ABSTRAK
HUBUNGAN ANTARA PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF DENGAN KEJADIAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAPASAN AKUT (ISPA) PADA ANAK USIA 6-24 BULAN DI RS. X KABUPATEN BANDUNG TAHUN 2016 Ika Dewi Wiyanti, 2016; Pembimbing I : dr. Dani, M.kes Pembimbing II : dr.Frecillia Regina,Sp.A Latar belakang : Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut merupakan penyakit yang paling sering terjadi pada anak dan merupakan penyebab utama kunjungan pasien ke Puskesmas (40-60%) dan rumah sakit (15-30%). Salah satu cara pencegahan ISPA adalah dengan pemberian air susu ibu secara eksklusif yaitu pemberian ASI pada bayi baru lahir sampai usia enam bulan. ASI eksklusif menurunkan kematian bayi dan kejadian sakit pada anak yaitu diare atau ISPA, dan membantu kesembuhan dari penyakit. Tujuan Penelitian : Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan kejadian infeksi saluran pernafasan akut (ISPA) pada anak usia 6-24 bulan. Metode Penelitian : Cross sectional yang bersifat analitik dengan sampel sebanyak 96 responden. Analisis data dilakukan secara bivariat menggunakan SPSS versi 22. Hasil penelitian : Didapatkan hubungan antara pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan kejadian ISPA (OR= 5,44; 95% CI=1,94-15,22). Simpulan : Pemberian ASI eksklusif dapat mencegah terjadinya infeksi saluran pernapasan akut pada anak usia 6-24 bulan.
Kata kunci: ASI Eksklusif, Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA)
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ABSTRACT
RELATION BETWEEN EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS (ARI) IN CHILDREN 6-24 MONTHS AT X HOSPITAL KABUPATEN BANDUNG 2016
Ika Dewi Wiyanti, 2016; Tutor I : Dani, dr., M.Kes Tutor II: Frecillia Regina, dr., SpA. Background : Acute respiratory infection is the most common disease in children and is a major cause of patient visits to health centers (40-60%) and hospitals (15-30%). One way of preventing ISPA is breastfeeding exclusively that breastfeeding newborns up to the age of six months. Exclusive breastfeeding lowers infant mortality and the occurrence of illness in children like diarrhea or a respiratory infection, and help recovery from illness. Objective : To determine the relation between exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children aged 6-24 months. Method : Cross sectional analytic with a sample of 96 respondents. Data analysis was performed using bivariate by program SPSS version 22. Results : It was found the relation between exclusive breastfeeding with ARI (OR = 5.44; 95% CI = 1.94 to 15.22). Conclusion : Exclusive breastfeeding can prevent the occurrence of acute respiratory infections in children aged 6-24 months. Keywords: Exclusive Breastfeeding, Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARI)
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN……………………………………………………...ii SURAT PERNYATAAN………………………………………………………...iii ABSTRAK……………………………………….…………………………….....iv ABSTRACT……………………………………….……………………………. ...v KATA PENGANTAR…………………………….……………………………. .vi DAFTAR ISI………………………………………………………………….....vii DAFTAR TABEL……………………………………………………………......x DAFTAR GAMBAR………………………………………………………….....xi DAFTAR LAMPIRAN…………..…………………………………………......xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang ...................................................................................................1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ...........................................................................................2 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ...............................................................................................3 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian .............................................................................................3 1.4.1 Manfaat Akademik ....................................................................................3 1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis .........................................................................................3 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis Penelitian ...................................................3 1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran ..................................................................................3 1.5.2 Hipotesis Penelitian...................................................................................5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Payudara ............................................................................................................ 6 2.1.1 Anatomi Payudara .................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 HistologiPayudara .................................................................................... 8 2.2 Air Susu Ibu (ASI) .......................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Pengertian Air Susu Ibu (ASI) ............................................................... 10 2.2.2 Fisiologi Laktasi ..................................................................................... 10
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2.2.3 Produksi ASI .......................................................................................... 11 2.2.4 Komposisi ASI ....................................................................................... 12 2.2.5 Manfaat ASI ........................................................................................... 14 2.2.6 ASI Eksklusif ......................................................................................... 16 2.2.7 Faktor-Faktor yang Mendukung Keberhasilan ASI ............................... 16 2.3 Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) ........................................................ 18 2.3.1 Pengertian ISPA ..................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Penyebab ISPA ....................................................................................... 19 2.3.3 Klasifikasi ISPA ..................................................................................... 20 2.3.4 Faktor Risiko yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian ISPA ............................... 20 2.3.5 Hubungan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif dengan Kejadian ISPA ................ 22
BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Bahan Penelitian.............................................................................................. 25 3.2 Lokaso dan Waktu Penelitian.......................................................................... 25 3.3 Prosedur Penelitian.......................................................................................... 25 3.4 Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian ...................................................................... 25 3.4.1 Populasi Penelitian ................................................................................. 25 3.4.2 Sampel Penelitian ................................................................................... 26 3.5 Cara Pemilihan Sampel ................................................................................... 26 3.6 Kriteria Pemilihan Sampel .............................................................................. 26 3.7 Rancangan Penelitian ..................................................................................... 27 3.8 Analisa Data ................................................................................................... 27 3.9 Variabel Penelitian ......................................................................................... 27 3.10 Aspek Etik .................................................................................................... 27 3.10 Definisi Operasional ..................................................................................... 28
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BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Karakteristik Responden ................................................................................. 29 4.1.1 Data Usia Ibu .......................................................................................... 29 4.1.2 Data Pendidikan Terakhir Ibu ................................................................ 30 2.3.3 Data pekerjaan Ibu ................................................................................. 30 2.3.4 Data Usia Anak ...................................................................................... 31 2.3.5 Data Jenis Kelamin Anak ....................................................................... 31 4.2 Data Statistik Penelitian .................................................................................. 32 4.3 Data Analisa Statistik ...................................................................................... 33
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Simpulan......................................................................................................... 35 5.2 Saran ............................................................................................................... 35
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................... 36 LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................................... 40 RIWAYAT HIDUP ............................................................................................. 57
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DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman Tabel 2.1 Klasifikasi ISPA .................................................................................... 20 Tabel 3.1 Definisi Operasional................................................................. ……….27 Tabel 4.1 Distribusi Responden Berdasarkan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif.............................................................................................. 32 Tabel 4.2 Distribusi Responden Berdasarkan Kejadian ISPA ................. ……….32 Tabel 4.3 Tabulasi Silang Hubungan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif dan Kejadian ISPA ..................................................................................... 33 Tabel 4.4 Distribusi Usia Ibu ................................................................................ 28 Tabel 4.5 Distribusi Pendidikan Terakhir Ibu ....................................................... 29 Tabel 4.6 Distribusi Pekerjaan Ibu ........................................................................ 29 Tabel 4.7 Distribusi Usia Anak ............................................................................. 30 Tabel 4.8 Distribusi Jenis Kelamin Anak.............................................................. 31
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Halaman Gambar 2.1 Struktur Payudara ............................................................................... 7 Gambar 2.2 Glandula Mamae Masa Istirahat dan Masa Aktif .................. ……….9
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Halaman Lampiran 1
Surat Keputusan Komisi Etik Penelitian ...................................40
Lampiran 2
Surat perijinan melakukan penelitian..........................................41
Lampiran 3
Surat jawaban perijinan melakukan penelitian............................42
Lampiran 4
Informed consent.........................................................................43
Lampiran 5
Hasil Uji Chi Square...................................................................44
Lampiran 6
Data Sampel................................................................................46
Lampiran 7
Kuesioner ...................................................................................55
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