VCE INDONESIAN Tata Bahasa

Victorian School of Languages Distance Education Department of Education, Victoria

VCE INDONESIAN Tata Bahasa (Grammar Supplement)

This grammar reference was written by members of the Indonesian faculty, Victorian School of Languages Distance Education Section. Edited by Tess Lee Ack. © VICTORIAN SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES Department of Education, Victoria, 2007 Produced by the Victorian School of Languages Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act, reproduction by whatever means is prohibited. However, limited photocopying for classroom use is permitted by educational institutions that have a licence with the Copyright Agency Limited (CAL). Any enquiries should be addressed to the Copyright Officer, Legislative Services, Department of Education and Training, GPO Box 4367, Melbourne 3001.

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Contents List of grammatical terms Word order ada and adalah Negation: tidak and bukan Classifiers Affixation ber- and me- prefixes Summary of me- forms Object Construction (Passive Voice) yang pe-; permemper-an pe-an; per-an ke-an terme-kan; me-kan meaning untuk -kan and kepada me-i sepun and -lah -nya Interrogatives Imperatives Duplication Prepositions bahwa and yang seperti and sebagai supaya and sehingga sambil and sedangkan baik…maupun kecuali and di samping (…juga) atau…atau bukan/tidak…melainkan makin lama makin… makin…makin… demikian/begitu/demikian…sampai/sehingga mentang-mentang Expressing if and when in Indonesian Commonly used phrases Some common mistakes Writing skills Complex sentences: conjunctions clauses with yang karena, sehingga, sampai juga pun, meskipun, untuk, dengan seperti, sebagai, seakan-akan, makin…makin Temporal and conditional relationships Types of sentences

1 3 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 17 19 21 22 23 25 26 27 30 31 33 34 36 39 40 42 45 47 47 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 58 59 60

1

List of Grammatical Definitions This is a very basic but particularly important part of any study of Indonesian, as any grammatical explanation will contain terms such as those below, and unless you appreciate their meanings, confusion may set in. The first essential question to ask yourself is: “What kind of work does this word do in the sentence?” The answer should tell you what category the word belongs to.

Nouns If a word gives a name to a person, place, object or idea it is called a noun. A simple test of whether a word is a noun is to see if you can say the or a before it – for example: the teacher, the city, the book. (The exception to this is so-called proper nouns, i.e. the names of people and places, such as Jane or Indonesia.) There are various groupings of nouns, but the only one you need be aware of as a separate entity is what we call abstract nouns.

Abstract nouns Rather than a person or thing, these nouns denote quality, state or action, for example cleverness, poverty, laughter, independence etc. These words are still nouns because you will notice they can all have either the or a in front of them. It is important to recognise these words as nouns especially when it comes to studying the ke-an forms, as some ke-an forms are nouns and others are verbs.

Pronouns If a word refers to a person or thing without naming that person or thing the word is called a pronoun. For example: he, she, it, them, etc. There are five basic types of pronouns 1 Personal pronouns

–

I, you, he, she, etc.

2 Possessive pronouns

–

his, hers, theirs, mine, yours, etc.

3 Demonstrative pronouns

–

this, that, etc.

4 Relative pronouns

–

who, which, that, etc.

5 Interrogative pronouns

–

who? which? what? etc.

Adjectives If a word describes or adds meaning to a noun it is called an adjective, for example: white horse, old house. There is an important distinction to be made between this as an adjective and “this” as a pronoun. In “this book”, this is being used as an adjective, so in Indonesian it would go after the noun, i.e., buku ini. In “this is a book”, this is being used as a substitute for a noun, i.e. as a pronoun, so in Indonesian it will go in front of the noun, i.e. ini buku.

VCE Indonesian Grammar Supplement

2

Verbs If a word is referring to an action – a doing word – it is called a verb. For example, in the sentence “John hit the ball”, John and the ball are nouns here whereas hit is a verb. There are three basic types of verbs you must know. 1

Transitive verbs A transitive verb is one where the action is being done to some person or thing. For example, in the sentence “John hit the ball”, the ball is the object of the action – it gets hit. At this stage it is worth pointing out that transitive verbs (those that take an object) can have two sentence constructions – one where the subject (doer of the action) comes first (active voice) e.g, “John hit the ball” or one where the object comes first (passive voice or object construction) e.g. “The ball was hit by John”. Note that it is this latter construction that corresponds to the Indonesian Object Construction.

2

Intransitive verbs An intransitive verb is one that takes no object, i.e. the action stops with the doer For example: John sleeps. The volcano erupted. The sun is shining.

3

Auxiliary verbs These are verbs that help other verbs to indicate tense (time) or to create a mood or indicate an intention. For example: John will hit the ball. She is reading. They were running quickly. We must help them. They can come. etc.

Prepositions If a word expresses some relationship between two persons or things (i.e., shows what the one has to do with the other) the word is a preposition. For example: I live in this house. There are many common words in this group: in, at, on, about, from, with, for etc.

Conjunctions If a word joins one sentence to another so as to make a longer sentence, or if it joins one part of speech to another, it is called a conjunction. For example: They were happy because they had passed the exam. John fed the dog and the cat. Other examples of conjunctions are: although, while, when, whereas, but etc.


3

Adverbs If a word adds meaning to or qualifies a verb or an adjective, it is an adverb. For example: Budi patted the cat gently. These are the main categories of adverbs. 1

Quality or Manner

–

She acted stupidly.

2

Quantity or Degree

–

She is very clever.

3

Number

–

He often laughed.

4

Time

–

He has already left.

5

Place

–

She must sleep here.

Perhatian! This is a very simple and brief survey of grammatical terms, but hopefully it will aid you in understanding the following summary of the major grammatical points covered in VCE Indonesian. During the course, we will go over these concepts in more detail.

Word order The first cardinal rule in Indonesian is that describing words go after the words described. There are three possible types of describing words:

1 Demonstratives – ini and itu (this and that) Examples:

rumah ini – this house rumah itu – that house

Note the difference between rumah ini – this house and ini rumah – this is a house.

2 Adjectives Examples:

rumah besar – big house rumah mahal – expensive house

You can combine an adjective and a demonstrative. Example:

rumah besar ini – this big house

But you cannot have two adjectives together – they must be separated by dan or yang. Examples:

rumah ini besar dan gelap – this house is big and dark rumah yang besar ini gelap – this big house is dark


4 3 Possessives Possessive pronouns include saya, (my), saudara, kamu, engkau, Anda (your), -nya (his, her, their, its) etc. You can combine a possessive and an adjective… Examples:

rumah saya – my house rumah besar saya – my big house

…or proper names (John, Bendigo, etc) Example:

rumah Jane – Janes’s house

…or more extensive constructions like: rumah adik saya – my younger brother’s house Where the phrase is a complex one and the noun has many words describing it, it is necessary to place itu/ini at the end of the phrase to round it off. Examples:

rumah kecil orang itu – that person’s small house rumah yang berwarna kuning ini – this yellow coloured house.

Note how complex these constructions can become. rumah hijau adik perempuan saya – my younger sister’s green house Certain words such as banyak, kurang, sedikit and numbers do not follow this pattern but rather precede the words they qualify. Example:

dua orang menempati rumah ini – two people live in this house

Note the following examples: ini buku – this is a book buku ini – this book buku besar ini – this big book buku besar saya – my big book ini buku besar saya – this is my big book


5

Ada and Adalah Most Indonesian sentences do not require the verb to be. Example:

Rumah ini besar. – This house is big.

The only exception is in the case of equational sentences (A = B), i.e. between two nouns. Example:

Ayah saya petani. – My father is a farmer.

In this case the word adalah is not really necessary and its use should be avoided. However, once the subject (that part of the sentence coming before the verb) or the predicate (that part of the sentence coming after the verb) exceeds three words you should incorporate the use of adalah/ialah. Note that ialah should only be used with the third person (he, she, it, they or names). Examples:

Sumpah pemuda adalah ungkapan cita-cita bangsa Indonesia. The youth oath was an expression of the ideals of the Indonesian nation. Orang yang berdiri dekat pintu belakang itu ialah ibunya. The woman standing near the rear door is their mother.

Adalah/ialah cannot however be used after yang. In those cases where yang is used with an abstract noun, merupakan may be used. Example:

Bermain tennis yang merupakan kebiasaan seharihari baginya harus diadakan selema musin panas saja. Playing tennis, which is a daily habit for him/her, must only be done during summer.

Do not confuse adalah and ada. Ada implies exists or is present. It does not mean just is, so it cannot be used in place of adalah.


6 There are four basic uses of ada, the first three of which should be familiar to you.

1

ada meaning there is or there are. Examples:

Ada tamu di rumah saya. There is a guest in my house. Di kota Oodnadatta ada rumah sakit. In Oodnadatta there is a hospital.

2

ada meaning to be present. Examples:

Ayah saya ada di kantor. My father is in the office. Ibu saya ada di Sydney. My mother is in Sydney.

3

ada meaning to exist. Examples:

Tuhan itu ada. God exists. Sebelum rumah itu dibangun pohon itu sudah ada. Before the house was built the tree was already there.

4

ada (colloquially) meaning to have. (The word commonly used for this is mempunyai.) Examples:

Kami ada sedikit urang. We have a little money. Mereka tidak ada waktu. They have no time.


7

Tidak and Bukan Tidak is used to negate adjectives (describing words) and verbs (doing words). It cannot be used in equational sentences, i.e. between two nouns. Examples:

Tempat kerja ayah saya tidak jauh dari sini. Where my father works is not far from here. Orang yang adiknya masuk universitas tidak kaya. The person whose younger sister got into university is not wealthy.

Tidak is also used as a denial of a preceding statement as long as it is referring to a verb or an adjective. Examples:

Rupanya murid itu pandai sekali. Tidak, dia gagal ujiannya. It seems that pupil is very smart. No, he failed his exam. Apakah rumahnya kecil? Tidak, rumahnya besar sekali. Is his house small? No, his house is very big.

Bukan is used as a negative in equational sentences, i.e. between two nouns. Note that bukan is the negative equivalent to adalah and ialah but these latter words are omitted when bukan is used. Examples:

Yang mencuci pakaian di sungai itu ialah ibu saya. The one washing the clothes in the river is my mother. Yang mencuci pakaian di sungai itu bukan ibu saya. The one washing the clothes in the river is not my mother.

Bukan can also be used to contradict for a previous statement, when a correction of that statement either mentioned or implied. Examples:

Ia bukan belajar tetapi membaca buku saja. He is not studying, just reading a book. Yang berdiri di sana bukanlah ayah saya melainkan kakak saya . The one standing over there is not my father but my older brother.


8 Note the following phrases using tidak: setidak-tidaknya

=

at least

tidak boleh tidak

=

inevitably

tidak lagi

=

no longer

Also note the long list of ketida…an words in the dictionary which are equivalent to the English un…/in… prefixes (usually indicating the opposite of the un-prefixed word). Examples:

ketidakpastian

= indefiniteness,

ketidakadilan

= injustice,

ketidaksamaan

= inequality.

Classifiers You have no doubt noticed that the distinction between the definite article (the) and the indefinite article (a, an) is a little vague in Indonesian. Ini, itu, and –nya can all be used to mean the, and a is created by se– and a word called classifier. These classifiers can also be used with numbers. The list of classifiers is very long, with different classifiers for all sorts of different shapes and objects. There are however four main ones you should be aware of. orang for people

seorang petani dua orang dokter

= =

a farmer two doctors

ekor for animals

seekor anjing tiga ekor babi

= =

a dog three pigs

buah for most things

sebuah rumah

=

a house

helai for flat things

sehelai kertas

=

a piece of paper

The classifier is by no means compulsory unless you specifically want to say a/an but you should be able to recognise it in your reading. It would be just as correct to say dua dokter or tiga babi.

Here is a short list of some of the other classifiers you may come across. batang – used for cylindrical objects

e.g. sebatang rokok = a cigarette

keping – used for thin things

e.g. sekeping mata uang = a coin

potong – used for slices of things

e.g. dua potong roti = two slices of bread


9

Affixation This is one of the most important aspects of Indonesian and should be studied with care. Just as in English the meaning of a base word can be altered by the addition of a prefix or suffix, so too with Indonesian. Have a look at this English word and words which can be formed from it by adding prefixes and/or suffixes. respect

respectable

– adjective

respectability

– noun

respectably

– adverb

disrespect

– noun

disrespectful

– adjective

Now see how similarly an Indonesian word can change. jalan – base word berjalan – to walk

– instransitive verb (i.e. no object)

menjalankan – to drive

– transitive verb (i.e. takes an object)

pejalan kaki – pedestrian

– noun

perjalanan – trip

– noun

jalanan – road

– noun

Perhatian! We are about to look at the various prefixes and suffixes are and how they change the meaning and function of the base word. But always remember what the base word is because it is this word that you will have to look up in the dictionary.


10

Ber-/MeThe majority of verbs in Indonesian take a ber– or me– prefix, and many can take either depending upon whether they are to be used transitively or intransitively. There are however 70 or so verbs that take neither prefix and most of these are intransitive (i.e. take no object). Here is a list of the most common ones.

bangun – to wake up

mau – to want

bisa –to be able

masuk – to enter

boleh – to be allowed

menang – to win

dapat – to be able

minta – to ask for

datang – to come

minum – to drink

jatuh – to fall

naik – to ascend, go by

duduk – to sit

patah – to be broken

harus – must

pergi – to go

hendak – to want, wish

pindah – to move

hidup – to live

pulang – go home

hilang – to lose

punya – to have

hinggap – to alight

sampai – to reach

ingat – to remember

sembahyang – to pray

ingin – to want

tahu – to know

ikut – to join in

suka – to like

kawin – to be married

terbit – to arise

kembali – to return

terbang – to fly

lupa – to forget

tiba – to arrive

maju – to advance

timbul – to rise up

makan – to eat

tidur – to sleep

mandi – to wash

tinggal – to stay or remain

masak – to cook

tumbuh – to grow

mati – to die

turun – to descend

Note that some of these verbs can and do take a me-prefix, depending on the context. Examples:

memasak, meminum, meminta, mengingat, meninggal.


11

Ber- prefix 1 Ber- attached to verbs. Verbs with ber– are almost always intransitive (i.e. take no object). The exceptions to this are belajar, berbicara and bermain. Examples:

Dia berjalan ke sekolah. S/he walks to school. Yang berdiri dekat pintu itu ialah Anwar. The one standing near the door is Anwar. BUT Dia belajar bahasa Indonesia. S/he studies Indonesian.

2 Ber- attached to nouns. The ber– prefix attached to nouns has a variety of effects. a)

meaning to have or to possess (similar to mempunyai or dengan): Examples:

Mobil saya beroda empat. My car has four wheels. Ibu saya beranak dua. My mother has two children.

Take note of these three ways of writing the sentence: “The bag containing important letters has been lost.” Tas yang berisi surat-surat penting hilang. Tas dengan isi surat–surat penting hilang. Tas yang isinya surat-surat penting hilang. b)

meaning to wear (similar to memakai). Examples:

c)

meaning to ride something (similar to naik). Examples:

d)

berpakaian = to wear clothes bersepatu = to wear shoes bertopi = to wear a hat

Ia bersepeda ke sekolah = He rides a bike to school. Ia berkuda ke gereja = He rides a horse to church.

meaning to emit or produce something (similar to menghasilkan or mengeluarkan). Examples:

bertelur = to lay an egg berpidato = to give a speech


12 e)

meaning to carry out (similar to mengadakan). Examples:

f)

berperang = to carry out a war bertransmigrasi = to conduct a transmigration programme

bersekolah – to attend school. N.B. pergi ke sekolah means to go to school, but in the sense of the physical act of travelling. Example:

Dia pergi ke sekolah naik bis.

3 Ber-attached to numerals. Examples:

kita berdua = the two of us mereka bertiga = the three of them

Note that many of these ber – intransitive verbs can be turned into transitive verbs by the addition of me–kan or me–i to the base word. Examples: berpikir = to think, berhenti = to stop,

memikirkan = to think about menghentikan = to stop something

Me- prefix Nearly all transitive verbs (i.e verbs which take an object) have a me– prefix. This prefix may take the form of me-, meng-, men-, or meny– depending upon the first letter of the base word to which it is attached. On the next page is a list of these changes that occur.

Perhatian! It is important to remember these and in particular which letters are dropped with the addition of the me– prefix, as it is the base word without its prefixes that you will have to look up in the dictionary. For example, menulis would be listed under tulis and mengirim would be listed under kirim.


13

Summary of me- and pe- forms Base words beginning with l, m, or r: l (lukis) melukis = to paint; m (masak) memasak = to cook; r (rampok) merampok = to rob;

pelukis = a painter pemasak = a cook perampok = a robber

Base words beginning with a vowel, h, or g: a (anter) mengantar = to deliver; e (eja) mengeja = to spell; i (impor) mengimpor = to import; o (olah) mengolah = to cultivate; u (ukur) mengukur = to measure; h (hibur) menghibur = to entertain; g (gosok) menggosok = to rub, polish;

pengantar = a courier pengeja = a speller pengimpor = an importer pengolah = a cultivator pengukur = a surveyor penghibur = an entertainer penggosok sepatu = a shoeshine boy

Base words beginning with b: b (beli) membeli = to buy;

pembeli = a buyer

Base words beginning with p: p (pinjam) meminjam = to borrow;

peminjam = a borrower

Base words beginning with d, j, or c: d (duduk) menduduki = to occupy; j (jaga) menjaga = to guard; c (cari) mencari = to look for, to search;

penduduk = an inhabitant, population penjaga = a guard pencari = a searcher

Base words beginning with t and s: t (tulis) menulis = to write; s (simpan) menyimpan = to store, keep, save; Base words beginning with k: k (kirim) mengirim = to send

penulis = a writer penyimpan = a person who saves his money

pengirim = sender

Refer to this summary whenever you are in doubt about the changes in pe– and me-. Note that some transitive verbs can be used intransitively. Examples:

Saya melihat dua orang. Saya dapat melihat.

I see two people. I can see.

But intransitive verbs – with the exceptions of belajar, bermain and berbicara – cannot be used transitively.


14

Object Construction Most of you are aware of the common pattern of a transitive clause: SUBJECT (doer) – VERB – OBJECT. This is what we call active voice. But there is another way of putting the sentence – what we call passive voice or object construction where the pattern is: OBJECT – VERB – SUBJECT (doer). (It is important to remember that because we are dealing with verbs that take objects, intransitive verbs cannot be used in object construction.) Examples:

I hit the ball.

Active Voice (or Subject Construction)

The ball was hit by me.

Passive Voice (or Object Construction)

He wrote that book.

Subject Construction

That book was written by him.

Object Construction

Indonesians tend to use the object construction form far more than English speakers do, so it is an essential part of the grammar you need to learn. It is particularly used when you want to stress the action itself or the object of the action rather than the doer. Just as the structure of the English sentences above alters when they are put into the passive voice or object construction, so too with Indonesian. In Indonesian however there are two possible patterns depending upon whether the doer of the action is first, second, or third person. Singular (I)

Plural

First person

saya, aku

Second person

kamu, engkau, Anda, saudara (you)

kalian (kamu sekalian), saudara-saudara (you)

Third person*

dia, beliau

mereka, -nya

(he, she)

kami, kita

(we)

* Third person can also be a name or names, for example: Pak Sutanto, Budi dan Sri.

The pattern to follow if the subject is third person is: OBJECT – di-verb – SUBJECT Examples:

Mary menangkap bola. Mary caught the ball.

Active Voice (Subject Construction)

Bola ditangkap Mary. The ball was caught by Mary.

Passive Voice (Object Construction)

Mereka harus mempelajari tatabahasanya. They have to study the grammar.

Active Voice (Subject Construction)

Tatabahasanya harus dipelajarinya. The grammar has to be studied by them.

Passive Voice (Object Construction)


15 Oleh, meaning by, is optional: Example:

Tababahasanya harus dipelajari [oleh] mereka.

Note that if no doer of the action is mentioned, it is assumed to be third person, so the di– construction must be used. Examples: Rice is imported from Australia. The company was moved to Sumatra.

Beras didatangkan dari Australia. Perusahaan itu dipindahkan ke Sumatera.

If the doer of the action is first or second person, the di– construction cannot be used. Instead the pattern for first or second person is: OBJECT – DOER – VERB without the me– prefix Examples:

Saya mengejar anjing. Anjing saya kejar. I chased the dog.

Active Voice (Subject Construction) Passive Voice (Object Construction)

Kita menduduki kursi besar itu. Kursi besar itu kita duduki. We sat on the large chair.

Active Voice (Subject Construction) Passive Voice (Object Construction)

Note that you only remove the me-prefix. Any suffixes are retained. Note also that in this construction no word can be placed between the doer and the verb, so any auxiliary verbs such as ingin, mau, akan etc. must be placed in front of the doer. Examples:

Saya harus meletakkan pakaian saya di lemari. Pakaian saya harus saya letakkan di lemari. I have to put my clothes in the wardrobe. Saudara sudah menulis surat itu. Surat itu sudah saudara tulis. You have written the letter.

Here are a few more examples to help you identify the patterns. Examples: Surat ini harus dikirim selekas mungkin, tidak perlu diperiksa dahulu. This letter must be sent as quickly as possible, it doesn’t need to be checked first. Sekalian pencopet yang ada di Pasar Baru telah ditangkap polisi dan dibawa ke kantor polisi. All the pickpockets at Pasar Baru have been rounded up by the police and taken to the police station. Gambar ini saya terima dari seorang kenalan yang belajar de Australia. I received this picture from an acquaintance who is studing in Australia. Obat ini harus saudara minum tiga kali sehari sehabis makan. You have to take this medicine three times a day after meals.


16

Yang Yang has three basic purposes in Indonesian, as outlined below, but you will find its use very widespread throughout the language, and you should pay careful attention to the circumstances in which it is applied.

1

yang added before an adjective emphasises that adjective or distinguishes a particular quality. It is particularly used if two adjectives are applied to the one noun, or if you are trying to compare two objects. Examples:

Ini rumah yang besar. This is a house which is big. (Better translation: This is a big house.) Ada lima rumah di desa ini. Rumah yang kuning rumah saya. There are fives houses in this village. The house which is yellow is my house.

2

yang also has the function of the one or ones Examples:

Yang mana rumahmu? Yang putih. Which one is your house? The white one. Yang besar anjing saya, tetapi yang kecil anjing Anwar. The big one is my dog, but the small one is Anwar’s dog. Mereka membantu yang lapar. They help the hungry ones.

3

yang also has the function of a relative pronoun, i.e. who, that, which. Examples: Pemuda yang baru kembali dari Australia itu pandai bercakap bahasa Inggeris. The youth who has just returned from Australia speaks English well. Orang yang sakit itu ibu saya. The person who is sick is my mother.

Perhatian! Note that if yang is the object of the verb in its own clause you must use object construction. For example: The man whom I help… would require object construction as the object of the action (the man) precedes the verb.

Examples: Buku puisi yang ditulis oleh Chairil Anwar sudah terkenal di seluruh Indonesia. The book of poems written by Chairil Anwar is famous throughout Indonesia. Pidato yang diucapkan mahasiswa itu mengenai uang masuk universitas. The speech made by the university student concerned university entrance fees. Makanan yang kita sediakan adalah sate dan gado-gado. The food we prepared was sate and gado-gado.


17 Where the subject consists of a noun in apposition to a noun (i.e. you are defining one noun with another noun) try to avoid using yang. You may use yang merupakan (never yang adalah!), but if you are dealing with an abstract noun it is best to avoid the use of yang altogether and put in a comma. Examples:

Ayah saya, petani, makan nasi. My father, a farmer, eats rice. Ilmu kedokteran yang merupakan suatu pekerjaan mulia, juga menguntungkan. Medical science, which is an honourable profession, is also profitable.

or:

Ilmu kedokteran, suatu pekerjaan mulia, juga menguntungkan. Medical science, an honourable occupation, is also profitable.

Note that the yang …-nya construction renders the English whose. Examples:

Orang yang ibunya guru saya, mendirikan paberik di Collingwood. The person whose mother is my teacher established a factory in Collingwood. Bibi saya yang mobilnya tujuh akan membeli garasi. My aunt, who has seven cars (literally: whose cars are seven), will buy a garage.

Pe-/Per- prefix Pe– is usually added to me-verbs and takes on the same spelling changes as the me-prefix (see page 13). When pe-is added to a root verb, it creates a noun which refers to the doer of the action or the instrument being used for that action. Examples:

mencuri

= to steal

pencuri

= thief

membeli

= to buy

pembeli

= buyer

belajar

= to study

pelajar

= student

menghapus

= to wipe

penghapus

= duster

membakar

= to burn

alat pembakar

= fuel

Pe– can also be added to nouns although the number of these words is small. It then refers to the person living or working there or using the product. Examples:

laut

= sea:

pelaut

= sailor

rokok = cigarette:

perokok = smoker

tenis

petenis

= tennis

= tennis player


18 Added to adjectives, pe– again creates a person, this time one having the quality of the adjective. Examples:

malas besar muda kecut

= lazy = big = young = cowardly

pemalas pembesar pemuda pengecut

= lazybones = big shot = youth = coward

Common exceptions: pendapat = opinion

penyakit = disease

Per– is usually added to ber– verbs to create nouns referring to the person who does the action, but the number of these words is small. Examples:

berenang bertapa

= to swim = to live like a hermit

perenang pertapa

= swimmer = hermit

Note the suffix wan/wati denoting a person who… wan is used for males and females while wati is only for females. Examples:

negarawan olahragawati wartawan

= statesman = sportswoman = reporter


19

Memper- prefix The memper– prefix can be added to nouns, adjectives, numbers and some verbs, and in each case the effect is different.

1

Memper- plus adjectives

a)

Adding memper– to an adjective causes something to become more of what is described by the adjective. Examples:

Kita harus memperluas sawah. We must extend the rice field. Pemilik paberik akan mempertinggi taraf hidupnya. The factory owner will increase his standard of living.

These adjectives also have a me-kan form (e.g. membesarkan = make bigger, meninggikan = increase). The distinction however is that the me-kan form is used when you are enlarging something which is small and the memper–form is used when you are enlarging something which is already large. For example, you would melebarkan (widen) a narrow street but you would memperlebar a wide street. b)

When the suffix -i is used in addition to the memper-prefix, it has the meaning of to do again. Examples:

Ibu harus memperbaiki pakaiannya. Mother must repair her clothes. Banyak orang di Fitzroy memperbarui rumahnya. Many people in Fitzroy renovate their houses.

2

Memper- plus nouns

a)

When added to a noun, memper– adds the idea of to regard as or to treat as what is named by the noun. Examples:

b)

Murid-murid di sekolah ini memperdewa gurunya. Students in this school treat their teachers as gods.

When the suffix -i is used in conjunction with memper– plus noun, it has the sense of providing someone with the noun. Examples:

mempersenjatai

= to provide someone with arms

memperbekali

= to provide someone with provisions


20 3

Memper- plus numbers

Attached to numbers the memper– means to divide something by the number. Examples:

memperdua = to divide into two mempertiga = to divide into three

Note:

seperempat = ¼, tiga perempat = ¾

4

Memper- plus verbs

These are limited in number and are usually used in conjunction with either a -kan or an –i suffix. It can have two possible meanings. a)

to denote that the action has causative meaning. Examples:

b)

mempersatukan mempersiapkan

= to unite (from bersatu) = to prepare (bersiap)

to stress or add emphasis to the action expressed by the verb. Examples:

mengingati memperingati

= to remember adds extra emphasis i.e. to commemorate.

In some cases there is no distinction between the memperkan/i forms and the me-kan/i forms. The former is merely used because it sounds better. Examples:

mempergunakan or menggunakan mempersatukan or menyatukan

= to use = to unite

At times the memper– form adds a whole new meaning to the word. Examples:

melakukan memperlakukan mendengarkan memperdengarkan

= to do = to treat = to listen to = to let someone hear

Some special meanings of memper – kan verbs memperhatikan memperisterikan mempersembahkan memperlakukan Example:

= to pay attention to = to marry = to offer something, to dedicate = to treat (as something)

Dia memperlakukan isterinya sebagai pembantu. He treated his wife as a servant.

As with so many of these affixations, there are exceptions and you are recommended to note down the words as you come across them in your reading.


21

-an suffix This suffix is used to create nouns from either verbs, adjectives, or other nouns.

1

Verb plus -an

a)

It can create the object or result of the action suggested by the verb.

Examples:

makan = to eat menulis = to write minum = to drink membantu = to help menari = to dance

makanan = food tulisan = writing minuman = a drink bantuan = help, aid tarian = a dance

At times these can be abstract concepts. Examples:

harap = to hope sindir = to allude

harapan = hope sindiran = allusion

It can also create the instrument used to carry out the action. Examples:

2

ayun = to rock, to sway gantung = to hang pikul = to carry on the shoulder

ayunan = swing gantungan = hanger, hook pikulan = carrying pole

Adjective plus -an

This creates a noun that has the quality expressed by the adjective. Examples:

asin = salty manis = sweet selamat = safe bulat = round

asinan = pickle manisan = sweets selamatan = religious feast bulatan = a circle


22 3

Noun plus -an

It is difficult to give a general description here. Generally noun+an creates a “collectivity” (all lumped together) of the original concept. Examples:

darat = land laut = sea

daratan = continent lautan = ocean

It also indicates the rate of publication of a newspaper or magazine. Examples:

hari = day minggu = week bulan = month tahun = year

harian = daily (newspaper) mingguan = a weekly (magazine) bulanan = a monthly (magazine) tahunan = an annual (magazine)

These latter words can also be used as adjectives. Examples:

gaji bulanan = monthly wage cuti tahunan = annual leave

-an added to numbers is equivalent to the duplicated form. Examples:

ratusan = beratus-ratus ribuan = beribu-ribu puluhan = berpuluh-puluh

= hundreds of = thousands of = tens of

Pe-an/Per-an Both these combinations of prefix and suffix create nouns. The pe-an is used to create nouns from meverbs (i.e. transitive verbs). The resulting noun refers to the doing or result of the action. Examples:

pembubaran = act of dissolving, i.e. dissolution penyaliban = act of crucifying, i.e. crucifixion penembakan = act of shooting, i.e. shooting pengajaran = act of teaching, i.e. education penjualan = act of selling, i.e. sale


23 Per-an is used to create nouns from ber-verbs (i.e. intransitive verbs). In this case the word created refers to the result of the action. Examples:

perjalanan = journey pelajaran = lesson perdagangan = trade persatuan = union perbuatan = act, deed

(from berjalan – to walk) (from belajar – to study) (from berdagang – to trade) (from bersatu – to be united) (from berbuat – to do)

Compare the following: penyatuan = unification persatuan = union pembuatan = production perbuatan = act, deed behaviour

(from menyatukan – to unify) (from bersatu – to be united) (from membuat – to make) (from berbuat – to do, to behave)

Ke-an The ke-an construction can be used to create either verbs or nouns.

1

Nouns

The ke-an construction can be added to certain adjectives, nouns and verbs to create abstract nouns (i.e. ideas and concepts). a)

ke-an with adjectives Examples:

b)

kecantikan = beauty kemakmuran = prosperity kebersihan = cleanliness kemerdekaan = independence kesehatan = health

ke-an with nouns Examples:

c)

cantik = beautiful makmur = prosperous bersih = clean merdeka = free sehat = healthy

menteri = (government) minister uang = money pemimpin = leader anggota = member

kementerian = ministry keuangan = finance kepemimpinan = leadership keanggotaan = membership

ke-an with verbs Examples:

hidup = to live maju = to progress ada = to be ingin = to want

kehidupan = life kemajuan = progress keadaan = situation keinginan = desire


24 2

Verbs

You must remember that some ke-an words are nouns and some are verbs. The verbs created by the ke-an construction can be divided into two broad categories.

a)

similar to the di-form and indicating possibility Examples:

kedengaran = can be heard

kelihatan = can be seen

Mukanya kelihatan putih. His face could be seen to be white. Bunyi kereta api kedengaran dari jauh. The sound of the train was audible from afar.

b)

has the sense of to be caught by, struck by or to suffer from Examples:

kemasukan kebanjiran kehujanan kesiangan ketinggalan kepanasan kedinginan kejatuhan

= to be broken into (as by a burglar) = to be struck by a flood = to be caught in the rain = to sleep in (literally: to be caught by the afternoon) = to be left behind = to suffer from the heat = to suffer from the cold = to be struck by a falling object

The best way to cope with these words is to note them down and learn them as you come across them in your reading.


25

ter- prefix There are four main uses of the ter-prefix.

1

Superlative

When attached to an adjective, ter-indicates the superlative (i.e. biggest, smallest etc.) Example:

2

Gedung itu yang terbesar di kota ini. That building is the biggest in this city.

Showing a completed action or the result of an action

Ter– attached to transitive verbs (verbs with an object) is similar to the di-form but there are certain differences. The ter-form refers to the state created by the action (i.e. the door was open) whereas the di-form tends to refer to the doing of the action (i.e. the door was opened). In this ter-form, no doer of the action is mentioned. Compare:

Pintu itu terbuka. That door was open. Pintu itu dibuka. That door had been opened.

Examples:

Rumah saya terletak di Jalan Smith. My house is situated in Smith Street. Siapa nama orang yang tersebut di surat kabar Herald-Sun? What is the name of the person mentioned in the Herald-Sun?

3

Showing ability or inability

The latter is more common, as ter– is generally used in conjunction with tidak in this context. Therefore tidak ter … = cannot … . In these cases, where the doer of the action (subject) is mentioned, oleh must be used, irrespective or whether the subject is first, second or third person. Example:

Makanan itu tidak termakan oleh saya. That food cannot be eaten by me. (Better – I cannot eat that food.)

There are quite a number of established concepts expressed using this technique. Examples:

indescribable unimaginable unavoidable uncontrollable inseparable

tidak terkatakan tidak terbayangkan tidak terhindari tidak terkuasai tidak tersisahkan

Tandatangannya tidak terbaca. His signature is illegible. Pintu itu tidak terbuka oleh ibunya yang kecil. That door cannot be opened by his small mother.


26 4

Showing involuntary or sudden actions

Ter-attached to both transitive or intransitive verbs can show involuntary or sudden actions. In this category we find those everyday actions we automatically perform without really thinking about it. Examples:

tersenyum to smile tertawa to laugh terkejut to be startled

Examples:

Oleh karena kereta api, Anwar terbangun pada pukul enam. Because of the train, Anwar was woken up (involuntarily) at 6 o’clock. Anak teman saya terjatuh. My friend’s child (accidentally) fell over. Waktu menonton film itu saya tertidur. When watching that film I (involuntarily) fell asleep. Jari saya terpotong pisau. I cut my finger accidentally.

Me-kan/Me-i This aspect of Indonesian grammar presents problems for us all, as so many words defy explanation. There are certain categories we can work out, as indicated below. However you should aim for memorisation of vocabulary rather than application of the rules. Every time you come across a me-kan or me-i word, write it down and remember it for you will find this the most effective method.

1

Causative -kan

Attached to certain intransitive verbs, adjectives, and some nouns, the me-kan construction creates transitive verbs (i.e. verbs that can take an object). It has a causative effect – that is, it brings about the state indicated by the root word. For example: besar – big berjalan – to walk, travel hasil – product Examples:

membesarkan – to cause to be big, i.e. to enlarge menjalankan – to cause to travel, i.e. make go, drive (away) menghasilkan – to cause to be a product, i.e. to produce

Sopir saya menjalankan mobil dengan cepat. My chauffeur drives the car fast. Pembantu rumah tangga membersihkan lantai dapur. The servant cleans the kitchen floor. Pada akhir tahun ini kita akan mangadakan pesta besar. At the end of this year we will hold a big party.


27 2

-kan attached to transitive verbs

Here it can have one of three uses: a)

changing the meaning of the verbs.

Examples:

b)

menyewa meminjam membangun

to rent to borrow to build

menyewakan meminjamkan membangunkan

to rent out to lend to wake someone up

meninggal mengenal melihat

to die to know to see

meninggalkan mengenalkan melihatkan

to leave to introduce to show

-kan meaning untuk

With certain words the -kan suffix means doing something for someone else. There are only about 20 verbs that can be used in this manner so knowledge of the list on the next page should be sufficient. The most important aspect to note is the word order. In English we can say: I bought the book for mother. or I bought mother the book. The action bought has two objects – mother and book. Note that in the first sentence, where the preposition for is used, the direct object (the book) has been placed immediately after the verb. But in the second sentence, where for has not been used, the indirect object (mother) has been placed immediately after the verb. Exactly the same pattern is followed in Indonesian, the only difference being that when for (untuk) is omitted, -kan must be attached to the verb as a substitute. Examples:

Saya membeli buku untuk Sunarti. I buy a book for Sunarti. Saya membelikan Sunarti buku. I buy Sumarti a book.

In the second sentence, untuk has been omitted and –kan has been added to the verb in its place. Note that similarly to the English sentence, when untuk is not used, the word order changes and the person benefiting from the action is placed immediately after the verb.


28 Here are examples of the most frequently used verbs which can take -kan in place of untuk. 1 Dia membuat layang-layang untuk adiknya. Dia membuatkan adiknya layang-layang.

He makes a kite for his little brother. He makes his little brother a kite.

2 Dia membeli mobil untuk ibunya. Dia membelikan ibunya mobil.

He buys a car for his mother. He buys his mother.

3 Dia membaca buku untuk ibunya. Dia membacakan ibunya buku.

She reads a book for her mother. She reads her mother a book.

4 Dia membuka pintu untuk ibunya. Dia membukakan ibunya pintu.

He opens the door for his mother. (no English equivalent)

5 Dia membawa tas untuk ibunya. Dia membawakan ibunya tas.

He carries the bag for his mother. He carries his mother’s bag.

6 Dia menulis surat untuk ibunya. Dia menuliskan ibunya surat.

She writes a letter for her mother. (no English equivalent)

Other verbs that can be used this way are: ambil tutup panggil pegang jual masak cari minta

mengambil menutup memanggil memegang menjual memasak mencari meminta

to take to close to call to hold to sell to cook to look for to request

All these forms can be used in object construction. But as there are two objects, students are often uncertain as to which object should be placed at the beginning of the sentence. The simplest method of remembering is to place the object immediately following the verb at the start of your object construction sentence. Examples:

Dia membuat layang-layang untuk adiknya. Layang-layang dibuatnya untuk adiknya. Dia membuatkan adiknya layang-layang. Adiknya dibuatkannya layang-layang.

When untuk is used (as in the first sentence above) the direct object goes to the beginning of your object construction sentence. But when untuk is omitted and -kan added to the verb (as in the second sentence above), it is the indirect object that goes to the beginning of your object construction sentence. Remember of course, that the di– construction can only be used if the doer of the action is third person. Had the doer of the action been first or second person, the pattern for the above sentences would have been as follows: Layang-layang saya buat untuk adiknya. Adiknya saya buatkan layang-layang.


29 The six sentences given below showing the alternative use of untuk and –kan are now shown in their object construction form.

Third person using untuk: Layang-layang dibuatnya untuk adiknya. Mobil dibelinya untuk ibunya. Pintu dibukanya untuk ibunya. Buku dibacanya untuk ibunya. Tas dibawanya untuk ibunya. Surat ditulisnya untuk ibunya. First/second person using untuk: Layang-layang saya buat untuk adiknya. Mobil saya beli untuk ibunya. Pintu saya buka untuk ibunya. Buku saya baca untuk ibunya. Tas saya bawa untuk ibunya. Surat saya tulis untuk ibunya.

Third person using –kan: Adiknya dibuatkannya layang-layang. Ibunya dibelikannya mobil. Ibunya dibukakannya pintu. Ibunya dibacakannya buku. Ibunya dibawakannya tas. Ibunya dituliskannya surat. First/second person using –kan: Ibunya saya buatkan layang-layang. Ibunya saya belikan mobil. Ibunya saya bukakan pintu. Ibunya saya bacakan buku. Ibunya saya bawakan tas. Ibunya saya tuliskan surat.

If you get confused, simply refer back to these lists and apply the same pattern to the sentence you are dealing with.


30 c)

-kan with kepada

There is a very small group of words, all meaning giving or handing something to someone, which take the suffix –kan when used with kepada (to) and the suffix –I when kepada is omitted. As the group is small, a knowledge of the following words is sufficient. Dia mengirimi Hasan pena. Dia mengirimkan pena kepada Hasan.

She sent Hasan a pen. She sent a pen to Hasan.

Dia memberi Hasan pena. Dia memberikan pena kepada Hasan.

She gave Hasan a pen. She gave a pen to Hasan.

Dia menghadiahi Hasan pena. Dia menghadiahkan pena kepada Hasan.

She presented Hasan with a pen. She presented a pen to Hasan.

Dia mengantari Hasan pena. Dia mengantarkan pena kepada Hasan.

She sent Hasan a pen. She sent a pen to Hasan.

Dia menyerahi Hasan pena. Dia menyerahkan pena kepada Hasan.

She handed Hasan a pen. She handed over/delivered a pen to Hasan.

Dia meminjami Hasan pena. Dia meminjamkan pena kepada Hasan.

She lent Hasan a pen. She lent a pen to Hasan.

Dia menawari Hasan pena. Dia menawarkan pena kepada Hasan.

She offered Hasan a pen. She offered a pen to Hasan.

Other verbs used in similar fashion are: menyodori/menyodorkan melimpahi/melimpahkan membebani/membebankan menyuguhi/menyuguhkan mencurahi/mencurahkan

= to press on someone = to give in abundance = to burden someone with = to offer a visitor something = to give in abundance

The main thing to remember with these verbs is that when you use kepada, -kan must be attached to the verb and the direct object must come immediately after the verb. When kepada is omitted, -I must be attached to the verb, and the indirect object (i.e. the person on the receiving end) must follow immediately after that verb. Because there are two objects, it can be confusing to work out which one must go to the beginning of the object construction sentence. The simplest rule to follow is to place the object which immediately follows the verb at the beginning. For example, if the sentence is one containing kepada: Saya memberikan buku kepada temannya. …the first or direct object (buku) will go to the beginning of your object construction sentence: Buku saya berikan kepada temannya.


31 But if the sentence is one where kepada has been omitted and the -i suffix used, for example: Saya memberi temannya buku. …then the indirect object (temannya) goes to the beginning of your object construction sentence: Temannya saya beri buku. Once again it is important to remember that the object construction pattern will alter depending upon whether the doer of the action is first, second or third person. Here are the first three sentences from the list on the previous page written in the object construction form to give you an idea of the pattern. Third person using -i:

Third person using -kan and kepada:

Siti dikiriminya pena. Siti diberinya pena. Siti dihadiahinya pena.

Pena dikirimkannya kepada Siti. Pena diberikannya kepada Siti. Pena dihadiahkannya kepada Siti. First/second person using -kan and kepada:

First/second person using -i:

Pena saya kirimkan kepada Siti. Pena saya berikan kepada Siti. Pena saya hadiahkan kepada Siti.

1

Siti saya kirimi pena. Siti saya beri pena. Siti saya hadiahi pena.

-i to create transitive verbs

The -i suffix, when added to adjectives, nouns or intransitive verbs, creates transitive verbs. Examples:

Perkataan saya menyakiti hatinya. My words hurt his feelings. Tamu-tamu menduduki kursi muka di bioskop. The guests sat in the front seats of the cinema.

There are two very important things to note about this -i suffix: a)

It is closely related to the prepositional form and so can be used in place of an intransitive verb plus preposition. For example: datang di/ke masuk ke tinggal di bertanya kepada berjumpa dengan duduk di suka akan/pada cinta adan/pada

= mendatangi = memasuki = meninggali = menanyai = menjumpai = menduduki = menyukai = mencintai

to visit to enter to live in to ask to meet to sit on to like to love


32 The important thing to note here is that in the object construction the me-i form of these words must be used. The reason for this is that the tinggal, masuk, datang etc. forms of these words are intransitive (i.e. can take no object unless used with a preposition). If these words cannot take an object they are obviously unable to be used in object construction. Rather, you will have to use the transitive form of these verbs (i.e. the form that can take an object) and this is their me-i forms. Example:

The film which I like is good.

In this case the object has come first so you must use object construction: Film yang saya sukai itu baik. Note that suka has an -i ending because the original form would have been menyukai and not suka, as suka cannot take an object. Examples:

Saya tinggal di rumah ini. I live in this house. Rumah ini saya tinggali. Rumah yang gelap itu dimasukinya. She entered the dark house.

b)

(object construction) (object contruction)

The second thing to note about the -i suffix is that, although like -kan it creates a transitive verb, it has a different effect from the -kan suffix. That is why many verbs can have both an-i suffix and a -kan suffix and yet the meanings are different. (This is not always the case. For example: menamai = menamakan – to name; menyakiti = menyakitkan – to hurt). Where the one base word has both a -kan and an -i ending the difference is generally that the causative -kan makes the object move, wheras with the –i suffix the object is stationary and the subject moves. For example, mendekatkan causes the object to move, i.e. to approach something. Study the following list carefully, as these words are very commonly used. memasukkan memasuki

– to cause to go in, i.e. to put in – to go in, enter

mendatangkan mendatangi

– to import, bring in; – to visit, call at (usually has sinister connotations)

mendudukkan menduduki

– to cause to sit down – to sit on

menidurkan meniduri

– to cause someone to sleep, i.e. put to bed – to sleep on something

mendekatkan mendekati

– to bring something closer – to approach

menjauhkan menjauhi

– to move something away – to avoid


33

2

menempatkan menempati

– to put or place something – to occupy

menaikkan menaiki

– to lift or raise – to mount or ride

menurunkan menuruni

– to set down, drop off – to go down

menawarkan menawari

– to offer something to someone – to offer someone something

melemparkan melempari

– to throw something – to pelt

-i added to transitive verb

Here the verb does not take on a new meaning, but rather takes on a repetitive or intensive aspect. (i.e. doing something over and over again or doing it to many things). Examples:

Saya memukuli ular yang berbisa. I repeatedly hit the venomous snake. Ibu harus menutupi jendela. Mother must close the windows.

Se- prefix [Refer also to the section on -nya on page 36 as the se– prefix is often used in conjunction with -nya.]

1

2

Attached to a classifier or unit of measure, se– has the meaning of one or a. Examples:

sebuah mobil – a car seminggu – a week sebulan – a mouth

Note:

sekali seminggu – once a week

Attached to adjectives, se– can be equivalent to the English as or as … as. Examples:

3

Saya setinggi saudara Selama saya hidup…

I am as tall as you. As long as I live…

Attached to nouns it can have the sense of the entire or the same. Examples:

Orang sekota itu datang untuk melihat Ratu. The whole city came to see the queen. Saya sesekolah dengan temannya. I am at the same school as his friend.


34 4

If se– is used in conjunction with -nya and a duplicated adjective it means as…as possible. Examples:

5

– as well as possible – as far as possible

There are quite a number of adverbs and conjunctions formed by seExamples:

6

sebaik-baiknya sejauh-jauhnya

sebelum sehabis sesudah setelah sewaktu

– before [N.B. See also the section on -nya] – after – after – after – while, when

There are many common words in which se-, though not as a prefix, forms an integral part. Examples:

semua segala sekalian seluruh seperti sedikit segera sekali

– all (for countable objects and people) – all (for countable objects) – all (for people) – all (for terms implying mass or expanse) – like – a little – soon, quickly – very or once

Pun and –lah 1

-lah can add emphasis to a word or single it out from another in a sentence. Examples:

Inilah rumah saya [dan bukan itu]. This is my house [and not that one]. Di sinilah rumah saya akan didirikan. It is here that my house will be built.

Note the differing emphasis in these sentences: Bacalah surat.

Read that letter.

Saudaralah membaca surat itu.

You read that letter.

Surat itulah saudara baca

You read that letter.

[Note that the object has come first here, so you need object construction]


35 2

-lah added to an imperative tends to soften the command and make it more polite. [See the section on imperatives on page 40.] Examples:

3

Tutuplah pintu itu! Marilah pergi.

Close the door, please! Let’s go.

Pun is used as a sort of equalizing factor and has a similar meaning to juga (also). Sometimes juga is added for emphasis. Examples:

Anwar pandai, Dewi pun pandai. Anwar is smart, Dewi is also smart. Ayah saya pun dokter gigi. My father is also a dentist. Dia tahu akan rahasia itu; aku pun tahu juga. She knows that secret; I also know it.

4

Pun can also have the sense of ever. Examples:

Apa pun yang terjadi, kita harus tetap maju. Whatever happens, we must keep going. Jangan lupa membawa uang di mana pun saudara ada. Don’t forget to take money, wherever you are. Saudara boleh datang kapan pun saudara mau. You may come whenever you want. apa pun – whatever betapa pun – however siapa pun – whoever

5

bagaimanapun – however di mana pun – wherever kapan pun – anytime

Pun can be used in the sense of even. Examples:

Berdiri pun tidak dapat apalagi berjalan. Even standing is not possible, let alone walking. Sedikit pun saya tidak takut. I am not even a little scared. Tidak seorang pun datang ke pesta perkawinannya. Not even one person came to his wedding party.

6

Pun is also found in a number of words all meaning although. Examples:

7

meskipun, biarpun, kendatipun, sekalipun, sungguhpun, walaupun

The use of the combination pun… -lah sometimes occurs in written language to denote the beginning of an occurrence or action, or to add vividness to a description.


36 It can also denote suddenness or unexpectedness. In these cases pun is placed after the subject of the sentence and -lah is attached to the predicate. Occasionally maka is used to introduce the phrase. Examples:

(Maka) Anwar pun berangkatlah. And Anwar left. Suaminya pun muncullah. Unexpectedly her husband turned up.

The use of pun… -lah is often very idomatic and you should make careful note of how and when it is used.

-nya suffix 1

As a third person pronoun and possessive pronoun, -nya is equivalent to him/his; her; it/its; them/their. Its most common use is in the possessive and object construction. Examples:

Mobil ini tidak bisa dipakai karena salah satu bannya kempes. This car cannot be used because one of its tyres is flat. Ibunya dilihatnya di toko Myer. His mother was seen by him in Myer. Pak Ali anaknya lima. Mr Ali has 5 children. (Literally: “his children are 5”)

2

-nya meaning the shows that the person or thing has either been mentioned before, or is implied in the conversation. Example:

3

Kamar mandinya kotor.

The bathroom is dirty.

-nya as a nominalizer, i.e. it makes nouns of either adjectives or verbs.

(i) Adjectives mahal tinggi teguh

expensive tall firm

mahalnya tingginya teguhnya

the expense the height the firmness

Many of the above adjectives could also be turned into nouns by the addition of ke-an. However the meaning is then often more abstract, or can even be entirely different. Example:

banyaknya kebanyakan

the large number of the majority


37 (ii) Verbs

a)

base verbs Examples: turun – to fall turunnya – the fall [Compare: keturunan – the descent, descendant]

b)

ber– verbs Examples:

berhasil – to succeed

berhasilnya –the success

Note that many ber– verbs can be turned into nouns using per-an. Examples:

berjalan – to walk

perjalanan – the journey

Where such is not the case, -nya can be used. There is for example no per-an form for hasil, so -nya be used if you want it turned into a noun. c)

me– verbs Most me– verbs are transitive [i.e. take an object] and should be turned into nouns using the pean form and not -nya. If however the me– form is intransitive [no object], -nya should be used to change it into a noun. Example:

Meningkatnya harga beras disebabkan oleh kebijaksanaan pemerintah. The increase in the price of rice has been caused by government policy.

The object – construction di- form can however be turned into a noun with with -nya, despite the fact that it is transitive. Examples: d)

dibukanya – the opening

ter– verbs Examples: terjadi – to happen

e)

ditutupnya – the closing

terjadinya – the happening

ke-an verbs Examples:

kedengarannya – sounds

kelihatannya – looks

4 -nya used in exclamations Examples:

Aduh bagusnya rumah ini. How beautiful this house is! Bakan main bagusnya. How beautiful!

5

Many adverbial phrases are formed by the addition of -nya: Examples:

nampaknya – evidently kiranya – probably biasanya – usually

akhirnya – finally rasanya – it seems pendeknya – in short


38 Many are also formed with the additional use of the prefix seExamples:

sebelumnya – before that sesudahnya – after that sebaiknya – it’s best that selamanya – always

sebenarnya – actually, in fact sebetulnya – actually, in fact sesungguhnya – actually, in fact semestinya – should, ought seharusnya – should, ought

At times it represents a whole phrase. Examples:

setibanya – upon arrival sesampainya – on reaching

sepulangnya – on coming home

When the base word with se-nya is duplicated, it is equivalent to the English as…as possible. Examples:

6

secepat-cepatnya – as fast as possible sebanyak-banyaknya – as many as possible

Many adverbial expressions [e.g. walk quickly, talk slowly] add -nya but this is optional. Example: or

Ia bekerja dengan rajin. Ia bekerja dengan rajinnya. He works diligently.

Conclusion Have a look at these two sentences and note the various uses of -nya: Meninggalnya ibunya sebaiknya diberitahukannya kepada ayahnya secepat-cepatnya. It’s best that (the news of) the death of his mother be told (by him) to his father as fast as possible. Katanya sakitnya ibunya sudah diceritakannya sejelas-jelasnya kepada keluarganya. They say his mother’s illness had been explained (by him) as clearly as possible to his family.


39

Interrogatives 1

You will have come across most of the following question words in your previous study of Indonesian, so a list should be sufficient. It is generally better to use the suffix -kah although many writers leave it out. mengapakah? bilamanakah? apakah? dengan apa? untuk apa? di manakah? ke manakah? dari manakah? berapa lama?

2

why? when? what? with what? for what? where? to where? from where? how long?

bagaimanakah? kapan? siapakah? dengan siapa? oleh siapa? yang mana? berapa? berapa kali? berapa jauh?

how? what is it like? when? who? with whom? by whom? which one? how many? how much? how many times? how far?

Apakah is used to create simple yes/no type questions. Examples:

Apakah rumah ini besar? Is this house big? Ya, rumah ini besar. Yes, this house is big. Apakah orang ini pandai? Ya, orang ini pandai. Dia bisa berbicara bahasa Indonesia. Is this person clever? Yes, this person is clever. He can speak Indonesian.

3

There is a more formal and polite way of forming these types of yes/no questions however, and that is by the use of -kah. -kah is attached to that part of the sentence you want to know about, and then this part goes to the front of the sentence. Examples:

Itu buku saudara. That is your book. Buku saudarakah itu? Is that your book?

(cf. Apakah itu buku saudara?)

Orang itu jatuh dari gedung kemarin. That person fell from the building yesterday. Jatuhkah orang itu dari gedung kemarin? Did that person fall from the building yesterday? Dia menulis buku itu. S/he wrote that book. Menulis buku itukah dia? Did s/he write that book? Note:

It is more important that you are able to recognise these forms than to use them yourself.


40

Imperatives The imperative is used in commands and requests, for example: Please come here! Close the door! and so on. There are a number of ways of expressing the imperative to soften it a bit – like when we add please in English.

a)

In Indonesian there are eight phrases you can use, and they are listed here in ascending order of politeness.

1

The most basic imperative is just the use of the base verb; -lah may be added to soften the command. Examples:

2

8

Please get up now!

Kalau bisa harap bayar sekarang? If possible, would you pay now please?

Dapatkah saudara membuatkan saya teh? Could you make me some tea please?

Bolehkah is used in a similar manner. Example:

7

Harap bangun sekarang!

Dapatkah, sukakah and sudikah are all used when we want to ask someone politely whether he or she could do you a favour. Example:

6

Please go! Please bring my bag here!

A politer form is to use kalau bisa – if possible would you…? It must be used in conjunction with either coba, tolong or harap. Example:

5

Coba pergi! or Cobalah pergi! Tolong bawa tas saya ke sini!

A slightly more polite word than these two is harap. It can be used with both transitive and intransitive verbs, and -lah may be added to make it less harsh. Example:

4

Get up now!

A more polite method is the use of the words coba [from mencoba – to try] or tolong [from menolong – to help]. Coba may be used with both transitive and intransitive verbs, but tolong, because it has the sense of asking someone to do something, can only be used with transitive verbs. Again, -lah may be added. Examples:

3

Pergi! or Pergilah! Go! Bangun sekarang! or Bangunlah sekarang!

Bolehkah saya minta tolong? Could I ask for some help please?

These next two phrases are generally used in correspondence and in announcements. Examples:

Saya minta dengan hormat, supaya… I respectfully request that… Diminta dengan hormat, supaya… It is respectfully requested that…

Similarly:

Sudi apalah kiranya…? Would you be so good as to…?


41 b)

The negative imperative is jangan (don’t…), which is placed immediately before the verb. You can add -lah to soften the command. Examples:

c)

Jangan pergi! Janganlah bangun sekarang!

Don’t go! Don’t get up now!

Silakan, rather than meaning just please, is closer to an invitation or a granting of permission, more like if you please. Examples:

Silakan masuk. Silakan makan.

Please come in. Please eat.

Compare the following two sentences and you will see how silakan differs from the above forms of please. Silakan buka pintu itu. Harap saudara buka pintu itu.

d)

By all means open the door (if you want to). Please open the door.

One of the most important things to remember about the imperative is that if you have a specific object (e.g. the book, the pen, the dog), the me-prefix is dropped from the verb. But if you have a general object (e.g. books, some pens, things) the me-prefix is retained. Note the following examples: Haraplah memberi orang tua bantuan. Please help old people. Haraplah beri orang tua saya bantuan. Please help my parents. Coba jangan membaca buku-buku lama. Please don’t read old books. Coba jangan baca buku lama itu. Please don’t read that old book.


42

Duplication This is quite a massive topic, and as with so many other areas of Indonesian, it is best to learn the words as you come across them rather than try to slot them into categories.

Forms of duplication There are essentially four sorts of duplicated words. 1 Complete duplication Examples:

buku-buku mata-mata

books spy

2 Duplication with affixes Examples:

berjalan-jalan berjauh-jauhan kemerah-merahan melihat-lihat

to stroll to be far away from each other reddish look around

3 Duplication with sound variation Examples:

gerak-gerik sayur-mayur

movements all kinds of vegetables

4 Total duplication plus the suffix –an Examples:

mobil-mobilan orang-orangan

toy car scarecrow

Uses of duplicated words When nouns are doubled they can denote: a)

resemblance Examples:

b)

doll weather cock toy house

a collective meaning (and also indicates variety) Examples:

c)

anak-anakan ayam-ayaman rumah-rumahan

buah-buahan pohon-pohonan bau-bauan sayur-sayuran bunyi-bunyian

all kinds of fruit all kinds of trees all kinds of scents all kinds of vegetables all kinds of music/sounds

orang-orang mobil-mobil

people cars

plurality Examples:


43 2

When adjectives are doubled they can denote:

a)

plurality (Compare this with the more common method of indicating plurality, i.e. doubling the noun.)

Examples:

Ibunya hanya membeli barang mahal-mahal. Her mother only buys expensive things. Orang muda-muda kadang-kadang turun ke jalan. Young people sometimes protest. (Literally: go down to the streets)

b)

repetition or continuation of a state or condition. When used as an adverb it intensifies the action. Examples:

Ayah saya sudah lama sakit-sakit. My father has been ill for a long time. Pintu itu sudah kami kunci erat-erat. We have locked the door firmly.

c)

used in combination with se-…-nya to mean as … as possible. Example:

sejauh-jauhnya – as far as possible

3

The variety of structures and uses with verbs is quite extensive and as emphasised before, a good dictionary is of more use here than lengthy explanations. Some categories you should be aware of however are:

a)

Duplication with verbs can denote repetition. Example:

b)

Orang di jalan ramai berlari-larian. The people in the busy street run around in all directions.

It can also denote doing things in a leisurly manner. Examples:

Pada hari Jumat sore kita hanya bercakap-cakap saja dan tidak bekerja. On Friday afternoon we only chat and don’t work. Karena dia menganggur dia berjalan-jalan di kota sepanjang hari. Because he is unemployed, he strolls around the city all day.

c)

Duplication can also indicate reciprocal action, i.e. doing things for/to each other. With ber-verbs, this reciprocal action is indicated by the addition of an –an suffix and doubling the base verb. Examples:

Apakah Anwar dan Siti masih berkirim-kiriman surat? Do Anwar and Siti still write to each other? Karena kami berpukul-pukulan dengan hebatnya, saya merasa sakit. Because we hit each other violently, I feel unwell.


44 Other Examples: berhadap-hadapan berpandang-pandangan berkejar-kejaran bersalam-salaman

face each other look at each other chase each other greet each other

With meverbs the first word is the root form only of the verb and the second word takes the meprefix. Examples:

tolong-menolong bantu-membantu pukul-memukul pinjam-meminjam tukar-menukar tawar-menawar surat-menyurat

help each other help each other hit each other borrow from each other exchange with each other bargain with each other correspond with each other

This idea of reciprocal action can also be expressed by the use of saling + me- verb. Example:

Lina dan Budi saling menolong dengan pelajarannya. Lina and Budi help each other with their lessons.


45 This section contains a hotch-potch of prepositions, idiomatic expressions, conjunctions and troublesome words – all things which contribute to common essay errors.

1

Prepositions

Prepositions are those words like at, by, to, in etc. which relate one part of a sentence to another. Many of these prepositions are the same in Indonesian as in English. Example:

bertemu dengan dibandingkan dengan

meet with compared with

However, many are not the same and you should be aware of the following.

a)

atas to be thankful for to apologise for to offer good wishes for at the request of with the aid of by order of

b)

berterima kasih atas minta maaf atas mengucapkan selamat atas atas permintaan atas pertolongan atas perintah

pada/akan Many common verbs like lupa, ingat, suka, senang, benci, etc. can only be used with an object if they have a preposition. [Note that many also have a me-i form which can be used instead. See pages 30-33]. When the object is a person they take the preposition pada, and when the object is a thing they take the preposition akan. Note the following examples: 1

Kami senang akan liburan kami. We’re happy about our holidays.

2

Saya tidak suka pada ayahnya. I don’t like her father.

3

Saya masih ingat pada guru kelas dua saya. I still remember my Grade 2 teacher.

4

Dia lupa akan buku pelajarannya. She forgot her exercise book.

5

Semua orang di kamar ini percaya akan perkataannya. All the people in the room believed what he said.

6

Murid-murid di kelas ini benci akan pekerjaan rumah. The pupils in this class hate homework.


46 Other words used in this way are: takut pada/akan marah pada/akan tergantung pada/akan gemar pada/akan sadar pada/akan bangga pada/akan paham pada/akan curiga pada/akan kagum pada/akan

c)

afraid of angry with depending on fond of aware of, conscious of proud of understand suspect admire

untuk, buat, bagi Untuk is the preposition most commonly used to render for, in order to. It can be used with either a noun or a verb. Examples:

Dia bekerja keras sekali sekali untuk mendapat banyak uang. She works very hard in order to make lots of money. Saya harus mencuci pakaian untuk ibu saya. I have to wash the clothes for my mother.

Buat and bagi can be used the same way, but buat is a little colloquial and bagi is restricted in use to more serious situations and for human beings. Examples:

Kami berjuang buat meninggikan taraf hidup kami. We struggled to raise our standard of living. Kami harus bekerja keras bagi rakyat kami. We must work hard for our people.

Perhatian! Do not make the mistake of using untuk when you mean as long as or for the duration of. The word selama is used in these cases. Example: Saya tinggal di Melbourne selama tiga tahun. I lived in Melbourne for three years.

d)

ke/kepada – to If ke is followed by a place [e.g. ke Melbourne] ke on its own is sufficient but if it is followed by a person, you use the form kepada [e.g. kepada Peter]. Examples

Dia berjalan ke tempat bekerjanya setiap pagi. He walks to work every day. Saya harus memberikan pekerjaan rumah saya kepada guru. I must give my homework to the teacher.


47

Perhatian! Do not make the mistake of using ke with the infinitive (e.g. to walk, to smoke etc). There is no need for this to in Indonesian. Example: I like to smoke. = Saya suka merokok. NOT Saya suka ke merokok. Remember also that when to has the sense of for the purpose of, you must use untuk or supaya, never ke.

e)

di/pada It is difficult to make a distinction here, as the two are often interchangeable. As a general rule, di is followed by a noun denoting place, and pada is followed by a noun denoting a person, idea or a certain day/time or date. Examples:

Pelancong-pelancong tinggal di Hotel Borobudur. The tourists stayed at the Borobudur Hotel. Pada pukul tujuh saya akan bertemu dengan pacar saya. At seven o’clock I will meet my girlfriend.

f)

have/have to This is not a preposition but it seems an appropriate time to introduce it causes much confusion.

2

have in the sense of compulsion, i.e. have to

harus/mesti

have in the sense of ownership

mempunyai

have in the sense of in the past, e.g. I have done it

sudah/telah

have in the sense of must be, e.g. it has to be good

pasti/tentu baik

bahwa/yang bahwa = that; yang = which or who. Be careful not to confuse these two. If that cannot be replaced by which or who, bahwa is used. Examples:

Ayah saya berkata bahwa saya tidak boleh pergi ke pesta. My father said that I was not allowed to go to the party. Ayah saya yang bekerja di pabrik itu mempunyai dua mobil. My father, who works in that factory, has two cars.

3

seperti/sebagai sebagai = as (in the capacity of); seperti = like (similarity) Examples:

Saya bekerja sebagai pramugari. I work as a flight attendant. Saya bekerja seperti kura-kura, pelan tetapi menyakinkan. I work like a tortoise, slow but sure.


48 4

supaya/sehingga supaya = in order to; sehingga = with the result that/so Examples:

Saya harus bekerja keras supaya lulus. I must work hard in order to pass the exam. Ban mobilnya kempes sehingga dia harus berjalan. His car tyre was flat so he had to walk.

5

sambil/sedangkan Both of these words mean while but sambil is used when one person is doing two actions and sedangkan is used when two people are doing two actions. Examples:

Saya membaca buku sambil menonton TV. Pandai bukan? I read a book while watching TV. Smart eh? Ibu bekerja di kantor sedangkan ayah pergi menonton futbal. Mum works in the office while Dad goes to the football.

6

baik…maupun This is the Indonesian equivalent of the English: both … and … Note the following examples: Baik Hasan maupun Siti adalah guru Bahasa Indonesia. Both Hasan and Siti are Indonesian teachers. Baik di kota maupun di desa ada pohon kelapa. Both in the city and in the villages there are coconut trees. Baik mahasiswa tahun pertama maupun mahasiswa tahun kedua akan diajar bahasa Belanda. Both the first year and second year university students will be taught Dutch. When used in conjunction with tidak, it has the sense of neither … nor. Examples:

7

Baik tahun ini maupun tahun yang lalu kami tidak menerima beasiswa dari Pemerintah. Neither this year nor last year did we receive scholarships from the Government.

kecuali/di samping … juga. This phrase is equivalent to the English apart from/as well as … also. Examples:

Di samping makanan, minuman juga dijual di toko itu. Apart from food, drinks are also sold in that shop.


49 8

atau.......atau This phrase is equivalent to the English either … or … Example:

9

Atau saya atau ibunya mengunjungi Anwar yang di rumah sakit. Either I or his mother will visit Anwar, who is in hospital.

bukan/tidak…melainkan This phrase is equivalent to the English not … but .… The conjunction melainkan meaning but can only be used to connect a negative independent clause (i.e. one containing a negative: bukan, tiada or tidak) and an affirmative clause. Tetapi can replace melainkan. Examples:

Kenalan ayah bukan pelukis melainkan pengarang. Father’s acquaintance is not a painter but a writer. Mobil yang bagus itu bukan kepunyaan saya melainkan kepunyaannya. That beautiful car is not mine but his. Penjahat yang tertangkap itu tidak akan dilepaskan melainkan akan dipenjarakan. The criminal who was caught will not be freed but will be imprisoned.

10 Gradual increase To express gradual increase, i.e. where something increases or decreases at an even rate, one of the following may be used: makin lama makin tambah lama tambah

more and more …

bertambah hari bertambah kian hari kian

more… every day

Note these examples: Ibu saya makin lama makin sakit. My mother grew more and more ill. Orang itu tambah lama tambah miskin. That person grew poorer and poorer. Ibu saya bertambah hari bertambah sakit. My mother grew sicker every day. Orang itu kian hari kian miskin. That person grew poorer every day.


50 11

Parallel increase To express parallel increase – i.e. that two things increase or decrease at an equal rate – one of the following may be used, but only with adjectives. makin … makin … tambah … tambah … bertambah … bertambah … kian … kian … Examples:

the (more) … the (more) …

Siti makin besar makin cantik. The older Siti became, the prettier she became. Orang itu tambah tua tambah sedih. The older that man became, the sadder he became. Kian banyak orang di rumah itu kian ramai. The more people in the house, the busier it became.

12 demikian/begitu/sedemikian + adjective + sampai/sehingga. This phrase means so… that… Examples:

Dia begitu mabuk sampai tidak dapat berjalan lagi. He was so drunk that he could no longer walk. Buku itu demikian beratnya sehingga tidak dapat diangkatnya. The book was so heavy that she couldn’t lift it.

When demikian or sedemikian is used, the adjective that immediately follows has -nya attached to it.

13 mentang-mentang This phrase means just because and is used to express annoyance at someone’s behaviour. It can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. Examples:

Mentang-mentang jadi orang terkenal ia tidak mengunjungi teman-temannya. Just because she is famous, she doesn’t visit her friends. Banyak wanita suka padanya mentang-mentang dia mempunyai mobil “sports”. Many women like him just because he has a sports car.


51 14 If kalau, jika and jikalau all mean if. Examples:

Kalau saya lulus ujian saya akan dibelikan orang tuaku mobil. If I pass my exams my parents will buy me a car. Mereka akan pergi ke bioskop jika dia kembali. They will go to the cinema if he returns.

To express if when something is highly improbable, use seandainya, sekiranya, jika seandainya, jika sekiranya or andaikata. Examples:

Saya akan membeli istana andaikata saya kaya. I would buy a palace if I was rich. Saya dapat pergi ke Perth sekiranya saya mempunyai mobil. I could go to Perth if I owned a car.

If in the sense of provided that is asal, asalkan, asal saja. Example:

Kita akan pergi ke pertandingan futbal asalkan ada karcis. We will go the football match if there are tickets.

If in the sense of perhaps, or in case of is kalau-kalau. Example:

Sebaiknya dia membawa payung kalau-kalau hujan. It’s best s/he takes an umbrella, in case it rains.

15 When When the action you are referring to happened in the past you can use one of the following for when – ketika, tatkala, (se)waktu or semasa. Examples:

Ketika saya berlibur di Brisbane, saya bertemu dengan kenalan lama saya. When I was on holiday in Brisbane I met an old acquaintance. Waktu guru itu masuk ke kelas dia disambut dengan kapal-kapalan oleh murid-muridnya. When the teacher entered the class she was greeted with paper planes by her students.

If the action you are referring to is to occur in the future, one of the following words may be used for when – kalau, jika, jikalau, (note that these can also mean if) bila, bilamana. Examples:

Jika saudara sakit sekali saudara harus pergi ke dokter. When you are very sick you must go to the doctor. Bila temanku datang kita akan pergi ke pesta. When my friend comes we will go to the party.

Perhatian! kapan can only mean when in a question.


52 Here is a list of commonly used words and phrases which you may find useful. sekali sekali lagi sekalian sekaligus sekalipun sekali-sekali sekali-kali tidak salah satu apa pun juga bagaimanapun juga di mana pun juga ke mana pun juga siapa pun juga saya tidak heran bukanlah barang baru bukanlah rahasia lagi yang harus dibicarakan sukar sekali pertama-tama hendak saya bicarakan pada pihak lain sayang sekali tidak mengherankan pada pendapat saya menurut pendapat saya saya berpikir bahwa pertama-tama sebab yang pertama sebab yang kedua saya hendak mengakhiri karangan saya dengan walaupun demikian namun meskipun demikian meskipun begitu lagi pula tambahan pula di samping itu selain itu sebaliknya oleh sebab itu jadi setidak-tidaknya maka/makanya rupanya nampaknya sebenarnya boleh tidak dapat disangkal

once once again all all at once although once in a while not at all one of what ever, regardless however, in any case where ever where ever to whoever I am not surprised it is not a new thing it is no longer a secret what must be discussed it’s very difficult first of all I wish to discuss on the other hand it’s very unfortunate it’s not surprising in my opinion in my opinion I think that firstly, to begin with the first reason the second reason I wish to close my essay by/with

nevertheless, in spite of that

moreover besides that on the contrary therefore hence in any case so, consequently apparently obviously actually it could be said it cannot be denied


53

Some Common Mistakes As an aid to help you see where you may be going wrong, below is a list of common translation mistakes and correct versions.

1

I went by train.

Saya pergi oleh kereta api. Saya pergi naik/dengan kereta api.

2

She worked for many years. Dia bekerja untuk banyak tahun. Dia bekerja bertahun-tahun.

3

They looked for the black dog. Mereka mencari untuk anjing yang hitam. Mereka mencari anjing yang hitam.

4

S/he is as tall as her/his brother. Dia sebagai tinggi sebagai kakaknya. Dia setinggi kakaknya.

5

Timor is very important to Indonesia. Pulau Timor penting sekali ke Indonesia. Pulau Timor penting sekali bagi/untuk Indonesia.

6

When they go to the beach they go by bus. Kapan mereka pergi ke pantai mereka pergi oleh bis. Bila mereka pergi ke pantai mereka pergi naik bis.

7

S/he said that s/he had already visited Bali. Dia berkata yang dia telah mengunjungi Bali. Dia berkata bahwa dia telah mengunjungi Bali.

8

She was angry, for her watch was broken. Dia marah untuk jam tangannya rusak. Dia marah karena jam tangannya rusak.

9

The man whom she saw is called Iskandar. Orang siapa dia lihat bernama Iskandar. Orang yang dilihatnya bernama Iskandar.

10 Now I must help my mother. Sekarang saya harus bantuan ibu saya. Sekarang saya harus membantu ibu saya.


54

Writing skills The syntactical structures shown in italics below are quite important, particularly when writing essays where there is a need for originality of expression.

Lagi pula Tambahan lagi Tambahan pula Apalagi Di samping itu

bapaknya polisi dan tinggal di jalan ini.

Moreover his/her father is a policeman and lives in this street.

Mula-mula pencuri masuk ke rumah, lalu ia mengambil beberapa barang, sesudah itu ia membakar rumah itu, kemudian ia berlari dari tempat itu. First the thief entered the house then he took several things, after that he set fire to the house, then he ran from that place. Pertama (-tama) dia berteriak, sesudah itu dia memukulnya, kemudian dia menangis, ahkirnya dia menembaknya dengan pistol yang di dalam laci lemari. First she screamed, after that she hit him, then she cried, finally she shot him with the pistol which was in the drawer of the cupboard. Baik ini maupun itu dia tak suka. S/he liked neither this nor that. Ia mau berkunjung ke Indonesia tahun depan. Akan tetapi uangnya tidak cukup. S/he wants to visit Indonesia next year. However s/he hasn’t enough money. Bahasa Indonesia adalah bahasa mudah. Sebaliknya, bahasa Cina adalah bahasa sukar. Indonesian is an easy language. On the contrary Chinese is a difficult language.

Ia bukan(nya) malas melainkan bodoh. S/he isn’t lazy, but stupid. Pemerintah sudah mengeluarkan banyak uang hanya tidak cukup. The government has already spent a lot of money only it is not enough. Kita semua pergi ke pantai nanti sore kecuali ibu. We will all go to the beach this afternoon except mother. Ia bekerja keras namun ia tidak berhasil. S/he worked hard yet s/he didn’t succeed. Anak itu tidak berubah sikap meskipun selalu diperingatkan. The child did not change his attitude although he was always warned to do so. (Either meskipun or kendatipun can be used here.) Tidak ada yang takut padanya meskipun ia orang yang demikian kuat. There is no one who is afraid of him/her although he/she is such a powerful person.


55

karena itu dari itu karenanya dari sebab itu itulah sebabnya maka jadi

because of that from that because of it for that reason that is the reason then and so

The meaning of these phrases is almost the same. They could all be used in this sentence: Bu Hartono beranak lima. Karena itu mereka mendiami rumah yang besar. Mrs Hartono has five children. Because of that they live in a large house.

Complex Sentences The syntactical forms mentioned here are important. Try to analyse the structures involved.

1 Saudara bertindak demikian itu tidak pantas. Your acting in that way is unsuitable. Bahwa dia seorang pengarang ulung sudah jelas. That she is an excellent writer is clear. Mengapa dia dianggap pelopor angkatan ini kurang tepat. Why he was considered a pioneer of this generation is unsure. Apa yang dikatakannya masuk akal. What he says is very clever.

2 Pertanyaan kita (adalah) siapa yang dipengaruhinya. Our question was who is it who was influenced by her. Persoalannya (adalah) apakah dia dapat dianggap pelopor angkatan 45. The problem is whether she can be considered a pioneer of the 45 generation. (A school of writers in Jakata in 1945.)

Masalahnya (adalah) bagaimana kita dapat mengumpulkan uang sebanyak itu. The problem is how we can collect as much money as that.

3 Saya tidak mendengar bahwa Pak Harto akan mengunjungi Australia. I had not heard that Mr Harto will visit Australia. Mereka belum tahu bilamana ia akan datang. They do not know yet when he will come. Pak Hasan tahu apa yang akan dilakukannya disi sini. Mr Hasan knows what will be done by him (her, them) here.


56 4 Clauses with yang i

Orang yang tinggal di sini itu sudah kembali ke Indonesia. The person who was living here has returned to Indonesia. Pak Harto yang menjadi guru di sekolah itu tinggal dekat rumah kami. Mr Harto, who is a teacher at that school, lives near our house. Guru yang nemulis buku ini adalah bibi saya. The teacher who wrote this book is my aunt.

ii Buku yang saya beli kemarin itu mahal sekali. The book which I bought yesterday is very expensive. Orang yang kauperkenalkan itu pandai berbahasa Indonesia. The person who was introduced by you is good at speaking Indonesian. Mobil yang dijualnya itu masih baik. The car which was sold by her is still good. iii Orang yang namanya Harto itu teman sekelas saya. The person who is called Harto is my classmate. Orang yang anaknya enam orang itu harus bekerja keras. The person who has six children must work hard. Pintu yang catnya merah itu rumah guru saya. That red painted door is my teacher’s house. 5 Sentences introduced with karena; oleh karena; sebab; oleh sebab; mentang-mentang – meaning because, because of or just because: Karena negara Australia adalah negara yang luas sekali ongkos perjalanan sangat mahal. Because Australia is a very extensive country, the cost of travel is very expensive. Mentang-mentang is used instead of karena, oleh karena, sebab and oleh sebab to express annoyance: Mentang-mentang anak orang kaya, anak itu tidak kenal lagi pada teman lama. Just because he is a rich person’s child, he doesn’t want to know his old friends any more. 6 Sehingga; sampai – meaning so (that), until. Ia tidak sungguh-sungguh belajar sehingga tidak lulus ujian. He didn’t really study, so he didn’t pass the exam. Pekerjaan yang berat itu harus dikerjakan sampai selesai. That difficult work must be done until it is finished.


57

7 i

Juga Berapa lamanya belajar, dia tidak lulus juga. No matter how long he/she studies, he/she will not pass. Berkali-kali diteleponnya, tidak juga menyahut. Many times he rang, but there was no reply.

ii Duplication of predicate Kecil-kecil, sudah disekolahkan. They are so small, yet they have been to school. Muda-muda, sudah dikawinkan. They are so young, yet they are married. iii Duplication with seSepandai-pandainya tupai melompat, sekali-sekali jatuh juga. No matter how cleverly the squirrel jumps, once in a while he falls. Setajam-tajamnya mata memandang, tidak kelihatan juga pulau itu. No matter how hard you look, that island cannot be seen iv The use of pun Belajar pun, tak ada gunanya. There is even no use studying. Dikerjakan pun, hanya membuang tenaga. Even working is only a waste of energy. v Some introductory conjunctions Meskipun sibuk, ada juga waktu untuk menghadiri ceramah. Although he/she was busy, he/she also had time to attend the lecture. Sungguhpun berat, pekerjaan itu selesai juga. Although it was difficult, the work was completed. Walaupun sukar, diatasinya juga persolan itu. Although difficult, the problem was overcome.


58

8 untuk; agar (supaya); supaya – meaning that, so that, in order that – are used in sentences expressing some purpose. Untuk membeli barang-barang mewah, kami harus beruang. To buy luxury goods we must be wealthy. Agar (supaya) dapat makan, petani-petani di sini bekerja keras. So that they can eat, the farmers here work hard.

9 dengan dengan tidak tanpa

by by not without

Dengan bersekolah kami dapat belajar. By going to school we can study. Dengan tidak membeli mobil kami tetap kaya! By not buying a car we remain wealthy! Tanpa uang kami tidak dapat hidup. Without money we cannot live.

10 Seperti and sebagai meaning as or like. A very clear distinction is made in usage between these two words: Sebagai dokter, ia pandai sekali mengobati pasiennya. As a doctor, s/he is very clever at treating her/his patients. Seperti anak kecil, ia menangisi anjingnya yang mati. Like a small child, s/he cried over her/his dog which had died.

11 seakan-akan, seolah-olah – as if Ia terus bekerja seakan-akan tak mendengar temannya. S/he kept on working as if s/he didn’t hear her/his friend.

12

makin… makin… kian… kian… tambah… tambah… These expressions are all used in the same sense of more and more: Makin lama makin banyak hutangnya. The longer the time the greater was his debt.


59 11 and 12 Temporal and conditional relationships These are sentences where either a sequence of time is expressed such as when, if, after and since or a definite condition is to be expressed in the action, e.g. if, supposing that, when, etc. Study the following table: Temporal

Conditional

Indonesian

English

Indonesian

English

ketika¹

when

jikalau

if

waktu¹

when (past)

jika

if

sewaktu¹

when

kalau

if

semasa¹

while

seandainya³

if

jika²

when

andaikata³

if

jikalau²

when

apabila

whenever

kalau²

whenever

bila

when

selama

while, as long as

asalkan

provided

sesudah

after

setelah

after

sejak

since

semejak

since

Notes: 1

Ketika, waktu, sewaktu and semasa are used to indicate that theaction referred to occurred at or during a specific time in the past.

2

Jika, jikalau and kalau are used to indicate that the action referred to will occur at a certain time in the future.

3

Seandainya and andaikata can only be used when referring to highly improbable situations.

Some temporal examples:

Ketika orang tua kami masih hidup, kami merasa sangat bahagia. When our parents were still alive we were very happy. Sewaktu gunung Batur meletus beberapa tahun yang lalu, banyak orang yang tewas. When Batur mountain erupted some years ago many people were killed. Semasa saya dirawat di rumah sakit bulan yang lalu, saya tidak diizinkan merokok oleh dokter. While I was treated at the hospital last month I wasn’t allowed to smoke by the doctor. Jika engkau sakit, engkau harus memanggil dokter. When you are ill you must call a doctor. Jikalau hari sangat panas, saya selalu pergi berenang. When the day is very hot I always go swimming.


60

Kalau saya berdiri agak lama, kaki saya terasa sakit. Whenever I stand for rather a long time I feel sore in my leg. Selama ibu saya sakit keras, saya tidak pergi ke sekolah. While my mother was seriously ill, I did not go to school. Semua pintu dan jendela rumah itu harus dikunci, sesudah matahari terbenam. All the doors and windows of the house have to be locked after the sun sets. Semenjak anak Pak Yasin meninggal dunia beberapa bulan yang lewat, Pak Yasin tidak pernah mau datang ke pesta. Since Mr Yasin’s child died some months ago, he has never wanted to attend a party.

Some conditional examples:

Saya akan berangkat ke Indonesia lusa, jikalau tidak terjadi apa-apa. I will leave for Indonesia the day after tomorrow if nothing happens. Saya akan pergi ke perpustakan malam ini, jika tidak hujan. I will go to the library if it is not raining. Kalau kamu mau lulus dalam ujianmu, kamu harus belajar keras. If you want to pass your exam, you must study hard. Saya pasti dapat menghardiri pesta itu tadi malam seandainya saya tidak sakit. I certainly will be able to attend the party tomorrow night, if I am not sick. Andaikata saya mempunyai uang, saya akan pergi ke Sydney. If I had money, I would go to Sydney. Bis, trem dan kereta api tidak berjalan apabila ada pemogokan pekerja pengangkutan. Buses, trams and trains do not run whenever there is a strike of transport workers. Engkau boleh pergi dengan saya, asalkan engkau membayar sendiri. You may go with me provided you pay for yourself.

13 Expressing anxiety and probability. kalau-kalau kalau tidak jangan-jangan

maybe, lest if not maybe, I am afraid that…

Tanyalah dia, kalau-kalau dia tahu. Ask him, maybe he knows. Jembatan ini harus diperbaiki, jangan-jangan terjadi kecelakaan yang mengerikan. This bridge must be repaired, if not there will be a terrible accident.


61

Types of Sentences 1 Declarative These are your normal type of sentence, stating something. For example: Guru itu rajin.

That teacher is conscientious.

2 Interrogative Three types of interrogative sentence are: a) Affirmative (requiring a Yes or No answer) Apa dia guru?

Is he a teacher?

Gurukah dia?

Is he a teacher?

Suratkah yang ditulisnya?

Is it a letter she has written?

b) Informative Siapa dia?

Who is s/he?

Apa itu?

What is that?

Mengapa dia bekerja?

Why is s/he working?

Bagaimana membuatnya?

How is it done?

Dia mana dia?

Where is s/he?

Berapa lama dia belajar di sana?

How long has s/he studied there?

c) Confirmative Dia guru, bukan?

S/he is a teacher, isn’t s/he?

Menulisnya begini, ya? You write it like this, don’t you?

3 Imperative Although the tone generally serves as a key to the exact meaning of an imperative, there are indirect ways of expressing the imperative to make it less harsh or blunt. Commands in the written form usually end with exclamation marks, while polite requests often take the form of questions. The forms which are listed below are arranged in ascending order of politeness.


62

a)

Pergi! Pergilah!

Go! Please go!

Ambil! Ambilah!

Fetch (it)! Please fetch (it)!

b) Coba kerjakan!

Please do (it)!

Tolong ambilkan! c)

Please fetch (it)!

Harap keluar dengan tenang. Please go out quietly. Sudilah/Sudi apalah kiranya memberi jawaban. Would you be so good as to reply.

Negative commands Dilarang merokok!

No smoking!

Jangan meludah di sini!

No spitting!

(dilarang is used on signs.)

4 Exclamatory Sukar sekali bahasa ini! How very difficult this language is! Aduh sukar bahasa ini! Gee it’s hard. Sungguh sukar bahasa ini! How difficult this language is! Alangkah sukarnya bahasa ini! How difficult this language is! Bukan main mudahnya bahasa ini! No kidding how easy this language is!

5 Optative Mudah-mudahan Moga-moga Semoga Saya harap

saudara lulus ujian itu.

I hope/It is to be hoped that you pass this exam.


VCE INDONESIAN Tata Bahasa

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