasarkan pada nilai Pancasila dimana amal dan ibadah manusia harus berkaitan satu sama lain. Bagaimanapun, dalam pandangan Islam amal bukan hanya berkaitan dengan ibadah tapi amal termasuk ibadah. Dalam sistemnya ditemukan ketidaksesuaian dalam Islam, bahwa Mubyarto mengedepankan pajak sebagai instrumen sosial dalam distribusi pemerataan sedangkan Islam mengedepankan zakat sebagai instrumen yang diutamakan dalam hal pemerataan distribusi sedangkan Islam memanfaatkan pajak sebagai instrumen pendukung dan penopang. Semoga penelitian ini dapat memberikan manfaat, khususnya kepada pemerintah Indonesia bahwa konsep yang ada di Indonesia masih belum menjiwai ideologi Pancasila karena masih ada konsep sekuler yang memisahkan agama dari sistem Negara dan hal ini tidak sesuai dengan ajaran Pancasila.
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ABSTRACT THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL JUSTICE ACCORDING TO MUBYARTO IN ISLAMIC ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE Sheema Haseena Armina 34.3.3.11592 Indonesia enforce economic democracy which explain that the main goal is social justice. But until now a days, social justice has not been realized well because poverty still occurs either in the terms of per capita income that is below the standard of economic condition and inequality between the rich and the poor. This case could not be separated from the role of the Government because the biggest responsibility is in the hand of Government. One of Indonesian economists, Mubyarto, has the concept of social justice that views Pancasila has a way to resolve the problem whereIndonesia is a Pancasila country based on Divinity and religions. Then, the economic system should be based on religions too. This is interesting to review and analysis in the perspective of Islam which the author selects Umer Chapra and Syed Nawab Haedir Naqvi as the foundation framework of this analysis. Based on the matter above, the researcher aims at discussing the concept of social justice according to Mubyarto that he gave his idea in economic democracy based on Pancasila ideology.So, to analyzethe concept of social justice according to Mubyarto in Islamic perspectivesthe researcher usesUmer Chapra and Syed Naqvi’s views on social justice. This researchis aliterature research. For collecting data, the researcher uses the documentation method. All data are analyzed by deductive and inductive methods of analysis and content analysis.The purpose of researcher that used the methods is to analyze and to take the conclusion of the concept of social justice according to Mubyarto in Islamic perspective using the views of Umer Chapra and Syed Naqvi perspective. The concept of social justice according to Mubyarto is a balanced state between material and spiritual needs within the community Pancasila is the main principle contains of five sila which is including the divinity, humanity, unity, democracy and social justice. Where first and second sila as the basis foundation, the third and futrh sila as the system of achievement the social justice and sila is the goal. In the way to achieve it, Mubyarto stated that using the resources such as water and natural resources which contained in the Earth must be controlled by the state for the whole prosperity of community and people have to try exploiting them. Besides, for the distribution of wealth and the utilization of the social instrument, he said that the tax is compulsory for community as an instrument in distributing the wealth. But, the human principle on Mubyarto’s concept not declare as caliph like in Islamic perspective. But he remains to open the space of potential of any religion in contributing to prosperity of the people. As in Indonesia, the existence of various religions e.g. Islam suggests zakat, sadaqah and other instruments. Also in other religions such as Christian, Catholic, Buddhism, or Hinduism have their own specific instruments in this case. In Islamic perspective, definition of Mubyarto’s social justice is suitable as described by Umer Chapra and Naqvi that social justice is a balance condition between material and spiritual of needs. But, in his principle there is a bit unsuitable in the concept of humanity which the role of human based on the values of Pancasila where the works activity related with worshiping of God. However, in Islamic view works activity not only related but also included to worship God. In the system of social justice found unsuitable in Islamic perspective, Mubyarto focused on taxation as the social instrument but in Islam maintain zakat as the main social instrument for distributing the wealth whereas Islam utilized the tax as supporting material. This research can give the benefit especially for the Government of Indonesia that the concept existing in Indonesia is still not animating the Ideology of Pancasila thoroughly. Because there is a secular concept which separating religion from the state system and this is not suitable with the teaching of Pancasila
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CERTIFICATION Dear, Dean of Faculty of Syari’ah University of Darussalam Gontor
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, Assalamu'alaikumWr, Wb I have to honour to present this thesis written by: Name
: Sheema Haseena Armina
Reg. Number : 34.3.3.11592 The Title
:The Concept of Social Justice According to Mubyarto in Islamic Economics Perspective
It has been processed and corrected to meet the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of licentiate in Islamic Economics in the Faculty of Syari’ah. There for we expect that the thesis can be examined soon. Wassalamu'alaikumWr, Wb.
Mantingan, Ramadhan 10, 1438 June 05, 2017
Supervisor,
( Khoirul Umam, M.Ec)
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CERTIFICATION
The Faculty of Syari’ah University of Darussalam Gontor, has received a thesis written by: Name
: Sheema Haseena Armina
Reg. Number
: 34.3.3.11592
The Title
:The Concept of Social Justice According to Mubyarto in Islamic Economics Perspective
It has been processed and corrected to meet the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Licentiate in Islamic Economics in the Faculty of Syari’ah, for academic year 1437-1438/2016-2017.
Mantingan, Ramadhan 10, 1438 June 05, 2017 Dean of Syari’ah Faculty,
(Imam Kamaluddin, Lc. M.Hum.)
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DECISION OF THE TEAM The committee ofthe team in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of licentiate in Faculty of Syari’ah University of DarussalamGontor, declared that the thesis written by: Name
: Sheema Haseena Armina
Reg. Number : 34.3.3.11592 The Title
:The Concept of Social Justice According to Mubyarto in Islamic Economics Perspective
The committee has decided to grant her passed in this examination. Hence, she is eligible for the degree of licentiate of Islamic economics the Faculty of Syari’ah.
Mantingan, Ramadhan 10, 1438 June 05, 2017 Chairman,
Secretary
(Khoirul Umam, M.Ec)
(Ahmad Lukman Nugraha, M.A.)
1st Examiner : Royyan Ramdhani Djayusma, M.A.
____________
2nd Examiner : Ahmad Lukman Nugraha, M.A.
____________
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DECLARATION I who signed here under: Name
: Sheema Haseena Armina
Reg. Number : 34.3.3.11592 Faculty
: Syari’ah
Department
: Islamic Economics
The Title
:The Concept of Social Justice According to Mubyarto in Islamic Economics Perspective
Declared sincerely that this thesis originally belongs to my own research and not belong to other researchers for any degree. Furthermore, this thesis is not work published before, except where otherwise stated. When, otherwise found that this thesis is a plagiarism, Iam here ready to be ceased academically. Mantingan, Ramadhan 10, 1438 June 05, 2017
The Researcher,
(Sheema Haseena Armina)
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MOTTOES
)77:(القصص “And seek by means of what Allah has given you the future abode, and do not neglect your portion of this world, and do good (to others) as Allah has done good to you, and do not seek to make mischief in the land, surely Allah does not love the mischief-makers.”
“If you want something you have never had, you must be willing to do something you have never done”
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, the Lord of the Glory, the Almighty God and the Merciful are always praise to be for Him, Allah SWT, and the Prophet Messager of Allah, he is Muhammad peace be upon him, and all of Islamic brothers and sisters in the world. Blessed by the only Allah and prayed by my beloved parents, lectures, brother, sister and all my friends, I could finish this thesis as good as possible. Realizing many person who support me a lot in order to complete this thesis at where the deepest pray are crossed for me, Insya Allah. The researcher feels so grateful to convey more than million thanks toward all direction, motivation, guidance. So, the researcher would like to give and express her incredible bunch of debt for thanking them, who deserve are: 1. The Headmaster of Darusslam Gontor Islamic Teacher Training College, Dr. K.H. Abdullah Syukri Zarkasyi, M.A, K.H, Hasan Abdullah Sahal, K.H. Syamsul Hadi Abdan, S.Ag, who have gave the time for the researcher to take some lesson and feel the experiences in this University of Darussalam. 2. The Rector of University of Darusallam Gontor, Prof. Dr. Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi, M.A., his vicedeputy Dr. Hamid Fahmi Zarkasyi, M.A., M.Phil, Setiawan bin Lahuri, M.A. and Dr. Dihyatun Masqon, M.A. 3. Honorable supervisor, Mr. Khoirul Umam, M.Ec, for his patience guidance and worthy lecture for her study especially in writing this thesis. 4. All the lecturers of University of Darussalam Gontor for the teaching during her study at this University. 5. For her beloved parents, who have given her support and charge from her childhood until this moment both in mentally and materially. 6. For her brother, sister and all friendswho have contributed accomplishing this thesis and sharing with her both in happiness and sadness. May Allah gives the blessing and reward for what they have been done in the past and for their future. Hope this lack thesis be valuable and useful for the readers and next researcher. The Researcher
Sheema Haseena Armina
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DEDICATION I dedicated this brief research to my beloved parents, who were loving me, inspiring me and motivating me in order to make me become brave person and for my learning. For them, my coolest father Mr. Syamsul Hadi Untung and for my beautiful mother Mrs. Dra. Siti Rahmah. For your kindness, patience and tenacity when you have been watching over me from my childhood until as I am as nowadays. You are my great motivator, teacher and friends in my life. For my beloved brother Afique Rahmadiansyah who has always given me motivation, advices and support for all activities as I am along with. More than thousand love and thanks for you, my creative brother ever. Also, for my sister Shushmittha Riyazati, for being supporter to finish my thesis until I remained in spirit to finish this study. Special words for who was born on May, I hope that we all together become kindness person one to another. Including my family, friends, my children class one 2017 and who have motivated me throughout the process. Finally, for all my teachers, lecturers, and whoever that are contributed to pray, to motivate and to get along with me. I will always appreciate all they have done.
Sheema Haseena Armina
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CONTENTS Indonesian Abstract ................................................................................................ i English Abstract ......................................................................................................ii Letter of Dean ........................................................................................................iii Certification ...........................................................................................................iv Decision of the Team..............................................................................................v Declaration .............................................................................................................vi Mottoes..................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgement................................................................................................viii Dedication ..............................................................................................................ix Contents ................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION A. Background of Study…………………………………………………………1 B. Problem Formulation…………………………………………………………3 C. Purpose of Study……………………………………………………………...4 D. Significance of Study…………………………………………………………4 E. Literature Review..……………………………………………………………4 F.
Theoritical Framework………………………………………………………..8
G. The Research of Study ……………………………………………………...10 H. Systematical Writing………………………………………………………...12 CHAPTER TWO: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK AND BIOGRAPHY OF MUBYARTO A. The Concept of Social Justice According to Mohammad Umer Chapra…..13 1. The Definition of Social Justcie According to Umer Chapra………….13
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2. The Principle of Social Justice According to Umer Chapra ...…………15 3. The System of Social Justice According to Umer Chapra ......................21 B. The Concept of Social Justice According to Syed Nawab Haedir Naqvi…..22 1. The
Definition
of
Social
Justcie
According
to
Syed
Naqvi............................................………………………………………23 2. The Principle of Social Justcie According to Syed Nawab Haedir Naqvi........................................................................................................25 3. The System of Social Justice According to Syed Nawab Haedir Naqvi........................................................................................................35 C. Mubyarto Biography………………………………………………………..36 1. Family, Education and Personal Character of Mubyarto…………….....36 2. Career, Research Publication and Awards Mubyarto………………......38 CHAPTER III:
MUBYARTO’S SOCIAL JUSTICE CONCEPT AND
ISLAMIC ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE A. The Concept of Social Justice According to Mubyarto…………………….42 1. The Definiton of Social Justice According to Mubyarto………………42 2. The Principle of Social Justice According to Mubyarto……………….45 3. The System of Social Justice According to Mubyarto…………………51 B. An Analyze of Mubyarto’s Concept of Social Justice in Islamic Perspective………………………………………………………………….52 CHAPTER IV:CLOSING A. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..59 B. Suggestion…………………………………………………………………...61 C. Closing………………………………………………………………………62
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BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………..64
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