A MULTIMODAL OF TRADITIONAL WEDDING CEREMONY DYNAMICS OF DELI MALAY ETHNIC GROUP IN MEDAN DISERTASI. Oleh

A MULTIMODAL OF TRADITIONAL WEDDING CEREMONY DYNAMICS OF DELI MALAY ETHNIC GROUP IN MEDAN

DISERTASI

Oleh

RAHMAH NIM: 088107006/LNG Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik

FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

A MULTIMODAL OF TRADITIONAL WEDDING CEREMONY DYNAMICS OF DELI MALAY ETHNIC GROUP IN MEDAN

DISERTASI

Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor dalam Program Doktor Linguistik pada Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara di bawah pimpinan Pejabat Rektor Universitas Sumatera Utara Prof. Subhilhar, M.Sc.,Ph.D. Untuk dipertahankan dihadapan sidang Terbuka Senat Universitas Sumatera Utara

Oleh

RAHMAH NIM: 088107006/LNG Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik

FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2015

A MULTIMODAL OF TRADITIONAL WEDDING CEREMONY DYNAMICS OF DELI MALAY ETHNIC GROUP IN MEDAN

ABSTRACT

This research applied a multimodal analysis of a cultural discourse in order to find out the meaning created by verbal and visual components.The methodology was designed as a data-based, observational-based, and qualitative descriptive type of research. The data sources of this research were verbal and visual texts taken from thirteen procedures of Deli Malay Traditional Wedding Ceremony (DMTWC) and the results of the verbal analysis shows that there are clear correspondence with narrative structures in visual analysis. The dominant findings of ideational elements of language such as Material (process), Goal (participant) and Location of place (circumstance) are shown in the actions conducted by the participant in the visual elements, who or what is affected by the process and where the actions take place. The results are seen in the narrative structure of four images realized in non-projective transactional action and reaction realized into bidirectional realization and eleven images are showing projective processes realized by verbal processes. Concerning to the interpersonal meaning, the DMTWC offers information, the mood choices are mostly concerned with declaratives. This verbal findings are also affirmed by visual elements which show the represented participants do not create relationship with the viewer, since there is no eye contact established. As for social distance, the participants in the image are mostly taken in the medium close shots as they are cut off at the waist indicating a public distance where there are more than four people around. The viewers look at the pictures from a frontal view point and the image is represented from a medium angle indicating no power difference established, showing the equality between the participants and the viewers. The textual findings indicate that the topical theme distributes the highest number in which participant type dominate the first position. It means that the speaker presents more information about who or what is involved in the action as the point of departure. From a compositional perspective, who or what is involved in the action is captured in sharper focus. The size of participants focused is bigger in relation to other participants and the landscape accompanying the image. It is placed in the foreground or the center to be the most eye-catching or the most salient element in the composition. In addition, the color of participants‟ dresses, objects focused are contrast to other characters in the composition, such as yellow is the most dominant colour presents in the objects, clothes of main characters whereas it indicates happiness and glory expected by the wed-couple and the whole family. Keywords: ideational, interpersonal and textual, verbal and visual components

metafunction, multimodal,

MULTIMODAL DINAMIKA PERAYAAN PERKAWINAN ADAT MASYARAKAT MELAYU MEDAN ABSTRAK Penelitian mengaplikasikan analisis multimodal terhadap wacana budaya untuk menemukan makna yang diciptakan oleh komponen verbal dan visual yang mengacu pada konsep analisis semiotik sosial. Metodologi penelitian ini dirancang berdasarkan basis-data, basis-observasi dan penelitian deskriptifqualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah teks-teks verbal dan visual yang diambil dari prosedur perayaan perkawinan adat Melayu Deli (DMTWC) yang dilaksanakan dalam perkawinan Iqbal dan Lala. Hasil analisis transitivitas pada tiga belas langkah perkawinan adat Melayu Deli menunjukkan ada keterkaitan antara verbal dan visual yang diwakili dominasi proses: Material; partisipan: Gol, sirkumstan: Lokasi / Tempat. Hasil verbal ini diperkuat oleh teks visual yang memberi informasi kepada pembaca tentang aksi yang dilaksanakan, siapa dan apa yang terafeksi oleh proses dan dimana aksi dilaksanakan. Hasil analisis visual menunjukkan struktur narratif DMTWC terdiri dari empat image terealisasi dalam aksi dan reaksi transaksional non-projectif yang terealisasi menjadi realisasi bidireksional dan sebelas image merupakan proses projektif yang direalisasikan oleh proses verbal. Berkenaan dengan makna interpersonal, teks DMTWC lebih menawarkan informasi dengan pilihan Modus terbanyak adalah Deklaratif. Temuan komponen verbal ini juga diperkuat oleh komponen visual yang menunjukkan partisipan yang terlibat tidak membuat hubungan dengan pengamat/pembaca karena tidak ada kontak mata, partisipan terlibat saling melihat satu sama lain atau kepada obyek di dalam gambar (tepak, payung,makanan). Terkait jarak sosial partisipan berada pada posisi public (gambar diambil dengan medium close shots, pengambilan dari pinggang, di sekelilingnya terlihat ada empat orang). Pembaca melihat gambar dari sudut pandang depan (frontal point of view) yang memberinya perasaan terlibat dalam peristiwa tersebut. Dalam hal ini tidak ada kekuasaan terbentuk antara partisipan dan pembaca. Semua gambar direpresentasi dari medium angle, yang berimplikasi pada kesamaan derajat antara pembaca dan partisipan dalam gambar. Hasil analisis metafungsi tekstual menunjukkan Tema Topikal/ Partisipan paling mendominasi. Klausa yang dimulai dengan tema partisipan menandakan bahwa penutur lebih menonjolkan informasi tentang siapa, atau apa yang terlibat dalam aksi sebagai titik awal percakapan. Dari persfektif komposisi, masing-masing prosedur yang dilaksanakan dalam DMTWC dibidik pada fokus yang lebih tajam, ukuran partisipan yang menjadi fokus umumnya lebih besar dibanding dengan partisipan lain dan lanskap yang menyertai image biasanya di letakkan di latar depan atau tengah agar menjadi unsur yang paling menonjol atau paling mendapat perhatian. Selanjutnya, warna baju dan obyek-obyek yang menjadi fokus kontras dengan karakter lain, seperti kuning merupakan warna dominan yang terlihat pada obyek dan pakaian karakter inti. Karena warna kuning mengindikasikan kebahagiaan, kesejahteraan seperti yang diharapkan oleh pengantin dan seluruh keluarga. Kata kunci: ideasional, interpersonal dan tekstual; metafungsi, multimodal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the name of Allah SWT, the beneficent, the merciful, all praises be to Allah SWT the Lord of the worlds Who has given the writer health and strength to finish this dissertation as one of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Linguistics Program, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. In the process of completing this dissertation advice, assistance and supports were given by many people. Therefore, she would like to express her deep gratitude to: 1. Rector of Universitas Sumatera Utara Prof. Dr.dr. H. Syahril Pasaribu, DTM&H, M. Sc (CTM), Sp.A(K). 2. Director of Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Prof. Dr. Ir. A.Rahim Matondang, M.SIE. 3. Dean of Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. 4. Head of Study Program as well as Promotor, Prof. Tengku Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D., who has provided her invaluable help read, give corrections and critical comments on the draft of the dissertation until its present form 5. Co- Promotors, Prof. Dr. Aron Meko Mbete, and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP. who have provided their invaluable help read, give corrections and critical comments on the draft of the dissertation until its present form. Her appreciation of gratitute also goes to the Board of Examiners and Reviewers : Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D. , Prof. Dr.Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., Prof. Dr. Robert Sibarani, M.A, Prof. Dr. Suwardi Lubis, M.S., Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, M.A who have corrected, given comments, suggestions, and useful contribution to improve the quality of this dissertation. Her sincere thank also goes to Prof. Peter Collins and Dr. Roghaya Mahalli for their invaluable help, suggestions and facilities related to research references given during her following the Sandwhich Program in UNSW Sydney Australia. Finally, her deep and warm gratitude is dedicated to her beloved parents the late H. Kamaluddin Nasution, the late Hj. Rajiah. Her beloved brothers and sisters as well as her beloved husband and children, H. Fadli A.Salam, S.Ag., Mehdi Fikri S.T and Yuni Khairina, S.Pd. for their loves, encouragements, patience and supports, without them all she means nothing. Rahmah

CURRICULUM VITAE Personal Data Name

: Dra. Rahmah, M.Hum.

Place / Date of birth : Medan, 14 December 1960 Gender

: Female

Home Address

: Jl. Belat 103 Medan

Phone Number

: 081533175420

E-mail Address

: [email protected]

Marital Status

: Married

Spouse‟s Occupation : Civil Servant Employment University

: Universitas Negeri Medan

Faculty

: Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni

Department

: Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris

Name of Father

: H. Kamaluddin Nasution

Name of Mother

: Hj. Rajiah

Name of Husband

: H. Fadli Abdul Salam, S.Ag.

Name of Children

: Mehdi Fikri, S.T. Yuni Khairina, SPd.

Academic Background: 1. Elementary School : SD Negeri No. 74 Medan (1967 -1972). 2. Junior High School : SMP Negeri IX Medan (1973 -1975). 3. Senior High School : SPG Swasta Pembangunan N.U Medan (1976 – 1979) 4. S1

: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni IKIP Medan (1979 – 1986)

5. S2

: Prodi Linguistik, Program Pasca Sarjana USU Medan (1999 -2002)

6. S3

: Program Doktor Linguistik Fakultas Ilmu Budaya USU Medan (2008 – 2015)

Job Experience: 1987 – present

Dosen Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris FBS – Unimed.

1984 - 1989

Teacher of English in SMA/SPG NU Medan

1991 - 1994

Dosen Fakultas Tarbiyah Universitas Dharmawangsa Medan.

2006 - 2008

Dosen Fakultas Ekonomi UMSU Medan.

2001 – 2010

Dosen STIE/STMIK IBBI Medan.

Training Programs: 2010

Workshop Pendidikan Profesi Guru (Yogyakarta)

2009

Sandwich Program – UNSW Australia (Oktober – December 2009): - Professional Practicum Program in School of Languages and Linguistics UNSW-Australia. - Academic English & Communication Skills in The Learning Centre UNSW-Australia.

2009

Semiloka Aplikasi Program Konkordansi untuk Penelitian Linguistik Korpus - Prodi Linguistik SPs USU Medan.

2009

Workshop Teknik Pembuatan Proposal Penelitian Hibah Bersaing dan Fundamental – Lemlit Unimed.

1993

Course on Principle and Practice of TESOL – RELC Singapore

Researh Experience : 2002 Metaphors in Official and Private Decrees (S2-Thesis) 2003

The application of student Oriented Learning Method to Improve Students‟ ability in Grammar (Dikti-LPTK)

2003

The application of student based teaching model to improve students ability in English Grammar of SMU 18 students (Dikti)

2003

The Entrepreneurship Attitudes of Youngster Fisherpersons of Melayu Deli Society in Medan (Dikti-Litdas)

2004

An Attempt to Improve students‟ Ability in Writing through Error Analysis Method (Dana Rutin Unimed)

2005

The Use of Tense Medium Diagram as an attempt to Decrease students‟ Misconception in Learning Tenses (Dikti-PPTK and KPT)

2007

Analisis Model Jawaban atas Pertanyaan Yes-No Question siswa SLTP Negeri Kota Medan (DIPA_DIKTI)

2011

Pemetaan dan Pengembangan Model Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan di Kabupaten Padang Lawas dan Padang Lawas Utara Tahun 2011(DIT. LITABMAS)

Presentation: 2003

Metaphors in the Perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics (in PLU-3 Seminar –Medan)

2004

Perilaku Kewiraswastaan Remaja Nelayan Masyarakat Melayu Deli di Kota Medan (Seminar Hasil Penelitian Dikti – Jakarta)

2009

Modalities in Acehnese Language (in PLU-6 Internasional Seminar – Medan)

2009

Multimodal Analysis of the Traditional Wedding Ceremony Dynamics of the Malay Ethnic Group in North Sumatera. (International Languages and linguistics Conference UNSWSydney Australia)

2010

Realisasi Makna Antarpersona pada Koran Lokal Terbitan Medan International (Seminar Language, Literature and Culture in Southeast Asia. Pogram Sttudi Linguistik SPs USU / Phuket Rajabhat University, Trang Campus Thailand)

2010

Nilai Budaya dalam Pantun. 5th International Seminar on Austronesian Languages and Literatures Linguistic Study Program, Postgraduate program of Udayana University – Bali.

2010

Seminar Nasional Program Sandwich-like. Dir.Ketenagaan Dirjen Pend.Tinggi Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional Dir.Ketenagaan Dirjen Pend.Tinggi Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional.

2012

Seminar Nasional Badan Kerjasama Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Wilayah Barat Bidang Bahasa, Sastra, Seni dan Pengajaran – FKIP Universitas Bengkulu.

2012

Publications: 2006

International Seminar: Language, Literature, Culture, and Education in Southeast Asia II. Thailand Bangkok

Legal Documents and grammatical metaphors Ilmu Bahasa)

(in Jurnal

2009

Modalitas Dalam Bahasa Aceh MLU / Balai Bahasa Medan. ISBN 978-979-98559-9-2

2010

Realisasi Makna Antarpersona pada Koran Lokal Terbitan Medan. Program Studi Linguistik SPs – USU / Phuket Rajabhat University, Trang Campus Thailand. ISBN 978-602-97082-0-2.

2010

Nilai Budaya dalam Pantun. Universitas Udayana Bali. ISBN 978.602.8566.797

2010

Realisasi Metafora Gramatikal Pada Surat Keputusan Pegawai Negeri Sipil. English Department State University of Medan & Masyarakat Linguistik Utara. ISBN 979-3647-05-9

2011

Building Learner‟s Competence and Self-Confidence in Speaking through Extra Credit Work. Jurnal Linguistik Terapan Vol.8 No.1 Mei 2011.

2011

Pemetaan Bahasa Jawa di Medan. BAHAS no.82 Th.xxxviii 2011 ISSN: 085-8515

2012

Fungsi Ujar dalam Layanan Pesan Singkat (SMS Broadcast) pada Flexi. FKIP Universitas Bengkulu. ISBN 978-602-8043-30-4

2012

Transitivity in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Opening Speech at the Fifth Asian Ministerial Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction Yogyakarta, 23 October 2012. ISBN: 978- 602- 17092-0-7

2013

Process of the Witch‟s Dialogues in Snow White and The Huntsman Movie. Linguistica Journal of Linguistics of FBS Unimed Vol.2 No.2 (2013) ISSN: 2301-5152.

2013

Process of A Schizophrenic‟s Dialogues in A Beautiful Mind Movie. Linguistica Journal of Linguistics of FBS Unimed Vol.2 No.1 (2013) ISSN: 2301-5152

2014

Methods of Teaching Reading to EFL Learners: A Case Study. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies. ISSN: 2202-9478 Vol.2 No.2 April 2014.

2015

Ideational Meaning of Wedding Ceremony in Deli Malay‟s Traditional Culture: A Multimodal Analysis. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 20, Issue 2, Ver,1 (Feb.2015) Pp. 22-29 e- ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845 www:iosrjournal.org

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. i ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………… ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................... iii CURRICULUM VITAE .............................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................... xiv LIST OF SYMBOLS ................................................................................... xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................... xvi LIST OF IMAGES ....................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1.1 Background ............................................................................ 1.2 The Formulation of the Research Problem ..................................... 1.3 The Objectives of the Research....................................................... 1.4 The Research Significance .............................................................. 1.5 The Scope of the Research ..............................................................

1 1 12 12 13 15

CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......................................... 18 2.1 Theoretical Framework ................................................................... 18 2.2 Relevant Studies ............................................................................. 19 2.2.1 Multiparty interaction......................................................... 19 2.2.2 Compositional, interpersonal and representational meanings in a children‟s narrative .................................................... 20 2.2.3 Analyzing the organitation of information in websites ...... 20 2.2.4 Konstruksi tekstual gender dalam teks iklan cetak ............ 21 2.2.5 A multimodal analysis of the tale of Peter Rabbit within the Interpersonal Metafunction ........................................ 22 2.2.6 Kajian Multimodal Teks Tubuh Perempuan dalam Film Dokumenter Nona Nyonya..................................... 22 2.2.7 Reading meaning through the Visual Images ................... 23 2.2.8 A Multimodal Analysis of Image-Text Relations in Picture Books ................................................................... 24 2.2.9 Visual Images Interpretive Strategies in Multimodal Texts 24 2.2.10 Analisis Teks Iklan Cetak: Suatu Perspektif Multimodal ... 25 2.2.11 Fungsi textual dalam Wacana ............................................ 25 2.2.12 Representasi Ideologi Masyarakat Melayu Serdang Dalam Teks Situasi dan Budaya .................................................... 26

2.2.13

2.3 2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7 2.8

Fungsi dan Implikasi Makna Logis pantun Melayu Deli dan Serdang ..................................................................... 2.2.14 Phasal and Experiential Realizations in Lecture Discourse 2.2.15 Kearifan Lokal Berpantun Dalam Perkawinan Adat Melayu Batubara .............................................................. Multimodal Analysis ....................................................................... The Systemic Functional Analysis ................................................. 2.4.1 Language and text ......................................................... 2.4.2 Choice and Meaning. .................................................... 2.4.3 Language and Context .................................................. 2.4.4 Metafunction ................................................................. 2.4.5 Summary of the SFL approach to language .................. The Grammar Visual Design ......................................................... 2.5.1 Representing the world ................................................. 2.5.2 Interacting with Image. ................................................. 2.5.3 Composing Images ........................................................ The Malay Wedding Process ......................................................... 2.6.1 Merisik .......................................................................... 2.6.2 Melamar, meminang dan bertunangan . ....................... 2.6.3 Akad nikah..................................................................... 2.6.4 Bersanding .................................................................... 2.6.5 Makan nasi hadap-hadapan.......................................... Ideology, Power, and Ways of Life in Malay Culture ................... Analysis Construction ..................................................................

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD ................................................. 3.1 Research Design ............................................................................. 3.2 Time and The Location of Research ............................................... 3.3 Data and Sources of Data ................................................................ 3.4 Method of Collecting Data .............................................................. 3.5 Method of Analyzing Data .............................................................. 3.5.1 Procedure ...................................................................... 3.6 Sample Analysis ............................................................................. 3.6.1 The example of verbal and visual analysis ................... 3.6.1.1Verbal Analysis .................................................. 3.6.1.2Visual Analysis: .................................................

27 28 28 30 31 32 33 38 41 44 45 50 53 59 64 66 68 71 82 83 83 85 87 87 88 89 91 92 94 96 96 97 99

CHAPTER IV : THE DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS OF THE VERBAL TEXTS ........................ 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 4.2 Verbal Analysis and Findings of the DMTWC Text through Ideational, Interpersonal and Textual Meanings ............................ 4.2.1 Ideational Meaning ....................................................... 4.2.2 Interpersonal Meaning ................................................. 4.2.3 Textual Meaning .......................................................... CHAPTER V: THE DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH FINDINGS OF THE VISUAL IMAGES ......................... 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 5.2 Visual Analysis and Findings of the DMTWC Text through Representional, Interactive and Compositional Meanings ............. 5.2.1 Representational Meaning ..................................................... 5.2.1.1 Starting The Marriage Ceremony............................. 5.2.1.2 The Process after akad nikah /Ijab Kabul ................. 5.2.1.3 The Ceremony of Welcoming the Groom‟s Arrival 5.2.1.4 Bersanding Ceremony............................................... 5.2.2 Interactional Meaning ........................................................... 5.2.2.1 Starting Marriage Ceremony .................................. 5.2.2.2 After Akad Nikah ..................................................... 5.2.2.3 Welcoming Ceremony for the Groom‟s Arrival ....... 5.2.2.4 Sitting on the bridal couch ..................................... 5.2.3 Composional Meaning .......................................................... 5.2.3.1 Starting the Marriage Ceremony ............................. 5.2.3.2 After Akad Nikah ..................................................... 5.2.3.3 Welcoming Ceremony for the Groom‟s Arrival ....... 5.2.3.4 Sitting on the Bridal Couch ......................................

106 106 139 150

163 163 163 164 164 169 171 181 184 185 190 192 200 201 203 206 208 216

CHAPTER VI :

6.1

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VISUAL AND VERBAL MODES OF COMMUNICATION IN DMTWC TEXT........................................................... Visual and Verbal Relationship in thirteen procedures of DMTWC Text ............................................................................. 6.1.1 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Buka Kata ............. 6.1.2 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Penyerahan Mahar 6.1.3 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Icip Rasa (tasting various flavours of food) ............................................. 6.1.4 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Sembah Orang Tua (Respectful Greeting to Parents) ................................ 6.1.5 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Hempang Batang

103 103

218 218 219 224 227 230

(Gateway Barrier) ......................................................... Visual and Verbal Relationship in Bertukar Tepak (Shifting The Tepak) .................................................. 6.1.7 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Bertukar Payung (Exchanging The Umbrella).......................................... 6.1.8 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Perang Bertih (Spreading the potpourri) ........................................... 6.1.9 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Tari Persembahan (welcoming the groom with a tribute a dance).............. 6.1.10 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Hempang Pintu (Doorway Barrier) ...................................................... 6.1.11 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Hempang Kipas (The Bridal Couch Barrier) ........................................ 6.1.12 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Tepung Tawar (Spattering the Potpourri) ........................................... 6.1.13 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Makan Nasi HadapHadapan (Spreading the Meals) ................................ Discussion ............................................................................. 6.2.1 Ideational or Representational Meaning ...................... 6.2.2 Interpersonal or Interactive Meaning ............................ 6.2.3 Textual or Compositional Meaning .............................

233

CHAPTER VII : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION ....................... 7.1 Conclusions ............................................................................. 7.2 Suggestions .............................................................................

271 271 278

REFERENCES

279

6.1.6

6.2

.............................................................................

235 239 241 243 246 248 251 254 256 256 261 265

LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2. 1 : System network of English personal pronoun (Eggins 2004: 202) .......... 34 Figure 2. 2 : Correlations between time frames and semogenesis (from Martin and Rose 2008:318)................................................................................. 37 Figure 2. 3 : Narrative structures in visual image ( Kress and van Leeuwen 2006:74) .................................................................................................... 53 Figure 2. 4 : Analysis construction of visual and verbal components .......................... 85 Figure 3. 1 : Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model (Miles & Huberman, 1994: 12) ............................................................................... 94 Figure 3. 2 : Procedure of Analyzing Data ................................................................... 96

LIST OF TABLES Page Tabel 2. 1 : Rank scale of the compositional hierachy of text (Eggins 2004: 126) .......................... 35 Tabel 2. 2 : A tri-stratal view of language as system(adopted from Eggins 2004: 19)..................... 35 Tabel 2. 3 : Interactive Meanings (Kress van Leeuwen, 2006) ......................................................... 59 Tabel 2. 4 : Composing Images ........................................................................................................ 63 Tabel 2. 5 : Frameworks for Verbal and Visual Analysis ................................................................. 86 Tabel 3. 1 : Distribution of Clauses in Each Procedure of the Ceremony ........................................ 90 Table 4. 1 : Distribution of Clauses in Each Procedure of DMTWC Text ..................................... 105 Table 4. 2 : The distribution of experiential elements in buka kata................................................ 108 Table 4. 3 : The distribution of experiential elements in Penyerahan Mahar ................................ 110 Table 4. 4 : The distribution of experiential elements in Icip Rasa . .............................................. 111 Table 4. 5 : The distribution of experiential elements in Sembah Orang tua ................................. 112 Table 4. 6 : The distribution of experiential elements in Hempang Batang. .................................. 113 Table 4. 7 : The distribution of experiential elements in Bertukar Tepak. ..................................... 114 Table 4. 8 : The distribution of experiential elements in Tukar Payung ........................................ 115 Table 4. 9 : The distribution of experiential elements in Perang Bertih ........................................ 116 Table 4. 10 : The distribution of experiential elements in Tari Persembahan ................................. 117 Table 4. 11 : The distribution of experiential elements in Hempang Pintu ...................................... 118 Table 4. 12 : The distribution of experiential elements in Hempang Kipas ..................................... 119 Table 4. 13 : The distribution of experiential elements in Tepung Tawar ........................................ 120 Table 4. 14 : The distribution of experiential elements in Makan nasi hadap- hadapan ................. 122 Table 4. 15 : Types of Processes in DMTWC text ........................................................................... 123 Table 4. 16 : Participants of Material Process ................................................................................. 126 Table 4. 17 : Participants of Mental Process .................................................................................... 127 Table 4. 18 : Participants of Relational Process (attributive) .......................................................... 127 Table 4. 19 : Participants of Relational Process (identification)...................................................... 128 Table 4. 20 : Participants of Verbal Process .................................................................................... 129 Table 4. 21 : Participants of Existential Process .............................................................................. 129 Table 4. 22 : Participants of Behavioral Process ............................................................................. 130 Table 4. 23 : The Frequency Distribution of Circumstances in DMTWC Text ............................... 131 Table 4.24 : The Degree of Interdependency and Logico-Semantic Relation of Expansion Clause (Halliday, 2004: 395-419)................................................................................ 133 Table 4.25 : The Degree of Interdependency and Logico-Semantic Relation of Projection Clause (Halliday, 2004: 464-476)................................................................................ 134 Table 4. 26 : The distribution of interdependency and logico semantic relation ............................. 134 Table 4. 27 : The Mood Type in each step of DMTWC text ............................................................ 140 Table 4. 28 : Modality in DMTWC Text .......................................................................................... 143 Table 4. 29: The Realization of Modulation Showing Obligation and Inclination in DMTWC Text .............................................................................................................................. 144 Table 4.30 : The Realization of Modalization showing Probability and Usuality in DMTWC text ............................................................................................................................... 147 Table 4. 31 : The distribution of themes .......................................................................................... 151 Table 4. 32 : The Theme in each step of DMTWC text.................................................................... 152

LIST OF SYMBOLS

The degree of interdependency: Parataxis (relationship of clauses with equal status): 1, 2, 3, etc. Hypotaxis (relationship of clauses with different status): α, β, γ, etc. Logico semantic relation: Expansion :

a) (=) elaboration b) (+) extension c) (x) enhancement

Projection :

a) (“) locution b) („) idea (^) Followed by

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DMTWC

= Deli Malay Traditional Wedding Ceremony

AN

= Akad Nikah

BK

= Buka Kata

PM

= Penyerahan Mahar

CR

= Cicip Rasa

SO

= Sembah Orang tua

HB

= Hempang Batang

BT

= Bertukar Tepak

TP

= Tukar Payung

PB

= Perang Bertih

Ta

= Tari Persembahan

HP

= Hempang Pintu

HK

= Hempang Kipas

TT

= Tepung Tawar

MH

= Makan Nasi Hadap-hadapan

P

= Pria

W

= Wanita

PP

= Pembawa acara dari pihak pengantin Pria (the representative speaker or telangkai of the groom)

PW

= Pembawa acara dari pihak pengantin Wanita (the representative speaker or telangkai of the bride)

SFL

= Systemic Functional Linguistics

GVD

= Grammar Visual Design

Pro

= Process

Mat

= Material

Ment

= Mental

Behavi

= Behavioral

Rel

= Relational

Id

= identification

Att

= Attributive

Poss

= Possessive

Exist

= Existential

Part

= Participant

Ben.

= Beneficiary

Phen.

= Phenomenon

Circ

= Circumstance

Acc

= Accompaniment

Add

= Additive

Cont.

= Contigency

Com.

= Commitative

Comp.

= Comparison

Dist

= Distance

Freq

= Frequency

Loc

.

= Location

Voc

= Vocative

Quest

= Question

C Aj

= Comment Adjunct

Mod

= Modality

Cj

= Conjunction

Cjv

= Conjunctive

rel

= Relative Pronoun

ctv

= Continuative

LIST OF IMAGES Page Image 3.1 : Swapping the tepak. ........................................................................103 Image 5.1 : Giving tepak to welcome the guests and begin the ceremony ........169 Image 5.2 : Giving tepak to respond and tell the goal of coming ......................170 Image 5.3 : Giving tokens. .................................................................................172 Image 5.4 : Tasting some food as a symbol associated with the marriage life. .174 Image 5.5 : Respecting and asking for parents‟ blessing. ..................................176 Image 5.6 : Gateway Barrier (hempang batang) ................................................177 Image 5.7 : Two women are swapping the tepak ...............................................178 Image 5.8 : Swapping the umbrellas ..................................................................180 Image 5.9 : Spreading the poutpourri .................................................................181 Image 5.10 : Welcoming the groom and his party‟s arrival .................................182 Image 5.11 : A dancer is offering sirih to the guests ...........................................184 Image 5.12 : Blocking on the doorway ................................................................185 Image 5.13 : Giving uncang emasbefore sitting on the „pelaminan‟ ...................186 Image 5.14 : Blessing through spattering the tepung tawar.................................188 Image 5.15 : The married couple are feeding each other .....................................190 Image 5.16 : Pushing a tepak to welcome and begin the ceremony ....................192 Image 5.17 : Giving a tepak to tell the goal of coming ........................................195 Image 5.18 : Giving a token as a requirement to conduct the akad nikah ..........196 Image 5.19 : Tasting various flavour of food . ....................................................198 Image 5.20 : The bride and the groom are respecting their parents .....................199 Image 5.21 : Blocking the groom‟s way in Hempang Batang ............................201 Image 5.22 : Swapping the tepaks.......................................................................202 Image 5.23 : Swapping umbrellas. .......................................................................203 Image 5.24 : The bride and the groom‟ s parties are spreading the potpourri ....204 Image 5.25 : Welcoming the groom and his party with a tribute dance ..............205 Image 5.26 : Welcoming the groom and his party by giving sirih in the tepak ..206 Image 5.27 : Blocking the groom‟s way by the door ...........................................207 Image 5.28 : Blocking the groom in front of the couch ......................................208 Image 5.29 : The Process of Congratulating the Newly-Married Couple............209 Image 5.30 : Spreading meals ..............................................................................210 Image 5.31 : Giving the tepak as a symbol of welcoming ...................................213 Image 5.32 : Giving the tepak as a respond of welcoming and telling the goal of coming ................................................................................. …..214 Image 5.33 : Giving the tokens ...........................................................................215 Image 5.34 : Tasting the various flavour of food .................................................216 Image 5.35 : Respectful greetings to parents .......................................................217 Image 5.36 : The gateway barrier ........................................................................218

Image 5.37 : Swapping the tepak .........................................................................219 Image 5.38 : Swapping the umbrella ....................................................................220 Image 5.39 : Spreading the potpourri ...................................................................221 Image 5.40 : Tribute dance to welcome the guests‟ arrival .................................222 Image 5.41 : Welcoming the grooms and his party by offering sirih in tepak ....223 Image 5.42 : The doorway barrier ........................................................................224 Image 5.43 : The bridal couch barrier ..................................................................225 Image 5.44 : Congratulating the newly-married couple.......................................226 Image 5.45 : Spreading meals ..............................................................................227