ABSTRAK HUBUNGAN KADAR SULFUR DIOKSIDA UDARA RUANG PARKIR TERHADAP KADAR ANTIOKSIDAN PETUGAS PARKIR Yeremia Rerung Karamang, 2010. Pembimbing I : Hana Ratnawati, dr., M.Kes. Pembimbing II : Wahyu Widowati, Dr., M.Si. Pembimbing III : Afif Budiyono, Drs, M.T Petugas parkir adalah pekerjaan yang sangat rentan terkena paparan sulfur dioksida (SO2) yang berasal dari emisi kendaraan bermotor. Berbagai jenis ruang parkir dapat mempengaruhi kadar SO2. Sulfur dioksida dapat menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan melalui mekanisme radikal bebas. Antioksidan diperlukan untuk mengatasi radikal bebas. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar SO2 pada tempat parkir tebuka (TPB), tempat parkir semi terbuka (TPSB), dan tempat parkir tertutup (TPT), serta hubungan kadar SO2 udara dengan kadar antioksidan SOD, GPx petugas parkir pada TPB, TPSB dan TPT.. Metode penelitian bersifat observasional analitik dengan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) untuk kadar SO2 udara, dan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) untuk kadar antioksidan. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 18 orang petugas parkir yang bekerja di 3 jenis ruang parkir. Data yang diukur adalah kadar SO2 menggunakan passive sampler SO2 dan kadar antioksidan menggunakan parameter SOD dan GPx. Data dianalisis menggunakan One Way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan Duncan Post Hoc Test, dan uji regresi korelasi linier. Hasil menunjukan kadar SO2 TPB (3,73 ppb) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan TPSB (1,19 ppb), dan TPT (0,71 ppb). Terdapat hubungan sedang antara kadar SO2 udara dengan kadar antioksidan SOD pada petugas parkir TPB (R = 0,4110), tidak terdapat hubungan pada TPSB (R = 0,0133), dan TPT (R = 0.0027). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara kadar SO2 udara dengan kadar antioksidan GPx pada petugas parkir di TPB (R = 0,0048), TPSB (R = 0,0056), dan TPT (R = 0,0138). Kesimpulan terdapat perbedaan kadar SO2 udara di TPB, TPSB dan TPT. Terdapat hubungan sedang kadar SO2 udara dengan kadar SOD petugas parkir di TPB, dan tidak terdapat hubungan di TPSB dan TPT. Tidak terdapat hubungan kadar SO2 udara dengan GPx petugas parkir di TPB, TPSB dan TPT. Kata Kunci : Sulfur dioksida, tempat parkir, antioksidan SOD dan GPx.
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ABSTRACT CORRELATION SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION TOWARDS PARKING EMPLOYEES ANTIOXIDANT LEVEL Yeremia Rerung Karamang, 2010. Tutor 1st : Hana Ratnawati, dr., M.Kes. Tutor 2nd : Wahyu Widowati, Dr., M.Si. Tutor 3rd : Afif Budiyono, Drs., M.T. Parking employees are very sensitive towards SO2 exposure from motor vehicles emission. Various parking are effect Sulfur dioxide concentration. Sulfur dioxide can damage tissue by free radical mechanism. Antioxidants needed to contend free radicals. The objective of the research is to know the difference SO2 level on various parking area, the correlation of SO2 concentration and SOD, GPx parking emplyees antioxidant level in various parking area. This research used analytic observasional using RAK for SO2 level and RAL for antioxidant concentration. The research subject consisted of 18 parking employees who work in 3 different parking area. SO2 concentrations were measured with SO2 passive sampler. Antioxidant level used SOD and GPx parameter. The result of research were analyzed using One Way ANOVA continued with Duncan Post Hoc Test and linear regression correlation. The results showed that SO2 concentration in opened parking area (3.730 ppb) was higher than semi-opened parking area (1.19 ppb) and closed parking area (0.710 ppb). Correlation among SO2 concentration and SOD level in parking employees in TPB (R = 0.411) with criteria moderate, there was no correlation in TPSB (R = 0.0133), and TPT (R = 0.003). There was no correlation among SO2 concentration and GPx level in parking employees TPB (R = 0.005), TPSB (R = 0.006), and TPT (R = 0.014). The conclusion of research showed that, there was differences SO2 concentration in TPB, TPSB and TPT. There was moderate correlation among SO2 concentration and SOD level in TPB, there was no correlation in TPSB and TPT. There was no correlation among SO2 concentration and GPx level in TPB, TPSB and TPT. Keywords : Sulfur dioxide, parking area, antioxidant SOD and GPx.
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DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ................................................................................... ii SURAT PERNYATAAN ..................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. v KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... vi DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... viii DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................ xii DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................... xiii DAFTAR GRAFIK ............................................................................................. xiv DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................... xv
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan .......................................................................................... 3 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................... 3 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis Penelitian .................................................. 4 1.6 Metodologi Penelitian ...................................................................................... 5 1.7 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ............................................................................ 5
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Pencemaran Udara ............................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 Jenis-Jenis Pencemaran Udara Menurut Asalnya .................................... 6 2.1.3 Pencemaran Udara Menurut Tempat dan Sumbernya ............................. 7 2.1.4 Komponen Pencemar Udara .................................................................... 7 2.1.5 Dampak pencemaran udara)..................................................................... 7 2.2 Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) ....................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Definisi SO2 ............................................................................................. 8 2.2.2 Sifat Fisika dan Kimia ............................................................................. 9
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2.2.3 Sumber dan Distribusi.............................................................................. 9 2.2.4 Dampak SO2 Terhadap Kesehatan ......................................................... 12 2.2.5 Sulfur Diooksida dan Radikal Bebas ..................................................... 13 2.3 Radikal Bebas… ............................................................................................. 15 2.3.1 Definisi…. .............................................................................................. 15 2.3.2 Sumber Radikal Bebas ........................................................................... 15 2.3.2.1 Sumber endogen ....................................................................... 15 2.3.2.2 Sumber eksogen .......................................................................... 16 2.3.3 Pembentukan Radikal bebas .................................................................. 18 2.3.4 Tipe Radikal Bebas Dalam Tubuh ......................................................... 19 2.3.5 Mekanisme Radikal Bebas ..................................................................... 20 2.3.6 Dampak Radikal Bebas Terhadap Kesehatan ........................................ 21 2.4 Antioksidan............. ........................................................................................ 23 2.4.1 Definisi ................................................................................................... 23 2.4.2 Mekanisme kerja antioksidan ................................................................ 23 2.4.3 Macam-Macam Antioksidan Berdasarkan Sumbernya.......................... 24 2.4.3.1 Antioksidan endogen.................................................................. 24 2.4.3.1.1 Superoksida Dismutase (SOD ..................................... 24 2.4.3.1.2 Glutathion Peroksidase (GPx) ...................................... 25 2.4.3.1.3 Katalase (CAT) ............................................................. 26 2.4.3.1.4 Asam Urat.. ................................................................... 26 2.4.3.1.5 Melatonin.. ................................................................... 27 2.4.3.2 Antioksidan Eksogen ................................................................ 27 2.4.3.2.1 Asam Askorbat (vitamin C) .......................................... 27 2.4.3.2.2 Tokoferol dan Tokotrienol (vitamin E) ......................... 28 2.4.3.2.3 Karotenoid ..................................................................... 29 2.4.3.2.4 Senyawa-senyawa Fenolat ............................................ 29 2.4.3.3 Antioksidan Sintetik.................................................................. 30 2.4.4 Macam-Macam Antioksidan Berdasarkan Aktivitas … ........................ 30 2.4.4.1 Antioksidan primer ............................................................ 30 2.4.4.2 Antioksidan sekunder ........................................................ 31
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2.4.4.3 Antioksidan tersier ........................................................... 31 2.4.4.4 Oxygen scavenger............................................................. 31 2.4.4.5 Chelator atau sequestrant ................................................. 31
BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Bahan / Subyek Penelitian .............................................................................. 33 3.1.1 Alat dan Bahan penelitian ...................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Subjek Penelitian.................................................................................... 34 3.1.3 Tempat dan Waktu penelitian ................................................................ 34 3.2 Metode penelitian ............................................................................................ 34 3.2.1 Desain Penelitian ................................................................................... 34 3.2.2 Variabel Penelitian ................................................................................. 35 3.2.2.1 Definisi Konsepsional Variabel ................................................. 35 3.2.2.2Definisi Operasional Variabel ..................................................... 36 3.2.3 Besar Sampel Penelitian ........................................................................ 37 3.2.4 Prosedur Kerja ....................................................................................... 38 3.2.4.1 Persiapan Cairan Passive Gas Samplers .................................... 38 3.2.4.1.1 Persiapan Pemasangan alat ......................................... 38 3.2.4.1.2 Cara Pemeriksaan Kadar Sulfur Dioksida .................. 39 3.2.4.2 Persiapan Sampel Darah ............................................................ 39 3.2.4.2.1 Pengukuran Kadar Antioksidan SOD ......................... 39 3.2.4.2.2 Pengukuran Kadar Antioksidan GPx .......................... 41 3.2.5 Metode Analisa ............................................................................................ 42 3.2.5.1 Hipotesis Statistik ............................................................................ 42 3.2.5.1 Kriteria Uji ....................................................................................... 42 3.2.6 Aspek Etik Penelitian ................................................................................... 43
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Data Hasil Penelitian ....................................................................................... 44 4.1.1 Hasil Pengukuran Kadar SO2 Udara Tempat Parkir Terbuka (TPB), Tempat Parkir Semi Terbuka (TPSB) dan Tempat Parkir Tertutup (TTP) ............................................................................ 44 x
4.1.2 Hasil Pengukuran Kadar Antioksidan SOD dan GPx Petugas Parkir di Tempat Parkir Terbuka (TPB), Tempat Parkir Semi Terbuka (TPSB) dan Tempat Parkir Tertutup (TTP) ........................................... 47 4.1.3 Hubungan Kadar SO2 Udara dan Kadar Antioksidan SOD ................... 49 4.1.4 Hubungan Kadar SO2 Udara dan Kadar Antioksidan GPx ................... 50 4.2 Pengujian Hipotesis Penelitian ..................................................................... 52
BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................... 54 5.2 Saran .............................................................................................................. 54
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 55 LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................................... 61 RIWAYAT HIDUP PENULIS .......................................................................... 81
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Lampiran 13. Denah Tempat Parkir Terbuka Universitas Kristen Maranatha-Bandung, dan Titik Pemasangan Passive Sampler ...... 75 Lampiran 14. Denah Tempat Parkir Semi Terbuka Universitas Kristen Maranatha-Bandung, dan Titik Pemasangan Passive Sampler ..... 76 Lampiran 15. Denah Tempat Tertutup Universitas Kristen Maranatha-Bandung, dan Titik Pemasangan Passive Sampler ...... 77 Gambar Penelitian 1. Filter SO2............................................................................ 78 Gambar Penelitian 2. Preparasi Sampel Darah ..................................................... 78 Gambar Penelitian 3. Alat Sentrifuge Preparasi Sampel Darah............................ 78 Gambar Penelitian 4. Pemeriksaan SOD dan SAT ............................................... 79 Gambar Penelitian 5. Ion chromatography ........................................................... 79 Gambar Penelitian 6. SOx Udara Ambient dan Calibrators dari Horiba APSA. 370 .......................................................................... 80
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1. Sumber dan Standar Kesehatan Emisi Gas Buang .............................. 12 Tabel 2.2. Radikal Bebas Biologis ........................................................................ 20 Tabel 3.1. Kriterian Guilford ............................................................................... 35 Tabel 4.1. Pengukuran Kadar SO2 Udara (12 Minggu) di 3 Jenis Tempat Parkir .................................................................................................. 35 Tabel 4.2. Kadar Antioksidan SOD di 3 Jenis Tempat Parkir .............................. 48 Tabel 4.3. Kadar Antioksidan GPx di 3 Jenis Tempat Parkir. ............................. 48
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DAFTAR GRAFIK
Grafik 2.1 Rata-rata harian SO2 selama tahun 2001–2008 .................................. 10 Grafik 2.2 Rata-rata harian konsentrasi SO2 tahun 2008 ...................................... 11 Grafik 4.1 Rata–Rata dan Hasil Duncan Post Hoc Test Kadar SO2 Udara Antar Waktu Pengamatan ............................................................................. 45 Grafik 4.2 Rata–Rata dan Hasil Duncan Post Hoc Test Kadar SO2 Udara di 3 Jenis Tempat Parkir............................................................................. 46
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1 Hasil Pengukuran Kadar Ambient SO2 (ppb) Udara di Wilayah Pasteur Tanggal 16 Oktober –30 Oktober 2009 ................................ 61 Lampiran 2 Hasil Pengukuran Kadar Ambient SO2 (ppb) Udara di Wilayah Pasteur Tanggal 30 Oktober –13 November 2009 ............................ 62 Lampiran 3 Hasil Pengukuran Kadar Ambient SO2 (ppb) Udara di Wilayah Pasteur Tanggal 13 November – 27 November ................................ 63 Lampiran 4 Hasil Pengukuran Kadar Ambient SO2 (ppb) Udara di Wilayah Pasteur Tanggal 27 November – 11 Desember 2009 ......................... 64 Lampiran 5 Hasil Pengukuran Kadar Ambient SO2 (ppb) Udara di Wilayah Pasteur Tanggal 11 Desember – 25 Desember 2009 ......................... 65 Lampiran 6 Hasil Pengukuran Kadar Ambient SO2 (ppb) Udara di Wilayah Pasteur Tanggal 25 Desember 2009 – 8 Januari 2010 ...................... 66 Lampiran 7 Hasil Analisis Statistik SO2 Udara di 3 Jenis Tempat Parkir) ........... 67 Lampiran 8 Rata–Rata Kadar SO2 dan Hasil Duncan’s Post Hoc Test Antar Waktu Pengamatan .................................................................. 68 Lampiran 9 Hasil Analisis Statistik Kadar Antioksidan SOD, Petugas Parkir yang Bertugas di 3 Jenis Tempat Parkir ............................................ 69 Lampiran 10 Hasil Analisis Statistik Kadar Antioksidan GPx Petugas Parkir yang Bertugas di 3 Jenis Tempat Parkir ......................................... 70 Lampiran 11 Hasil Regresi Korelasi Kadar SO2 dan Kadar Antioksidan SOD, GPx Petugas Parkir ............................................................... 71 Lampiran 12 Data Petugas Parkir ......................................................................... 74 Lampiran 17 Gambar Penelitian ........................................................................... 78
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