ABSTRAK MINYAK BUAH MERAH ( Pandanus conoideus Lam. ) TERHADAP PENURUNAN PANJANG JANIN MENCIT Balb/C
Febriana Kurniasari, 2011. Pembimbing I : Sri Utami Sugeng, Dra., Mkes. Pembimbing II : Sijani Prahastuti, dr., Mkes. Buah merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) dikenal sebagai tumbuhan yang berkhasiat obat, salah satunya sebagai obat antikanker. Buah merah memiliki kandungan karotenoid yang tinggi antara lain β-karoten, yang merupakan prekursor vitamin A. Tetapi vitamin A yang berlebih dapat bersifat teratogenik pada kehamilan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penurunan panjang badan janin mencit Balb/C yang diakibatkan oleh teratogen yang terkandung dalam minyak buah merah. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorium sungguhan, bersifat komparatif dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Penelitian ini menggunakan 28 ekor mencit Balb/C betina dengan berat badan rata-rata 25 gram dan berumur 8 minggu. Mencit dibagi dalam 4 kelompok secara acak yang masing-masing kelompok terdiri atas 7 ekor mencit dan mendapat perlakuan yang berbeda. Setelah hari ke-7 usia kehamilan, tiga kelompok diinduksi minyak buah merah per oral dengan dosis 0,1 mL, 0,2 mL, dan 0,4 mL/mencit/hari hingga melahirkan. Sedangkan kontrol negatif diberi 0,4 mL aquadest per oral/hari. Analisis data panjang janin menggunakkan ANAVA satu arah dan dilanjutkan dengan uji beda rata-rata Tukey HSD, dengan α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa janin yang lahir dari kelompok perlakuan buah merah memiliki rerata panjang badan yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (p=0,000). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa minyak buah merah menurunkan panjang badan janin yang dilahirkan dari induk mencit Balb/C yang diinduksi minyak buah merah.
Kata Kunci
: Minyak Buah Merah, Panjang Badan Janin, Mencit
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ABSTRACT RED FRUIT OIL (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) ON THE Balb/C MICE FETAL LENGTH REDUCTION Febriana Kurniasari, 2011. 1st Tutor : Sri Utami Sugeng, Dra., Mkes. 2nd Tutor : Sijani Prahastuti, dr., Mkes. Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) has been known as a medicinal plant, one of which as anticancer drugs. The fruit has a high contain of carotenoids include β-carotene, which are precursor of vitamin A. However, excess vitamin A can be teratogenic in pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine the reduction in body length of Balb/C mice fetal caused by teratogens contained in red fruit oils. This study used Randomized Complete Design as a real comparative laboratory experimental method. A total of 28 Balb/C female aged of 8 weeks with an average weight of 25 grams were divided into 4 groups randomly and treated differently. Vaginal plug indicates gestation day 0. Three groups treated by red fruit oils orally at a dose of 0,1 mL, 0,2 mL, 0,4 mL/mouse/day from gestation day 7 to delivery. The negative controls were given 0,4 mL aquadest for each day. The data analyzed by one-way ANAVA and Tukey HSD indicated a highly significant differences. The results showed that the fetuses of the treated group had an average body length is lower than the body length of the negative control (p=o,ooo). In conclusion, treatment of red fruit oil decreases body length of Balb/C mice fetal.
Key words : red fruit oils, fetal lenght, mice
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DAFTAR ISI
JUDUL DALAM .....................................................................................................
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LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ................................................................................... ii SURAT PERNYATAAN ........................................................................................ iii ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................. v KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................. vi DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ viii DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................... xi DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................... xii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................... xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ..................................................................................... 2 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian ..................................................................... 2 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ....................................................................................... 2 1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis .............................................................. 3 1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran ............................................................................ 3 1.5.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ............................................................................ 3 1.6 Metodologi Penelitian .................................................................................. 4 1.7 Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian ....................................................................... 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Reproduksi ................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Alat Reproduksi ................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Tahapan Reproduksi ............................................................................ 6 2.1.3 Siklus Reproduksi ............................................................................... 8 2.1.4 Embriogenesis ..................................................................................... 11 2.1.4.1 Implantasi dan Pembentukan Plasenta ..................................... 14 vi
2.1.5 Fase Pasca Embrionik .......................................................................... 16 2.2 Angiogenesis ................................................................................................ 16 2.3 Buah Merah .................................................................................................. 17 2.3.1 Taksonomi ........................................................................................... 17 2.3.2 Jenis-jenis Buah Merah ....................................................................... 19 2.3.3 Deskripsi Tanaman .............................................................................. 21 2.3.4 Kandungan dan Komposisi Buah Merah ............................................ 23 2.3.4.1 β-Karoten ................................................................................. 23 2.3.4.2 α-Tokoferol .............................................................................. 24 2.3.5 Manfaat Buah Merah ........................................................................... 25 2.4 Teratologi ..................................................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Prinsip-prinsip Teratologi .................................................................... 26 2.4.2 Mekanisme Teratogenik ...................................................................... 27 2.4.3 Zat-zat Teratogenik ............................................................................. 28
BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Subjek/Bahan/Alat Penelitian ...................................................................... 30 3.1.1 Subjek Penelitian ................................................................................ 30 3.1.2 Bahan Penelitian ................................................................................. 30 3.1.3 Alat Penelitian ..................................................................................... 30 3.2 Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................ 31 3.2.1 Desain Penelitian ................................................................................ 31 3.2.2 Besar Sampel Penelitian ...................................................................... 31 3.2.3 Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................... 32 3.2.4 Definisi Operasional ........................................................................... 32 3.2.4.1 Persiapan Bahan Uji ................................................................ 33 3.2.4.2 Persiapan Hewan Coba ........................................................... 33 3.2.4.3 Prosedur Penelitian ................................................................. 34 3.2.5 Metode Analisis Data .......................................................................... 35 3.2.5.1 Hipotesis Statistik ................................................................... 35 3.2.5.2 Kriteria Uji ............................................................................. 35 vii
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil .............................................................................................................. 36 4.1.1 Analisis Statistik .............................................................................. 38 4.2 Pembahasan .................................................................................................. 39 4.3 Pengujian Hipotesis ..................................................................................... 40
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Simpulan ...................................................................................................... 42 5.2 Saran ............................................................................................................ 42
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................................. 43 LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................................. 48 RIWAYAT HIDUP ................................................................................................. 59
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Kandungan Buah Merah ........................................................................... 23 Tabel 4.1 Rerata Panjang Janin Mencit yang Lahir .................................................. 36 Tabel 4.2 Uji ANAVA Satu Arah Panjang Badan Anak Mencit .............................. 38 Tabel 4.3 Rerata Panjang Badan Mencit yang Lahir Berdasarkan Uji Beda Ratarata Metode Tukey HSD
........................................................................ 38
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1
Grafik Siklus Reproduksi Mencit ...................................................... 11
Gambar 2.2
Stadium Morula .................................................................................. 13
Gambar 2.3
Stadium Blastula ................................................................................ 13
Gambar 2.4
Neural crest ………. ........................................................................... 16
Gambar 2.5
Pandanus conoideus Lam. .................................................................. 19
Gambar 2.6
Struktur Kimia Beta-karoten .............................................................. 23
Gambar 2.7
Stuktur Kimia Alfa-tokoferol …….. ................................................. 25
Gambar 2.8
Faktor-faktor Yang Menyebabkan Kecacatan Janin ........................... 29
Gambar 4.1
Grafik Panjang Anak Mencit ………. ............................................... 37
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Surat Keputusan Komisi Etik Penelitian .............................................. 48 Lampiran 2 Dosis Buah Merah ............................................................................... 49 Lampiran 3 Perhitungan Statistik ............................................................................ 50 Lampiran 4 Dokumentasi Penelitian ....................................................................... 53 Lampiran 5 Data Anak Mencit yang Lahir ............................................................. 54
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