DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Chwastowska, J., Skawara, W., Sterlinska, E., Pszonicki, L. (2005), Speciation of chromium in mineral water and salinas by solid-phase extraction and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta, 66, 1345-1349. 2. Shore, J. (1990), Colorant and Auxiliaries, Society of Dyers and Colourists, Vol.1, Manchester, England, 177, 196 – 228. 3. Trotman, E.H. (1970), Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibre, 4th Edition, Griffin & Co Ltd, 405 – 443. 4. The Commission of The European Communities (2002), Establishing the ecological criteria for the award of community eco-label to textile product and amending decision 1999/178/EC, Official Journal of European Communities, L 133, 29 – 41. 5. Ökotex Standard 100, General and special condition, International Association for Research and Testing in the Field of Textile Ecology, Zurich, 2000. 6. Ökotex Standard 200, Testing Procedures, Edition 01, Zurich, 2003. 7. Subramanian, K.S. (1988), Determination of chromium (III) and chromium(VI) by ammonium pyrrolidinecarbodithioate-methyl isobuthyl ketone furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Anal. Chem, 60, 11 – 15. 8. Tokalioglu, E., Kartal, S., Elci, L. (2000), Speciation and determination of heavy metals in lake waters by atomic absorption spectrometry after sorption on amberlite XAD-16 resin, Analytical Science, 16, 1169-1174. 9. Minami, T., Sohrin, Y., Ueda, J. (2005), Determination of chromium, copper and Lead in river water by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after coprecipitation with terbium hydroxide, Analytical Science, 21, 1519-1521. 10. Zhang, Q., Minami, H., Inoue, S., Atsuya, I. (1999), Preconcentration by coprecipitation of chromium in natural waters with Pd/8-quinolinol/tannic acid complex and its direct determination by solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry, Analitical Chimica Acta, 401, 277-282. 11. Anthemidis, A.N., Zachariadis, G.A., Kougoulis, J.S., Stratis, J.A. (2002), Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of chromium(VI) by on-line preconcentration system using a PTFE packed coloumn, Talanta, 57, 15-22.
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12. Wang, J.S., Chiu, K.H. (2004), Simultaneous extraction of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) with a dithiocarbamate reagent followed by HPLC separation for chromium speciation, Analytical Science, 20, 841-846. 13. Beaty, R.D., Kerber, J.D. (1993), Concept instrumentation and techniques in atomic absorption spectrometry, The Perkin-Elmer Corporation, USA. 14. ISO 105-EO4-1994, Colour Fastness to perspiration. 15. Zhang, Q., Minami, H., Inoue, S., Atsuya, I. (2001), Preconcentration by coprecipitation of arsenic and tin in natural water with a Ni-pyrrolidyne dithiocarbamate complex and their direct determination by solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem, 370, 860-864. 16. Anthemidis, A.N., Zachariadis, G.A., Kougoulis, J.S., Stratis, J.A. (2002), On-line preconcentration and determination of copper, lead and chromium(VI) using anloaded polyurethane foam packed column by flame atomic absorption spectrometry in natural waters and biological samples, Talanta, 58, 831-840. 17. Dong,X., Nakaguchi, Y., Hiraki, K. (1998), Determination of chromium, iron, manganese and lead in human hair by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Analytical Science, 14, 785-789. 18. Hiraide, M., Hori, J. (1999), Enrichment of metal-APDC complexes on admicellecoated alumina for water analysis, Analytical Science, 15, 1055-1058. 19. Krishna, P.G., Gladis, J.M., Rambabu, U., Rao, T.P., Naidu, G.R.K. (2004), Talanta, 63, 541-546. 20. Soylak, M., Erdo, N.D., Elci, L. (2004), Membrane filtration of iron(III), copper(II) and lead(II) ions as 1-(2-pyridilazo) 2-naphtol (PAN) for their preconcentration and atomic absorption determination, J. Chinese Chemical Society, 51, 703-706.
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Lampiran A. Data hasil percobaan pengaruh pH larutan terhadap pembentukan kompleks Cr-PDC No.
pH Larutan Cr(VI)
Absorban.detik 1
2
Rata-rata
1
1,02
0,016
0,024
0,020
2
2,03
0,173
0,161
0,167
3
3,07
0,325
0,331
0,328
4
3,99
0,440
0,451
0,446
5
5,17
0,354
0,373
0,363
6
6,20
0,184
0,184
0,185
7
6,95
0,042
0,037
0,040
8
8,17
0,028
0,030
0,029
30
Lampiran B Data hasil percobaan pengaruh jumlah larutan APDC yang ditambahkan No.
Jumlah larutan APDC (3 g/L)
Absorban.detik
( mL )
1
2
Rata-rata
1
2
0,206
-
0,206
2
3
0,331
0,352
0,342
3
4
0,431
0.431
0,431
4
5
0,426
0,432
0,429
5
6
0,433
0,423
0,428
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Lampiran C Data pembuatan kurva kalibrasi Cr(VI) No.
Konsentrasi standar Cr(VI)
Absorban.detik
Keterangan
(ppb) 1
10
0,196
Y=0,0127X
2
20
0,236
r = 0,9626
3
30
0,392
4
40
0,483
Data hasil percobaan retensi kompleks Cr-PDC terhadap filter selulosa asetat Konsentrasi Cr awal ( µg/L)
Perolehan kembali
Cr ditemukan Absorban.detik
Konsentrasi
(%)
( µg/L) 50
0,494
38,90
78
50
0,491
38,66
77
50
0,506
39,92
80
50
0,507
39,84
80
Rata-rata
79
SD
2
Perhitungan : - % Perolehan kembali = ( Kons. Cr ditemukan ÷ Kons. Cr awal ) x 100 % = ( 38,90 ppb ÷ 50 ppb ) x 100 % = 78 % - Standar deviasi (SD) = √ ∑ (Xi – Xrata-rata )2/( n-1) = √{(78-79)2 + (77-79)2 + (80-79)2 + (80-79)2}/ 3 = 2 (pembulatan)
32
Lampiran D Data hasil percobaan pengaruh jumlah larutan Ni yang ditambahkan kedalam 100 mL larutan Cr(VI) 50 µg/L No.
Penambahan larutan Ni (II) 1 g/L
Absorban.detik
( mL ) 1
0
0,494
2
0,1
0,609
3
0,2
0,694
4
0,3
0,705
5
0,6
0,677
33
Lampiran E Data kurva kalibrasi larutan standar Cr(VI) No. Konsentrasi standar Cr(VI)
Absorban.detik
Keterangan
(ppb) 1
5
0,139
Y=0,03012X
2
10
0,301
r = 0,9974
3
15
0,470
4
20
0,591
Data hasil percobaan pengaruh konsentrasi larutan Cr(VI) No.
Cr ditemukan
Konsentrasi larutan Cr(VI)
Absorban.detik
( µg/L)
Perolehan Konsentrasi
kembali
( µg/L)
(%)
1
5
0,139
4,61
92
2
10
0,279
9,26
93
3
15
0,484
16,07
107
4
20
0,359
11,91
60
5
30
0,555
18,34
61
6
40
0,510
16,93
42
34
Lampiran F Data kurva kalibrasi larutan standar Cr(VI) No. Konsentrasi standar Cr(VI)
Absorban.detik
Keterangan
(ppb) 1
1
0,001
Y=0,0096X
2
5
0,028
r = 0,9461
3
10
0,105
4
15
0,142
Data hasil percobaan pengaruh matriks contoh kain Konsentrasi
Faktor
Kons.
Konsentrasi Cr(VI)
Perolehan
Cr(VI)
Prakonsentrasi
Cr(VI)
ditemukan
kembali
(µg/L)
(P)
teoritis
(µg/L)
(%)
(µg/L) 5
10
50
47,12
94
5
10
50
48,12
96
5
10
50
47,50
95
Perhitungan % KV : % KV = (SD ÷ Hasil rata-rata) x 100 % = ( 1 ÷ 95 ) x 100 % = 1,1 %
35
Rata-rata
95
SD
1
Lampiran G
Data penentuan limit deteksi No.
Keterangan
Absorban.detik Blanko
Std Cr(VI) 5 µg/L
(AB) 1
0,073
0,109
2
0,068
0,113
3
0,067
0,114
4
0,061
5
0,059
6
0,058
7
0,059
8
0,058
9
0,056
10
0,054
Rata-rata
0,061
SD
0,0057
Perhitungan LD = {[(AB)rata-rata+ 3 SD(AB)]/(AStd)} x [Std]
0,061 + 3(0,0057) LD =
X 5 µg/L = 3,48 µg/L 0,112
0,112
36
Lampiran H Data pembuatan kurva kalibrasi Cr(VI) No.
Konsentrasi standar Cr(VI)
Keterangan
Absorban.detik
(ppb)
1
2
Rata-rata
1
2
0,124
0,177
0,151
Y= 0,0832X
2
4
0,334
0,433
0,383
r = 0,9932
3
6
0,457
0,420
0,438
4
8
0,605
0,617
0,611
5
10
0,803
0,820
0,811
Data hasil percobaan prakonsentrasi Cr(VI) dari contoh kain Contoh kain
Absorban.detik
Konsentrasi Cr(VI) (ppb)
Kadar Cr(VI) dalam kain (mg/kg kain)
1
2
Ratarata
Poliester komersial
0,000
0,000
0,000
ttd
ttd
T/C komersial
0,002
-0,005
-0,002
ttd
ttd
Kain katun celup/kuning ( pengenceran 10 X )
0,432
0,458
0,445
5,35
2,65
Kain katun celup/biru ( pengenceran 10 X)
0,434
0,464
0,449
5,40
2,70
37
SURAT PELIMPAHAN HAK CIPTA
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini : Nama : Tatang Wahyudi NIM
: 20504005
Menyatakan bahwa penulis tesis dengan judul :
Prakonsentrasi Krom (VI) dari
matriks tekstil dan penentuannya secara spektrometri serapan atom tungku karbon Dibawah bimbingan : Dr. Muhammad Bachri Amran Adalah
benar-benar
tesis
tersebut
hasil
karya
tulis
berdasarkan
data
hasil
eksperimen/perhitungan/permodelan penulis selama melakukan penelitian Pasca Sarjana di Program Studi Kimia ITB. Dengan ini penulis menyerahkan/melimpahkan Hak Cipta dari karya tulis tesis tersebut kepada Program Studi Kimia ITB.
Bandung,
September 2007
Tatang Wahyudi NIM. 20504005
