Daftar Pustaka 1. INDOCOR, Training Sertifikasi Korosi, Indonesian Corrosion Association, 2001 2. US DOI, Minerals Management Service Data Base, Dept. of the Interior, 1997 3. Pipeline Integrity Management - Pengelolaan Inspeksi dan Pemeliharaan Jaringan Pipa Secara Terpadu & Terstruktur Berbasis Resiko dan Ketahanan Mekanik, Training Material, PT Surveyor Indonesia, 2005 4. GM EP COR 029, Top-of-line Corrosion – Risk Evaluation and Prevention Method, Total Indonesie General Specification, 2006 5. Gunaltun, Y., Top-of-line Corrosion - Example of Material Selection for Pipelines, Indonesian Pipeline Conference, Mei 2006 6. UK HSE OTR No. 044, Review of Corrosion Management for Offshore Oil and Gas Processing, 2001 7. American Society for Metal, Corrosion, Vol. 13, ed. 9, ASM International, 1992 8. International Standard, NACE MR0175/ISO 15156, Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Materials for Use in H2S-containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production, NACE International, 2005 9. Uhlig, H. H., Corrosion and Corrosion Control, Wiley, New York, 1985 10. Jamaluddin A., Top of Line Corrosion among The History, Theory and Reality, EMINEX Seminar, ITB, Bandung, 2001 11. Vitse, F., Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Phenomena of Corrosion by Carbon Dioxide under Dewing Condition at the Top of a Horizontal Pipeline in The Presence of a Non-condensable Gas, Russ College Technology & Engineering, 2002 12. Singer, M., Srdjan, N., Gunaltun, Y., Top of The Line Corrosion in Presence of Acetic Acid and Carbon Dioxide, NACE Paper No. 04377, 2004 13. Wibowo E., Wahyudi, Bambang Ari, Pengaruh Asam Asetat terhadap Korosi Basah CO2 – Studi Mekanisme Korosi Langit-langit Pipa (Top-of-Line) dan Inhibisinya di Lapangan Tunu Total FinaElf Kalimantan Timur, Dept. T. Kimia ITB, Bandung, 2001 14. Desjardins, G., Reliability Approach to Optimized Pipeline Integrity Planning Based On Probabilistic Assessment of Corrosion Rates and Future Corrosion Severity, Proceedings of the 6th International Pipeline Rehabilitation & Maintenance Conference, Berlin, 2003
48
15. Probabilistic Life Assessment, Failure Analysis and Prevention – ASM Handbook Vol. 11, ASM International, 2002 16. Haldar, A., Probability, Reliability and Statistical Methods in Engineering Design, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000 17. Turner, T.E., Jones, D.G., et. all., Fitness for Purpose Assessment of TFE MWP B – SNP Gas Condensate Pipeline, PII, Aug. 2001 18. Bai, Young, Pipelines and Risers, Elsevier Ocean Engineering Book Series Vol.3, 2001 19. Nielsen, M.F., Increasing Availability – The Benefit of RBI for Sweet Oil & Gas Corrosion, Quest Consulting Ltd., dipresentasikan pada NACE, 1999 20. Kusumo, A. L. P., Corrosion Management in Production Pipeline Network using Risk Management Analysis, SPE Paper 80499, SPE International 21. Standard, I., CEI IEC 300-3-9 Dependability Management - Part 3: Application Guide - Section 9: Risk Analysis of Technological Systems,1995 22. Recommended Practice DnV RP-F-107, Risk Assessment of Pipeline Protection, 2001 23. Roberge, P.R., Handbook of Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 2000 24. Munger, C., Corrosion Prevention by Protective Coating, NACE, 1984 25. TPC 2, Coating and Lining for Immersion Service, NACE, 1998 26. Rochim, Taufik, Dr., Perancangan Penelitian dan Analisa Data Statistika, Diktat Kuliah Analisis Teknik I Prog. Magister Teknik Mesin ITB, Bandung, 2006 27. The Joint Risk Management Program Standard Team, Risk Management Program Standard, The Office of Pipeline Safety, USA, 1996 28. Joint Industry Project, Guideline for Offshore Structural Reliability Analysis, Technical Report No. 95-3204, Det Norske Veritas 29. Dokumentasi Hasil Intelligent Pigging dan Lokasi-lokasi yang Mengalami UHB, FO/INT/PRD, Pipeline Integrity Dept. – Total Indonesie, Balikpapan 30. Hopkis, P., Training Engineers in Pipeline Integrity, Western Regional Gas Conference, 2002 31. Recommended Practice DnV RP-H-101, Risk Management in Marine and Subsea Operation, Jan. 2003 32. Technical Note No. LTCS-OP/PLN-004, Integrity Management Performance Indicator and Measuring Plan, TGE-Prosys Consortium, 2008
49
Lampiran 1 Data Teknikal Pipeline Data-data teknikal untuk pipa yang ditinjau adalah sebagai berikut :
Outside Diameter (mm) CP System Location Available Space length (m) x wide (m) Features Operating Temperature Operating Pressure Product Flow Rate
Launcher Receiver Launcher Receiver Valves Tees Bends Min. (Outlet) Max. (Inlet) Normal Op. (Approx.) Min. (Outlet) Max. (Inlet) Normal Op. (Approx.) Normal Op.
508 Sacrificial Anode Offshore Offshore 7.0 1.2 3.0 x 3.0 Full Bore Ball Valve Barred 5D 40 °C 85 °C 63 °C 73 Bar 79 Bar 76 Bar 100 MMSCFD
50
Lampiran 2 Data Inspeksi a. Data ketebalan pipa, laju korosi dan proteksi katodik Jumlah lokasi terkorosi pipa hasil intelligent pigging terakhir adalah 760 lokasi korosi internal dan 16 lokasi korosi eksternal. Data dicuplik dari laporan hasil intelligent pigging terakhir (tahun 2005). Nilai Estimated Repair Factor (ERF) tertinggi
berdasarkan ASME B31G, diikuti penipisan terdalam adalah sebagai berikut :
KP
Comment
Depth (mm)
2.513
INT ML
6.096
Axial length (mm) 208
Circumf. width (mm) 481
ERF
Nom. WT (mm)
Orientation
0.516
19.05
1:15
Adapun laju penipisan positif yang teridentifikasi adalah sebagai berikut : KP 34.85 51.86 2542.61 2543.85 2544.24 2544.66 2547.78 2548.29 2548.50 2549.55 2549.57 2549.61 2550.57 2550.62 2550.63 2552.70 2553.68 2554.33 2554.43 2586.85 2586.99 3019.04 3341.71 3341.71 3834.60
Orientation
Nom. WT (mm)
9:00 12:00 10:30 10:45 12:30 12:45 2:00 2:45 2:15 3:00 3:30 9:15 12:30 12:30 1:00 2:30 9:00 2:45 2:45 7:45 7:45 5:30 7:30 8:15 1:45
23.8 23.8 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05
depth (mm) 4.76 3.81 4.19 3.43 5.72 3.81 3.05 3.05 3.24 4.95 3.81 4.76 3.24 2.29 2.29 4.38 5.14 4.00 4.76 4.95 4.76 3.43 6.10 4.57 4.19
trem (mm) 19.04 19.99 14.86 15.62 13.34 15.24 16.00 16.00 15.81 14.10 15.24 14.29 15.81 16.76 16.76 14.67 13.91 15.05 14.29 14.10 14.29 15.62 12.95 14.48 14.86
CR (mm/yr) 0.48 0.54 0.55 0.34 0.57 0.38 0.30 0.30 0.32 0.50 0.38 0.48 0.32 0.23 0.23 0.44 0.51 0.40 0.48 0.50 0.48 0.34 0.61 0.46 0.42
51
KP 3835.05 3835.06 3835.13 3835.92 3837.63
Orientation
Nom. WT (mm)
11:00 2:30 11:30 3:00 2:15
19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05 19.05
depth (mm) 2.29 5.14 1.91 0.95 4.19
trem (mm)
CR (mm/yr)
16.76 13.91 17.15 18.10 14.86
0.25 0.51 0.19 0.12 0.42
Hasil monitoring korosi menggunakan corrosion coupon (CC) dan electrical resistance (ER) probe adalah sebagai berikut : Data pengukuran proteksi katodik untuk pipa yang ditinjau: - pada riser GTS : lebih negatif dari -800mV vs elektroda ref. Ag/AgCl - pada riser MP : lebih negatif dari -800mV vs elektroda ref. Ag/AgCl
b. Data umur sisa dan penjadualan inspeksi berikutnya Metode perhitungan umur sisa dan penjadualan inspeksi yang saat ini diadopsi adalah dengan pendekatan berdasarkan standar ASME B31G dengan asumsi pertambahan axial length pit 10%/tahun. Umur sisa pipa GTS ini adalah 20,5 tahun (berakhir tahun
2025), sedangkan jadual inspeksi berikutnya (berdasarkan batasan ERF-ASME B31G sebesar 80% atau kedalaman pit 65%) adalah 5 tahun (berakhir tahun 2010). ERF merupakan perbandingan tekanan operasi yang diijinkan (MAOP) dengan tekanan desain.
52
Lampiran 3 Contoh Komposisi Gas Data komposisi gas (dalam % mol) dari beberapa sumur di lapangan gas Kalimantan Timur ini adalah sebagai berikut : Sampling Point Date Analyzed Sampling Date Press. (B) Temp. (°C)
CO2
PK- A1
13-Dec-2000
08-Dec-2000
87.3
87.4
3.620 0.027 89.349 3.001 2.294 0.483 0.471 0.186 0.113 0.456 19.04 0.6575 1079.69 975.29
N2
C1
C2
C3
i-C4 n-C4 i-C5 n-C5 C6+
MW
SG
GHV
NHV
PK- A3
19-Nov-2000
15-Nov-2000
88.8
86.9
3.716 0.057 88.819 2.735 2.184 0.510 0.477 0.215 0.121 1.166 19.59 0.6763 1105.83 999.71
PK- A4
16-Nov-2000
14-Nov-2000
88.7
87.9
3.917 0.082 87.664 3.100 2.663 0.621 0.629 0.271 0.164 0.889 19.79 0.6831 1111.00 1004.62
PK- A5
13-Dec-2000
10-Dec-2000
87.5
84.6
3.607 0.024 87.926 3.029 2.372 0.518 0.525 0.300 0.223 1.476 20.02 0.6911 1131.96 1024.05
PK- A6
20-Nov-2000
18-Nov-2000
88.6
87.3
3.945 0.036 87.484 3.257 2.577 0.550 0.572 0.230 0.136 1.213 19.94 0.6886 1119.49 1012.53
PK- B1
13-Dec-2000
09-Dec-2000
88.5
87.6
3.817 0.024 88.287 3.375 2.339 0.480 0.533 0.259 0.182 0.704 19.46 0.6719 1097.05 991.55
PK- B2
28-Nov-2000
24-Nov-2000
84.5
89.2
3.810 0.042 85.198 2.716 2.545 0.745 0.742 0.497 0.296 3.409 21.91 0.7564 1227.64 1113.38
PK- B3
28-Nov-2000
24-Nov-2000
83.1
82.3
3.635 0.046 88.123 2.807 2.369 0.580 0.607 0.304 0.187 1.342 19.93 0.6882 1126.49 1018.95
PK- B4
19-Nov-2000
17-Nov-2000
88.9
91.1
4.111 0.080 87.880 2.811 2.227 0.521 0.528 0.249 0.148 1.445 20.00 0.6905 1117.55 1010.79
PK- B5
15-Nov-2000
13-Nov-2000
88.1
90.9
4.180 0.021 88.945 2.603 1.915 0.425 0.455 0.204 0.109 1.143 19.55 0.6748 1092.42 987.34
PK- B6
28-Nov-2000
22-Nov-2000
84.6
71.9
3.976 0.033 86.877 2.747 2.541 0.717 0.828 0.511 0.331 1.439 20.49 0.7074 1147.86 1039.00
PK-A1
12-Nov-2001
09-Nov-2001
72.9
74.6
3.604 0.057 84.696 2.923 2.397 0.553 0.626 0.299 0.194 4.651 22.50 0.7769 1264.18 1147.41
PK-A10
30-Dec-2005
29-Dec-2005
77.3
93.0
3.879 0.059 88.181 3.028 2.538 0.606 0.660 0.304 0.179 0.566 19.51 0.6737 1097.7
PK-A11
14-Jan-2004
09-Jan-2004
92.1
91.3
3.811 0.075 87.015 3.220 2.799 0.620 0.709 0.309 0.195 1.247 20.16 0.6960 1133.70 1025.76 3.963 0.070 89.022 2.935 2.125 0.451 0.499 0.216 0.140 0.579 19.21 0.6634 1079.43 975.17
992.2
PK-A2
08-Oct-2001
06-Oct-2001
73.7
87.4
PK-A3
23-Sep-2005
09-Sep-2005
80.5
41.1
4.836 0.079 84.494 4.413 2.801 0.772 0.711 0.434 0.359 1.101 20.73 0.7156 1138.5 1030.6
PK-A4
07-Feb-2002
05-Feb-2002
75.3
87.7
4.000 0.279 87.404 3.177 2.762 0.631 0.643 0.279 0.168 0.657 19.71 0.6805 1101.60 995.94
PK-A5
02-Oct-2006
24-Sep-2006
75.2
89.0
3.826 0.069 86.783 3.306 2.995 0.720 0.770 0.372 0.218 0.941 20.11 0.6943 1130.8 1023.1
PK-A6
14-Jan-2004
09-Jan-2004
91.5
94.5
4.142 0.074 87.652 2.979 2.332 0.501 0.535 0.230 0.128 1.427 20.02 0.6912 1117.96 1011.18
PK-A7
27-Mar-2004
25-Mar-2004
85.0
68.4
4.451 0.059 88.422 2.939 2.325 0.545 0.515 0.250 0.132 0.362 19.30 0.6663 1071.96 968.36
PK-A8
27-Mar-2004
25-Mar-2004
84.8
72.8
4.431 0.049 88.728 2.924 2.134 0.428 0.499 0.220 0.140 0.447 19.23 0.6641 1069.13 965.71
PK-A9
24-Jul-2005
31-Jul-2005
82.9
92.9
4.685 0.066 81.503 5.048 3.719 1.017 1.068 0.643 0.589 1.662 21.96 0.7583 1208.6 1095.9
PK-B 10-11
01-Jul-2005
28-Jun-2005
N/A
N/A
4.637 0.055 81.575 5.961 3.610 0.963 0.938 0.589 0.505 1.167 21.51 0.7426 1185.8 1074.7
PK-B1
22-Aug-2001
21-Aug-2001
74.9
83.3
3.928 0.069 90.001 3.107 1.890 0.301 0.280 0.069 0.036 0.319 18.67 0.6444 1051.04 948.67
PK-B10
04-Dec-2004
01-Dec-2004
86.4
51.0
3.960 0.054 86.234 3.592 3.167 0.816 0.733 0.387 0.205 0.852 20.19 0.6971 1132.1 1024.3
PK-B10/B11
05-Dec-2004
20-May-2005
74.4
77.4
3.893 0.045 86.336 3.870 3.117 0.730 0.740 0.345 0.196 0.728 20.04 0.6918 1125.8 1018.4
Catatan : Laju alir air untuk pipa yang ditinjau, berdasarkan data tahun 2002 adalah 2843,43 bwpd.
53
Sampling Point Date Analyzed Sampling Date Press. (B) Temp. (°C)
CO2
N2
C1
C2
C3
i-C4 n-C4 i-C5 n-C5 C6+
MW
SG
GHV
NHV
PK-B11
05-Jul-2006
19-Jun-2006
50.4
45.3
4.491 0.084 85.309 4.089 3.254 0.698 0.808 0.322 0.227 0.718 20.29 0.7006 1123.7 1016.7
PK-B12
14-Jun-2006
08-Jun-2006
49.5
45.7
45.503 0.047 87.784 2.992 2.470 0.595 0.639 0.283 0.177 0.580 19.64 0.6779 1088.8
984.1
PK-B16
09-Jun-2006
04-Jun-2006
-
-
4.139 0.059 88.610 3.159 2.343 0.507 0.554 0.211 0.140 0.278 19.17 0.6617 1072.7
968.9
PK-B2
09-Jan-2001
06-Jan-2001
88.8
91.3
3.859 0.076 85.094 2.796 2.566 0.811 0.815 0.586 0.377 3.020 21.80 0.7526 1219.92 1106.21
PK-B3
03-Jul-2006
19-Jun-2006
49.9
70.6
4.316 0.081 88.957 2.764 2.090 0.477 0.531 0.216 0.140 0.428 19.19 0.6625 1069.0
PK-B4
05-Dec-2005
-
76.9
60.8
5.312 0.071 85.099 4.372 2.437 0.590 0.559 0.298 0.243 1.019 20.41 0.7046 1109.5 1003.7
PK-B5
20-Jan-2001
15-Jan-2001
88.5
90.0
3.986 0.051 88.992 2.748 2.052 0.479 0.514 0.240 0.143 0.795 19.37 0.6688 1087.54 982.74
PK-B6
09-Jan-2001
07-Jan-2001
88.7
89.8
4.257 0.059 87.490 2.660 2.125 0.575 0.594 0.323 0.210 1.707 20.32 0.7015 1131.17 1023.53
PK-B7
26-Dec-2005
25-Dec-2005
82.6
88.9
4.034 0.065 88.407 3.211 2.354 0.529 0.567 0.263 0.151 0.419 19.31 0.6666 1082.7
978.3
PK-B8
02-Oct-2006
25-Sep-2006
46.8
87.0
4.072 0.073 88.684 3.083 2.184 0.473 0.428 0.198 0.106 0.699 19.32 0.6672 1082.6
978.2
4.888 0.049 82.762 4.989 2.944 0.802 0.773 0.513 0.442 1.838 21.56 0.7443 1182.1 1071.3
965.6
PK-B9
24-Jul-2005
23-Jul-2005
85.3
83.6
PK-C17
30-Nov-2005
29-Nov-2005
-
-
PK-C2
01-Mar-2002
06-Feb-2002
N/A
N/A
PK-C7
02-Oct-2006
24-Sep-2006
-
-
4.704 0.067 87.004 2.968 2.626 0.652 0.699 0.349 0.198 0.733 19.96 0.6892 1100.8
PK-C8
01-Mar-2002
23-Feb-2002
-
-
5.322 0.074 85.926 3.083 3.121 0.706 0.693 0.300 0.161 0.614 20.17 0.6963 1096.46 991.52
PK-E11
06-Sep-2006
04-Sep-2006
40.0
58.9
4.273 0.046 87.873 3.044 2.515 0.578 0.653 0.276 0.186 0.556 19.58 0.6761 1091.8
PK-E12
03-Feb-2006
31-Jan-2006
46.9
40.8
6.013 0.137 84.709 3.417 3.376 0.670 0.835 0.291 0.197 0.355 20.35 0.7026 1087.8
983.7
PK-E14
04-Apr-2006
03-Apr-2006
50.3
67.2
4.051 0.089 88.893 3.004 2.275 0.598 0.496 0.227 0.124 0.243 19.09 0.6591 1070.4
966.8
PK-E4
04-Feb-2006
01-Feb-2006
47.8
30.0
3.701 0.157 86.920 3.716 3.380 0.723 0.755 0.264 0.166 0.218 19.60 0.6766 1105.2
999.2
PK-E5
07-Oct-2006
28-Sep-2006
89.9
88.9
3.109 0.065 88.389 3.013 2.731 0.687 0.757 0.352 0.214 0.683 19.56 0.6754 1119.5 1012.3
PK-E7
29-Mar-2006
26-Mar-2006
50.0
82.0
3.567 0.079 88.046 3.362 2.725 0.627 0.689 0.275 0.184 0.446 19.44 0.6712 1101.5
995.6
PK-G13
02-Oct-2006
24-Sep-2006
46.0
86.0
3.954 0.053 89.301 3.024 2.014 0.396 0.453 0.189 0.114 0.502 19.06 0.6580 1071.7
967.9
PK-G14
26-Jun-2005
26-Jun-2005
45.0
77.8
4.808 0.049 84.086 5.000 2.670 0.615 0.741 0.427 0.421 1.183 20.80 0.7182 1143.8 1035.5
PK-G15
26-Apr-2006
21-Apr-2006
48.7
57.0
4.099 0.054 86.104 3.657 3.319 0.822 0.819 0.386 0.215 0.525 20.07 0.6930 1122.3 1015.2
PK-G16
17-Apr-2006
14-Apr-2006
48.0
58.0
4.303 0.070 88.286 2.654 2.448 0.597 0.637 0.291 0.179 0.535 19.51 0.6736 1086.7
PK-G18
14-Apr-2006
11-Apr-2006
49.1
71.0
4.854 0.062 85.608 3.568 3.354 0.699 0.790 0.306 0.199 0.560 20.19 0.6971 1109.6 1003.7 4.945 0.070 83.162 5.458 3.057 0.697 0.856 0.467 0.464 0.824 20.87 0.7205 1143.6 1035.4
5.519 0.081 87.346 2.943 2.224 0.367 0.601 0.212 0.168 0.539 19.67 0.6791 1064.6
961.9
4.466 0.067 90.025 2.513 1.700 0.333 0.322 0.137 0.075 0.362 18.80 0.6492 1044.89 943.10 995.4 986.8
982.1
PK-G2
10-Oct-2005
07-Oct-2005
49.3
58.0
PK-G6
23-Jun-2005
23-Jun-2005
46.0
83.4
4.995 0.065 80.243 4.940 4.990 1.528 1.416 0.734 0.544 0.545 21.92 0.7567 1198.5 1086.6
PK-G9
05-Dec-2004
19-May-2005
77.0
87.4
3.923 0.049 88.016 3.444 2.381 0.556 0.572 0.271 0.156 0.632 19.50 0.6732 1096.1
PK-K10
20-Jan-2006
n/a
n/a
n/a
3.929 0.059 85.983 3.984 3.466 0.901 0.667 0.300 0.142 0.569 20.03 0.6914 1124.1 1016.8
PK-K12
05-Dec-2005
30-Nov-2005
-
-
PK-K14
02-Oct-2006
24-Sep-2006
50.2
98.0
4.457 0.062 88.487 2.830 2.249 0.566 0.546 0.269 0.140 0.394 19.33 0.6672 1073.2
969.5
PK-K6
01-Nov-2005
30-Oct-2005
-
-
7.883 0.044 82.140 3.974 3.063 0.558 0.817 0.335 0.257 0.929 21.30 0.7353 1093.2
989.3
990.7
5.402 0.070 84.757 4.295 2.563 0.717 0.672 0.435 0.353 0.736 20.48 0.7070 1111.1 1005.2
54
