Welcome to Prague, AXRO 2016 City of Astronomy and X-ray Astronomy René Hudec
Rene Hudec
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Prague – historical city of astronomy: Tycho de Brahe, Kepler, Einstein, Doppler … and astronomical X ray optics
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History of Grazing Incidence X-Ray Optics in the Czech Republic •
1st X-ray mirror in 1969/1970, for solar telescope in INTERKOSMOS program
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The early stages of the X-ray optics developments in the Czech Republic are closely related to the INTERKOSMOS Space Program (Soviet and East European
equivalent of ESA operated until 1989). All of the X-ray imaging telescopes onboard Soviet spacecrafts were equipped with the Czech X-ray optics (exception: X-ray normal incidence mirrors in the special channel of the TEREK
telescope). Later on, laboratory applications have started. •
Total number of X-ray mirrors produced: more than 50
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Total number of mirrors flown in space: 8
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Total spacecrafts with Czech X-ray optics: 4
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Total number of space experiments with Czech X-ray optics onboard: 8
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Various replicated X-ray optics Thin CF mirror
Thin Ni Wolter shell
Double sided sandwich flats
CF mirror
CF+epoxy X-ray micromirror The Grazing Incidence Astronomical X-Ray Optics in the Czech Republic: more than 40 years of development AXRO2016
1969 first considerations started 1970 first X-ray mirror produced (Wolter 1, 50 mm) 1971 Wolter 1, 80 mm 1976 Wolter 1, 115 mm 1979 first mirrors flown in space (two Wolter 50 mm, Vertikal 9 rocket) 1980 Vertikal 11 rocket (two Wolter 50 mm) 1981 first large Wolter mirror (240 mm) 1981 Salyut 7 orbital station (Wolter 240 mm nested) 1985 applications for plasma physics, EH 17 mm, PP 20 mm 1987 first high quality X-ray foils for foil mirror X-ray telescope (SODART) 1988 Fobos 1 Mars probe, TEREK X-Ray Telescope 1989 KORONAS I X-ray mirror, Wolter 80 mm 1990 first micromirror (aperture less than 1 mm) 1993 collaboration with SAO, USA, WF X-ray optics started 1996 first Lobster Eye test module produced, Schmidt geometry 1997 double-sided X-ray reflecting flats 1997 Lobster Eye Angel geometry project started 1999 first Lobster Eye test module produced, Angel geometry 2001 thin segmented X-ray mirrors AXRO2016
•1999 first Lobster Eye test module produced, Angel geometry •2001 thin segmented X-ray mirrors •2004 thermal glass forming of samples of laboratory X-ray optics started •2005 replication of multilayers for X-ray optics •2006 X-ray optics based on Si wafers, Si wafers shaping started •2009 K-B Optics started •2014 1D LE optics
Development before 1987 completely independent without any contact to other groups and without access to relevant literature and/or meetings and workshops The development of galvanoplastic replication completely independent on Italian Brera efforts
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X - ray mirrors produced by replication in the Czech Republic
EH and PP microscopes
One of the first Czech X-ray Wolter mirrors, 1970, aperture 50 mm
Wollter mirror for Phobos 1 space probe
X - ray images of the laser plasma by the 17 mm EH microscope AXRO2016 (IPPLM Warsaw)
TEREK
Phobos 1 1988
The four mandrel used for the manufacture of X-ray mirror nested array for the RT-4M soft X-ray telescope (Glass ceramics Sital). Flown onboard the space station Salyut 7 in 1981.
Replicated Wolter - 1 X-ray mirrors of the KORONAS satellite (aperture 80 mm), 1989 AXRO2016
Two identical mirrors (large hyperbolas) of the RT-4M mirror array (Ni surfaces), 1981.
RT-4M on Salyut 7, 1981 The soft X-ray telescope RT-4M with the Czech nested X-ray mirror array (top right) with the largest diameter 240 mm was flown onboard the space station Salyut 7. Result of a collaboration of Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow with the Astronomical Institute in Ondrejov within the INTERCOSMOS program
Inner shell electroformed gold! Unique technology!
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X-ray reflecting Ni foils for SODART 2 years of development of technology for high quality Ni foils for the SODART telescope, 1986-1988 Galvanoplastic replication of glass flat mandrels, sizes up to 300 x 400 mm Thickness homogeneity improved from 8 to 2 %
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The galvanoplastic (electroforming) replication adopted from gramophone industry
Solar X-ray Wolter mirror 8´0 mm thick Ni AXRO2016
115 mm aperture X-ray mirror for AUOS-S-IK, solar, FWHM < 10 arcsec, thick Ni
50 mm Wolter, 1974, thick Ni
80 mm Wolter, 1970, thick NI Thin Ni mirror for DSRI, 1986, thin Ni, 150 mm AXRO2016
Microscopic Xray mirrors, 1985 Thick Ni left, Ni/epoxy right
Ceramic mandrel 1977 First Czech X-ray mirror, Wolter 50 AXRO2016 mm,1970
115 mm Wolter, Ni/epoxy, 1979
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X-ray Optics laboratory at Astronomical Institute Ondřejov
Last years 2015-2015 Various modules of MFO Multi Foil Optics Novel substrates bent thin glass foils and Si wafers Lobster Eye Optics K-B Optics
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Czech-US Seminar on Astronomical XRay Optics May 2007
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Train ride to ON Semiconductor
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International Workshop on Astronomical X-ray Optics AXRO2008 Prague Dec 2008
A new tradition is born …… AXRO2016
AXRO2009
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AXRO2009 at the Komorní Hrádek Castle
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AXRO2010 at Liblice Chateau
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AXRO2011:with Prince Lobkowicz at Melnik Castle
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AXRO 2012
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AXRO2013
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AXRO 2014
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AXRO2015
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AXRO 2016 Conference Trip and Dinner on Dec 7th • Visit to Veltrusy Castle (after partly renovation after flood damage) • Visit to exhibition of old measuring units • Dinner in the Veltrusy castle Rudolf room • Bus will leave at 3,40 (TBC) p.m. sharp from Villa Lanna, meeting at 3,30 (TBC) p.m. in Lanna lobby • We will return to Villa Lanna before midnight, departure from castle 10.30 p.m. AXRO2016
Veltrusy Castle
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This time social dinner every evening • Today Tuesday at Restaurant U Spirku, in old town, 19-22 h • Tomorrow Wednesday Veltrusy castle • Thursday (for those staying overnight to Friday) at Restaurant U Benedikta, old town 19-22h • These dinners are donated by workshop LOC including table wine, beer and soft drinks • But hard alkohol is not covered AXRO2016
Some logistics • Breakfast included in accommodation price • All lunches included in the fee • Conference trip and dinner included in the fee • Guest tickets 35 Euro • Conference photo today before lunch
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Places to see in Prague • Kepler house and Kepler Museum inside • Thumb of Tycho Brahe in Tyn church, Staromestske namesti • Astronomical clock, old city hall Staromestske namesti = place of Christmass market • Monument of Kepler and Brahe at Pohorelec, Tram station 22 near Prague castle
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Visit to Astronomical Prague
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Belveder: Former Observing Place of Tycho de Brahe
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Kepler House in Prague (and Kepler museum inside)
http://www.keplerovomuzeum.cz/en/ AXRO2016
How Did Kepler discover his 1st and 2nd law?
Vlašská kaple Nanebevzetí Panny Marie
Křižovnické nám. 2, 110 00 Praha Spekuluje se, že eliptický tvar Vlašské kaple kostela Nanebevstoupení panny Marie (15901597) v Karlově ulici na Starém městě inspiroval Johannesa Keplera k myšlence o pohybu Marsu po eliptické dráze (s ohniskem ve Slunci). Ve své době to totiž byla jediná eliptická stavba na sever od Alp. I v Itálii jich bylo sotva deset. Vlašská kaple byla postavena v roce 1590 (vysvěcena 1600) italskými řemeslníky z kolonie Italů-Vlachů žijících v Praze, ostatně dodnes je spravována italským státem. AXRO2016
Doppler a Praha Profesor v Praze 1835-1847
Tento jednoduchý jev znamenal obrovský pokrok v poznávání vesmíru, neboť dovoloval určovat radiální rychlosti kosmických těles, rychlost konvekce ve sluneční fotosféře, oběžné rychlosti a hmotnosti dvojhvězd, měření hmotnosti černých děr, hledání mimoslunečních planet, zjišťování nezářivé hmoty v galaxiích i v kupách galaxií atd. Na něm je založena helioseizmologie a přímé studium neviditelného slunečního
Roku 1843 se na návrh Dopplerova předpověď rozdílu mezi vlnovou Františka Palackého stal délkou vysílaného a řádným členem Královské přijímaného záření byla ověřena v české společnosti nauk. Na Holandsku v r. 1845 na schůzi přírodovědné části zvukových vlnách, a to tak, že lokomotiva Společnosti přednesl 25. táhla otevřený vagon, května 1842 přednášku "O na němž troubilo několik trubačů. Při barevném světle dvojhvězd", průjezdu nádražím tón kde popsal tzv. Dopplerův jev. trubek poklesl. Protože ale neměl žádný experimentální důkaz, práci se nedostalo příliš velké • pozornosti Dopplerův posuv se projevuje ve všech spektrálních oborech a dochází k němu i v případě jiných vlnění, než je elektromagnetické vlnění (např. u zvuku). Byl předpověděn v r. 1842 rakouským fyzikem a matematikem Christianem Johannem Dopplerem (1803–1853), který v letech 1835 1847 vyučoval na pražské polytechnice geometrii
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Tycho de Brahe Thumb
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Astronomical Clock
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Klementinum Old Prague Observatory
Jesuit College 1st Prague Observatory Observatory tower from 1722 Today National Library AXRO2016
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Enjoy the meeting …. and Prague
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