PRA RANCANGAN PABRIK PEMBUATAN PUPUK AMONIUM SULFAT DARI GYPSUM SINTETIK HASIL PENGOLAHAN UNIT FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION PLTU DENGAN KAPASITAS 30.000 TON/TAHUN
TUGAS AKHIR Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Ujian Sarjana Teknik Kimia
OLEH : KRISMA YESSI SIANTURI NIM : 070405004
DEP AR TEM EN TEKNIK KIM IA F A K U L T A S
T E K N I K
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA M E D A N
2012
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Saya beryukur kepada Tuhan Yesus Kristus atas kasih-Nya yang luar biasa Tugas akhir ini saya dedikasikan untuk Orang tua tercinta
Judul : Pra Rancangan Pabrik Pembuatan Pembuatan Pupuk Amonium Sulfat Dari Gypsum Sintetik Hasil Pengolahan Unit Flue Gas Desulfurization PLTU Dengan Kapasitas 30.000 Ton/ Tahun
Judul dalam bahasa Inggris : The Preliminary Design For Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer Production Plant From Synthetic Gypsum Byproduct Of Flue Gas Desulfurization PLTU At The Capacity Of 30.000 Tonnes/ Year
Universitas Sumatera Utara
KATA PENGANTAR
Segala puji dan syukur kepada Tuhan Yesus Kristus atas segala berkat dan karunia-nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini, yang berjudul: “Pra Rancangan Pabrik Pembuatan Pupuk Amonium Sulfat Dari Gypsum Sintetik Hasil Pengolahan Unit Flue Gas Desulfurization PLTU dengan Kapasitas 40.000 Ton/Tahun”. Tugas akhir ini disusun untuk melengkapi salah satu syarat mengikuti ujian sarjana pada Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Penulis banyak menerima bimbingan, saran dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini. Untuk itu dengan segala ketulusan hati penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada : 1. Ibu Dr. Ir. Iriany, MSi dan Ibu Ir. Renita Manurung, MT selaku Dosen Pembimbing I dan II dalam Tugas Akhir ini. 2. Ibu Ir. Renita Manurung, MT, Koordinator Tugas Akhir Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sumatera Utara 3. Bapak Dr. Eng. Irvan, M.Si Selaku ketua Departemen Teknik Kimia dan Ibu Dr. Ir. Fatimah, MT. Selaku sekretaris Departemen Teknik Kimia Universitas Sumatera Utara 4. Melva Tiurmada Nainggolan atas kerjasamanya dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini. 5. Para pegawai administrasi Departemen Teknik Kimia yang telah memberikan bantuan selama Penulis mengenyam pendidikan di Teknik Kimia. 6. Sahabat terbaik di teknik kimia, abang kakak senior, khususnya stambuk 2007 yang memberikan banyak dukungan, saran dan semangat kepada penulis Semoga tugas akhir ini dapat memberi manfaat kepada seluruh pembaca, khususnya mahasiswa/i Teknik Kimia Medan,
April 2012
Penulis
Krisma Yessi Sianturi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
INTISARI Indonesia merupakan negara agraris sehingga tidak terlepas akan kebutuhan terhadap pupuk. Pupuk amonium sulfat, ZA (Zwuafel Amonium), dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk nitrogen, terutama untuk tanaman industri dan perkebunan. Data impor amonium sulfat dari Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia menunjukkan peningkatan 268.451.459 kg pada tahun 2010. Salah satu alternatif untuk kebutuhan amonium sulfat tersebut adalah memproduksi amonium sulfat dengan menggunakan gypsum hasil unit Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) pembangkit listrik tenaga uap (PLTU). Amonium sulfat diproduksi 30.000 ton/tahun dengan 330 hari kerja dalam 1 tahun. Lokasi pabrik direncanakan di daerah Segoromadu, Gresik, Jawa Timur dengan luas areal berkisar 12.900 m2, tenaga kerja yang dibutuhkan berjumlah 221 orang dengan bentuk badan usaha Perseroan Terbatas (PT) yang dipimpin oleh seorang direktur dengan struktur organisasi sistem garis. Hasil analisa ekonomi pabrik pembuatan pembuatan pupuk amonium sulfat dari gypsum sintetik hasil pengolahan unit flue gas desulfurization pltu adalah sebagai berikut : • Total Modal Investasi : Rp. 310.744.244.168,• Total Biaya Produksi : Rp. 287.061.598.399,• Hasil Penjualan : Rp. 365.073.954.694,• Laba Bersih : Rp. 55.888.052.050,• Profit Margin (PM) : 21,26 % • Break Even Point (BEP) : 61,42 % • Return on Investment (ROI) : 17,99 % • Pay Out Time (POT) : 5,56 tahun • Return on Network (RON) : 29,98 % • Internal Rate of Return (IRR) : 31,04 % Dari hasil analisa aspek ekonomi dapat disimpulkan bahwa Pabrik pembuatan pupuk amonium sulfat dengan kapasitas produksi 30.000 ton/tahun layak untuk didirikan.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................. i INTISARI .................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................................. iii DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................. x DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................................... xi BAB I
BAB II
PENDAHULUAN ...............................................................................I-1 1.1
Latar Belakang ...........................................................................I-1
1.2
Perumusan Masalah...................................................................I-3
1.3
Tujuan Pra-Rancangan .............................................................I-3
1.4
Manfaat Pra-Rancangan ............................................................I-4
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .................................................................. II-1 2.1 Amonium Sulfat ...................................................................... II-1 2.2 Sifat-Sifat Fisis dan Kimia Bahan Baku dan Produk ............ II-2 2.2.1 Bahan Baku ................................................................. II-2 2.2.1.1 Gypsum FGD/ Gypsum Sintetik (CaSO4.2H2O) ................................................... II-2 2.2.1.2 Amonia (NH3) (Othmer, 1998) ........................ II-4 2.2.1.3 Karbon Dioksida (CO2 ) (Othmer, 1998) ......... II-5 2.2.1.4 Air (H2O) (Othmer, 1998) ................................ II-6 2.2.1.5 Asam Sulfat (H2 SO4) (Othmer, 1998 dan Perry & Green, 1999) ........................................ II-7 2.2.2 Produk ........................................................................... II-7 2.2.2.1 Amonium Sulfat (NH3)2 SO4 ............................. II-7 2.2.2.2 Kalsium Karbonat (CaCO3) (Othmer, 1998 dan Perry & Green, 1999) ........................................ II-8 2.3 Proses Pembuatan Amonium Sulfat ....................................... II-9 2.3.1 Proses Netralisasi Langsung........................................ II-9 2.3.2 Proses Karbonasi Batubara.......................................... II-9 2.3.3 Hasil Samping Industri Caprolactam ........................ II-11 2.3.4 Reaksi antara Amonium Karbonat dengan Gypsum II-11 2.4 Pemilihan Proses ................................................................... II-12
Universitas Sumatera Utara
2.5 Deskripsi Proses .................................................................... II-12 BAB III
NERACA MASSA ........................................................................... III-1 3.1
Absorber (AB-101) ................................................................ III-1
3.2
Mixer (M-101) ........................................................................ III-1
3.3
Reaktor (R-201) ...................................................................... III-1
3.4
Filter (FL-201) ........................................................................ III-2
3.5
Reaktor Netralisasi (R-202) ................................................... III-2
3.6
Absorber (AB-202) ................................................................ III-3
3.7
Evaporator (EV-201) .............................................................. III-3
3.8
Crystallizer (CR-301) ............................................................. III-3
3.9
Centrifuge (CF-301) ............................................................... III-4
3.10 Rotary Dryer (RD-301) .......................................................... III-4 BAB IV
NERACA PANAS ...........................................................................IV-1 4.1
Vaporizer Amonia (E-101) ....................................................IV-1
4.2
Vaporizer Karbon Dioksida (E-102) .....................................IV-1
4.3
Absorber (AB-101) ................................................................IV-1
4.4
Heater (E-103) ........................................................................IV-2
4.5
Mixer (M-101) ........................................................................IV-2
4.6
Absorber (AB-102) ................................................................IV-2
4.7
Cooler (E-202) ........................................................................IV-2
4.8
Reaktor (R-201) ......................................................................IV-3
4.9
Filter (FL-201) ........................................................................IV-3
4.10 Heater H2 SO4 (E-201) ............................................................IV-3 4.11 Reaktor Netralisasi (R-202) ...................................................IV-3 4.12 Cooler (E-203) ........................................................................IV-4 4.13 Evaporator (EV-201) ..............................................................IV-4 4.14 Crystallizer (CR-301) .............................................................IV-4 4.15 Centrifuge (CF-301) ...............................................................IV-4 4.16 Rotary Dryer (RD-301) ..........................................................IV-5 BAB V
SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN .......................................................... V-1 5.1
Tangki Penyimpanan Amonia Anhidrat Cair (TK-101) ....... V-1
5.2
Tangki Penyimpanan Karbon Dioksida Cair (TK-102) ........ V-1
5.3
Gudang Gypsum (G-101) ....................................................... V-2
Universitas Sumatera Utara
5.4
Vaporizer NH3 (E-101) ........................................................... V-2
5.5
Vaporizer CO2 (E-102) ........................................................... V-3
5.6
Separator Drum (D-101) ........................................................ V-3
5.7
Ekspander (C-101) .................................................................. V-4
5.8
Separator Drum (D-102) ........................................................ V-4
5.9
Ekspander (C-102) .................................................................. V-4
5.10 Absorber (AB-101) ................................................................. V-4 5.11 Blower (JB-101) ...................................................................... V-5 5.12 Pompa Amonium karbonat (P-103) ....................................... V-5 5.13 Heater amonium karbonat (E-103) ......................................... V-5 5.14 Screw Conveyor (SC-101) ...................................................... V-6 5.15 Bucket Elevator (BE-101) ...................................................... V-6 5.16 Feed Hopper (FB-101) ............................................................ V-6 5.17 Mixer (M-101) ......................................................................... V-7 5.18 Pompa FGD Gypsum (P-101) ................................................ V-7 5.19 Pompa Amonium karbonat (P-102) ....................................... V-7 5.20 Absorber (AB-102) ................................................................. V-8 5.21 Reaktor (R-201) ....................................................................... V-8 5.22 Blower (JB-201) ...................................................................... V-8 5.23 Cooler CO2 NH3 (E-202) ........................................................ V-9 5.24 Rotary Vacuum Filter (FL-201) ............................................. V-9 5.25 Pompa Amonium sulfat (P-203)............................................. V-9 5.26 Tangki Penyimpanan H2SO4 98 % (TK-201) ........................ V-9 5.27 Pompa Asam sulfat (P-201) .................................................. V-10 5.28 Heater asam sulfat (E-201) ................................................... V-10 5.29 Reaktor (R-202) ..................................................................... V-10 5.30 Blower (JB-202) .................................................................... V-11 5.31 Cooler CO2 (E-203) .............................................................. V-11 5.32 Pompa Amonium sulfat (P-204)........................................... V-11 5.33 Evaporator (EV-201) ............................................................. V-11 5.34 Pompa Amonium sulfat (P-205)........................................... V-12 5.35 Barometric Condensor (E-204) ............................................ V-12 5.36 Crystallizer (CR-301)............................................................ V-12
Universitas Sumatera Utara
5.37 Pompa amonium sulfat (P-301) ............................................ V-13 5.38 Centrifuge (CF-301) .............................................................. V-13 5.39 Pompa mother liquor............................................................. V-13 5.40 Barometric Condensor (E-301) ............................................ V-14 5.41 Screw Conveyor (SC-301) .................................................... V-14 5.42 Rotary Drier (RD-303) .......................................................... V-14 5.43 Bucket Elevator (BE-301) .................................................... V-15 5.44 Feed Hopper (FB-301) ......................................................... V-15 5.45 Belt Conveyor (BC-302) ...................................................... V-15 5.46 Gudang Amonium Sulfat (G-301)........................................ V-15 5.47 Tangki Penampung Kondensat ............................................. V-16 5.48 Gudang Penyimpanan CaCO3 .............................................. V-16 BAB VI
INSTRUMENTASI DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA .................VI-1 6.1
Instrumentasi...........................................................................VI-1 6.1.1 Tujuan Pengendalian ..................................................VI-2 6.1.2 Jenis-Jenis Pengendalian dan Alat Pengendalian .....VI-3
6.2 BAB VII
Keselamatan Kerja Pabrik .....................................................VI-9
UTILITAS....................................................................................... VII-1 7.1
Kebutuhan Uap (Steam) ....................................................... VII-1
7.2
Kebutuhan Air ...................................................................... VII-2 7.2.1 Screening ................................................................... VII-6 7.2.2 Sedimentasi ............................................................... VII-6 7.2.3 Klarifikasi .................................................................. VII-7 7.2.4 Filtrasi ........................................................................ VII-8 7.2.5 Demineralisasi ........................................................... VII-9 7.2.6 Deaerator ................................................................. VII-13
7.3
Kebutuhan Listrik ............................................................... VII-14
7.4
Kebutuhan Bahan Bakar .................................................... VII-16
7.5
Unit Pengolahan Limbah ................................................... VII-17 7.5.1 Bak Penampungan .................................................. VII-18 7.5.2 Pompa Bak Penampungan ...................................... VII-19 7.5.3 Bak Pengendapan Awal .......................................... VII-21 7.5.4 Bak Netralisasi ........................................................ VII-21
Universitas Sumatera Utara
7.5.5 Tangki Sedimentasi................................................. VII-22 7.6
Kebutuhan Refrigerant....................................................... VII-22 7.6.1 Refrigerant untuk Tangki NH3 ............................... VII-22 7.6.2 Refrigerant untuk Tangki CO2 ............................... VII-24
7.7
Spesifikasi Peralatan Pengolahan Limbah ........................ VII-26 7.7.1 Bak Penampungan (BP) ......................................... VII-26 7.7.2 Bak Pengendapan Awal (BPA) .............................. VII-26 7.7.3 Bak Netralisasi (BN)............................................... VII-26 7.7.4 Tangki Sedimentasi................................................. VII-27 7.7.5 Pompa Bak Penampungan ...................................... VII-27
7.8
Spesifikasi Peralatan Utilitas ............................................. VII-28 7.8.1 Screening (SC) ........................................................ VII-28 7.8.2 Pompa Screening (PU-01) ...................................... VII-28 7.8.3 Bak Sedimentasi (BS) ............................................. VII-29 7.8.4 Tangki Pelarutan Alum [Al2(SO4)3] (TP-01) ........ VII-29 7.8.5 Tangki Pelarutan Soda Abu [Na2 CO3] (TP-02) .... VII-30 7.8.6 Clarifier (CL) .......................................................... VII-30 7.8.7 Sand Filter (SF) ....................................................... VII-31 7.8.8 Tangki Utulitas I (TU-I) ......................................... VII-31 7.8.9 Tangki Pelarutan Asam Sulfat (H2SO 4) (TP-03) .. VII-31 7.8.10 Tangki Pelarutan NaOH (TP-04) ........................... VII-32 7.8.11 Tangki Pelarutan Kaporit [Ca(ClO)2] (TP-05)...... VII-32 7.8.12 Tangki Utilitas II (TU-II) ...................................... VII-33 7.8.13 Menara Pendingin Air / Water Cooling Tower (CT) ......................................................................... VII-33 7.8.14 Deaerator (DE) ........................................................ VII-33 7.8.15 Ketel Uap (KU) ....................................................... VII-34 7.8.16 Tangki Bahan Bakar (TB) ...................................... VII-34
BAB VIII
BAB IX
LOKASI DAN TATA LETAK PABRIK .................................... VIII-1 8.1
Lokasi Pabrik ....................................................................... VIII-1
8.2
Tata Letak Pabrik ................................................................ VIII-3
8.3
Perincian Luas Tanah .......................................................... VIII-4
ORGANISASI DAN MANAJEMEN PERUSAHAAN ................IX-1
Universitas Sumatera Utara
9.1
Manajemen Perusahaan..........................................................IX-1
9.2
Uraian Tugas, Wewenang dan Tanggung Jawab .................IX-5 9.2.1 Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham (RUPS) ..................IX-5 9.2.2 Dewan Komisaris ........................................................IX-5 9.2.3 Direktur........................................................................IX-5 9.2.4 Staf Ahli.......................................................................IX-6 9.2.5 Sekretaris .....................................................................IX-6 9.2.6 Manajer Produksi ........................................................IX-6 9.2.7 Manajer Teknik ...........................................................IX-6 9.2.8 Manajer Umum dan Keuangan ..................................IX-7 9.2.9 Manajer Pembelian dan Pemasaran ...........................IX-7 9.2.10 Kepala Bagian Proses .................................................IX-7 9.2.11 Kepala Bagian Laboratorium R & D .........................IX-7 9.2.12 Kepala Bagian Utilitas ...............................................IX- 7 9.2.13 Kepala Bagian Mesin Listrik .....................................IX-7 9.2.14 Kepala Bagian Instrumen ...........................................IX-8 9.2.15 Kepala Bagian Pemeliharaan Pabrik .........................IX-8 9.2.16 Kepala Bagian Keuangan ...........................................IX-8 9.2.17 Kepala Bagian Administrasi......................................IX- 8 9.2.18 Kepala Bagian Personalia ...........................................IX-8 9.2.19 Kepala Bagian Humas ................................................IX-8 9.2.20 Kepala Bagian Keamanan ..........................................IX-9 9.2.21 Kepala Bagian Pembelian ..........................................IX-9 9.2.22 Kepala Bagian Penjualan............................................IX-9 9.2.23 Kepala Bgaian Gudang/ Logistik ...............................IX-9 9.2.24 Kepala Bagian Safety/ Keselamatan Kerja ...............IX-9
BAB X
9.3
Sistem Kerja............................................................................IX-9
9.4
Jumlah Karyawan dan Tingkat Pendidikan ....................... IX-11
9.5
Sistem Penggajian ............................................................... IX-12
9.6
Tata Tertib............................................................................ IX-14
9.7
JAMSOSTEK dan Fasilitas Tenaga Kerja..........................IX-14
ANALISA EKONOMI ..................................................................... X-1 10.1 Modal Investasi ....................................................................... X-1
Universitas Sumatera Utara
10.1.1 Modal Investasi Tetap (MIT) / Fixed Capital Investment (FCI)......................................................... X-1 10.1.2 Modal Kerja / Working Capital (WC) ...................... X-3 10.1.3 Biaya Produksi Total (BPT) / Total Cost (TC) ........ X-4 10.2 Total Penjualan (Total Sales) ................................................. X-5 10.3 Bonus Perusahaan.................................................................... X-5 10.4 Perkiraan Rugi/Laba Usaha .................................................... X-5 10.5 Analisa Aspek Ekonomi ......................................................... X-6 10.5.1 Profit Margin (PM).................................................... X-6 10.5.2 Break Even Point (BEP) ............................................ X-6 10.5.3 Return on Investment (ROI) ...................................... X-7 10.5.4 Pay Out Time (POT) .................................................. X-7 10.5.5 Return on Network (RON) ........................................ X-8 10.5.6 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) ................................... X-8 BAB XI
KESIMPULAN ................................................................................XI-1
DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN A
PERHITUNGAN NERACA MASSA ................................ LA-1
LAMPIRAN B
PERHITUNGAN NERACA PANAS .................................LB-1
LAMPIRAN C
PERHITUNGAN SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN ...............LC-1
LAMPIRAN D
PERHITUNGAN SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN UTILITAS ........................................................................... LD-1
LAMPIRAN E
PERHITUNGAN ASPEK EKONOMI................................ LE-1
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 6.1
Diagram Balok Sistem Pengendalian Feedback..........................VI-4
Gambar 6.2
Sebuah Loop Pengendalian...........................................................VI-4
Gambar 6.3
Suatu Proses Terkendali ................................................................VI-5
Gambar 8.1
Lokasi Pabrik Pupuk Amonium Sulfat ..................................... VIII-1
Gambar 8.2
Tata Letak Pabrik Pupuk Amonium Sulfat .............................. VIII-6
Gambar 9.1
Struktur Organisasi Pabrik Pembuatan Pupuk Amonium Sulfat dari Gypsum Sintetik Hasil Pengolahan Unit Flue Gas Desulfurization PLTU ...................................................................IX-4
Gambar D.1
Sketsa Sebagian Bar Screen, Satuan mm (dilihat dari atas) ..... LD-2
Gambar D.2
Grafik Entalpi dan Temperatur Cairan pada Cooling Tower (TC) ................................................................................ LD-30
Gambar D.3
Kurva Hy terhadap 1/(Hy* - Hy) .............................................. LD-31
Gambar E.1
Harga Peralatan untuk Tangki Penyimpanan (Storage) dan Tangki Pelarutan (Peters et.al., 2004) ......................................... LE-5
Gambar E.2
Grafik Break Event Point (BEP) ............................................... LE-27
Universitas Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 1.1
Data PLTU di Indonesia .....................................................................I-2
Tabel 1.2
Data Impor Amonium Sulfat ..............................................................I-3
Tabel 2.1
Perbedaan Gypsum Sintetik dan Gypsum Alami ............................ II-3
Tabel 3.1
Neraca Massa pada Absorber (AB-101) ......................................... III-1
Tabel 3.2
Neraca Massa Pada Mixer (M-101) ................................................ III-1
Tabel 3.3
Neraca Massa Pada Reaktor (R-201) .............................................. III-1
Tabel 3.4
Neraca Massa Pada Filter (FL-201) ................................................ III-2
Tabel 3.5
Neraca Massa Pada Reaktor Netralisasi (R-202) ........................... III-2
Tabel 3.6
Neraca Massa Pada Absorber (AB-102) ......................................... III-3
Tabel 3.7
Neraca Massa Pada Evaporator (EV-201)...................................... III-3
Tabel 3.8
Neraca Massa Pada Crystallizer (CR-301) ..................................... III-3
Tabel 3.9
Neraca Massa Pada Centrifuge (CF-301) ....................................... III-4
Tabel 3.10
Neraca Massa Pada Rotary dryer (RD-301) ................................... III-4
Tabel 4.1
Neraca Energi Pada Vaporizer Amonia (E-101) ............................IV-1
Tabel 4.2
Neraca Energi Pada Veporizer KArbon Dioksida (E-102) ............IV-1
Tabel 4.3
Neraca Energi Pada Absorber (AB-101) ........................................IV-1
Tabel 4.4
Neraca Energi Pada Heater (E-103) ................................................IV-2
Tabel 4.5
Neraca Energi Pada Mixer (M-101) ................................................IV-2
Tabel 4.6
Neraca Energi Pada Absorber (AB-102) ........................................IV-2
Tabel 4.7
Neraca Energi Pada Cooler (E-202) ................................................IV-2
Tabel 4.8
Neraca Energi Pada Reaktor (R-201) .............................................IV-3
Tabel 4.9
Neraca Energi Pada Filter (FL-201) ................................................IV-3
Tabel 4.10
Neraca Energi Pada Heater H2 SO4 (E-201) ....................................IV-3
Tabel 4.11
Neraca Energi Pada Netralisasi (R-202) .........................................IV-3
Tabel 4.12
Neraca Energi Pada Cooler (E-203) ................................................IV-4
Tabel 4.13
Neraca Energi Pada Evaporator (EV-301)......................................IV-4
Tabel 4.14
Neraca Energi Pada Crystallizer (CR-301) .....................................IV-4
Tabel 4.15
Neraca Energi Pada Centrifuge (CF-301) .......................................IV-4
Tabel 4.16
Neraca Energi Pada Rotary Dryer (RD-301) ..................................IV-5
Tabel 6.1
Daftar Penggunaan Instrumentasi pada Pra RancanganPabrik
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Pembuatan Pupuk Amonium Sulfat dari Gypsum Sintetik Hasil Pengolahan Unit Flue Gas Desulfurization PLTU .........................VI-8 Tabel 7.1
Kebutuhan Uap sebagai Media Pemanas ...................................... VII-1
Tabel 7.2
Kebutuhan Air Pendingin Pada Alat ............................................ VII-2
Tabel 7.3
Kebutuhan Air Proses Pada Alat ................................................... VII-4
Tabel 7.4
Pemakaian Air Untuk Berbagai Kebutuhan.................................. VII-5
Tabel 7.5
Kualitas Air Sungai Lamongan Kecamatan Kebomas, Gresik, Jawa Timur...................................................................................... VII-5
Tabel 7.6
Kebutuhan Daya pada Unit Proses .............................................. VII-14
Tabel 7.7
Kebutuhan Listrik untuk Peralatan Utilitas................................. VII-14
Tabel 7.8
Spesifikasi Pompa Pengolahan Limbah ...................................... VII-27
Tabel 7.9
Spesifikasi Pompa Utilitas ........................................................... VII-28
Tabel 8.1
Klasifikasi Penggunaan Areal Tanah ........................................... VIII-4
Tabel 9.1
Susunan Jadwal Shift Karyawan ................................................... IX-11
Tabel 9.2
Jumlah Karyawan dan Kualifikasinya ......................................... IX-11
Tabel 9.3
Perincian Gaji Karyawan per Bulan ............................................. IX-13
Tabel A.1
Neraca Massa Pada Absorber ........................................................ LA-4
Tabel A.2
Neraca Massa Mixer....................................................................... LA-5
Tabel A.3
Neraca Massa Pada Reaktor .......................................................... LA-7
Tabel A.4
Neraca Massa Filter ........................................................................ LA-8
Tabel A.5
Neraca Massa Tangki Netralisasi ................................................ LA-10
Tabel A.6
Neraca Massa Scrubber ................................................................ LA-11
Tabel A.7
Neraca Massa Evaporator ............................................................ LA-12
Tabel A.8
Neraca Massa Crystallizer ........................................................... LA-14
Tabel A.9
Neraca Massa Centrifuge ............................................................. LA-15
Tabel A.10 Neraca Massa Rotary Dryer ......................................................... LA-15 Tabel B.1
Nilai Konstanta a, b, c dan d untuk perhitungan Cp Gas ..............LB-1
Tabel B.2
Nilai Konstanta a, b, c dan d untuk perhitungan Cp Cairan .........LB-2
Tabel B.3
Kapasitas Panas Cairan H2 SO4 ....................................................... LB-2
Tabel B.4
Kapasitas Panas Cairan CaCO 3 ...................................................... LB-2
Tabel B.5
Kontribusi Unsur dan Gugus untuk Estimasi Cp .......................... LB-3
Tabel B.6
Kapasitas Panas Padatan pada T = 298 K ...................................... LB-3
Tabel B.7
Panas Reaksi Pembentukan Senyawa ............................................ LB-3
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Tabel C.1
Data pada Tangki Penyimpanan Amonia Anhidrat Cair ..............LC-1
Tabel C.2
Data pada Tangki Penyimpanan Karbon Dioksida Cair ...............LC-3
Tabel C.3
Data Suhu ......................................................................................... LC-7
Tabel C.4
Data Suhu .......................................................................................LC-13
Tabel C.5
Komposisi Gas Keluar ..................................................................LC-31
Tabel C.6
Data Suhu .......................................................................................LC-35
Tabel C.7
Data Pada Mixer Tank ..................................................................LC-41
Tabel C.8
Data pada Reaktor (R-201) ...........................................................LC-55
Tabel C.9
Data Cerobong Reaktor 201 .........................................................LC-59
Tabel C.10 Komposisi gas ................................................................................LC-60 Tabel C.11 Data Suhu .......................................................................................LC-61 Tabel C.12 Data pada filtrat .............................................................................LC-65 Tabel C.13 Data pada Cake ..............................................................................LC-66 Tabel C.14 Data pada Tangki Penyimpanan H2 SO4 98 % .............................LC-70 Tabel C.15 Data Suhu .......................................................................................LC-75 Tabel C.16 Data pada Reaktor (R-202) ...........................................................LC-79 Tabel C.17 Data Suhu .......................................................................................LC-84 Tabel C.18 Data Suhu .......................................................................................LC-91 Tabel C.19 Data pada Crystallizer ................................................................ LC-101 Tabel C.20 Data Aliran Mother Liquid......................................................... LC-106 Tabel C.21 Data Aliran produk ..................................................................... LC-106 Tabel D.1
Spesifikasi PompaPengolahan Air ................................................ LD-4
Tabel D.2
Perhitungan Entalpi dalam Penentuan Tinggi Menara Pendingin ...................................................................................... LD-30
Tabel E.1
Perincian Harga Bangunan Dan Sarana Lainnya .......................... LE-2
Tabel E.2
Harga Indeks Marshall dan Swift ................................................... LE-3
Tabel E.3
Estimasi Harga Peralatan Proses .................................................... LE-7
Tabel E.4
Estimasi Harga Peralatan Utilitas dan Pengolahan Limbah ......... LE-8
Tabel E.5
Biaya Sarana Transportasi ............................................................ LE-11
Tabel E.6
Perincian Gaji Pegawai ................................................................. LE-14
Tabel E.7
Perincian Biaya Kas ...................................................................... LE-16
Tabel E.8
Perincian Modal Kerja .................................................................. LE-17
Tabel E.9
Aturan Depresiasi Sesuai UU Republik Indonesia No.17
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Tahun 2000 .................................................................................... LE-18 Tabel E.10 Perhitungan Biaya Depresiasi sesuai UURI No. 17 Tahun 2000 ................................................................................................ LE-19 Tabel E.11 Perhitungan Internal Rate of Return (IRR).................................. LE-27
Universitas Sumatera Utara
