The Death of an Ancient Religion
The old lady looked like a sleeping bride. Her bright red shirt was embroidered with gold thread. Each of her wrists was decorated with a magnificent ring, some regalia inherited from the ancestors of centuries ago shaped like a golden plate as big as a man’s head, as bright as the morning sun. Her body was draped in cheerful, energetic colors, from head to toe. But the body would never move again. The closed eyes would never open again. The ninety-‐‑year-‐‑old lady had died three days ago. A daughter of the old lady, instead of grieving in tears, smiled to me. She invited me in. “Come! Come to eat with Grandma!” I labored to crawl through the door, which was merely a hole as wide as a man’s waist. Inside the narrow main room of the traditional stilt house, the air smelled ancient. Some relatives were sitting, crammed around the sitting corpse of Grandma. There were no tears on their faces. They were eating tasteless cornmeal, while looking at the swollen face of the corpse, saying repeatedly, “Grandma is really beautiful! Indeed beautiful!” Some of the relatives took photos of themselves standing beside the corpse. In Toraja, a remote mountainous region in the interior of the island of Sulawesi, the end of one’s breath doesn’t automatically mean that one is dead. Even until yesterday, the old woman was still considered a “sick person”. Only last midnight, did all family members, who had gathered from all over the region, discuss how her funeral would be held. Once the consensus was reached, a buffalo was slaughtered, drums were pounded, cries burst, and only then was the woman formally announced as “dead”—for the first time. They dressed the woman’s body with a dancer costume. If the deceased is a man, they would crown him with a pair of large buffalo horns. After that, the people make the corpse sit on a bamboo chair. But, to see a corpse in sitting position is a rare sight in Toraja. A villager told me, “You are very lucky. You are the second outsider who has ever witnessed this in our village.” Not all corpses may be set in sitting position. First, the deceased must be a member of the highest caste—which consists of 10 to 20 percent of the society. Secondly, the family must be rich enough to afford a big funeral, sacrificing at least seven buffalos—each cost at least 20 million rupiahs. The third condition is the most difficult: the deceased must be still originally an adherent of the ancient Toraja religion. The ancient religion is known today as aluk to dolo. This literally means “the religion of the ancient people”. Originally, everybody in Toraja was follower of aluk. In the 18th century, when all kingdoms around Toraja had converted into Islam, Toraja still lived in its isolated world, fortified by their looming mountains, invincible. Christianity came to Toraja
in the early 20th century, but they needed decades to really plant their roots here. Even in the 1970s, most of the population of Toraja still embraced aluk. But now, their number is less than 1 percent of the total population. To meet this aluk community, I had to take a terrifying journey with motorcycle from the center of Toraja, eight hours to cover merely 70 kilometers of distance, climbing steep mountain slopes covered in mud. The district of Simbuang, tucked in the farthest corner of southwestern the island, is difficult to reach from anywhere. It is said to be the last bastion of aluk followers in Toraja. Unfortunately, even here, they are already a minority. Among the children of this deceased woman, one has converted to Catholicism, one to Protestantism, and only one son was still aluk—but soon, he too would be baptized as a Christian. None of the generation of the grandchildren throughout the village still believes in aluk. Since the late 1960s, under the reign of Suharto’s anti-‐‑communist regime, all Indonesian citizens are required to believe in religion. They have to choose one of the five state-‐‑recognized religions: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. The religion is stated clearly on the ID card of every Indonesian citizen. This creates problems for those whose religions are not recognized by the State. They are often regarded animist, non-‐‑religious, godless, infidel, backward, immoral, or even worse: atheist and communist. They would face many difficulties in finding a proper job, and the children wouldn’t be able to obtain a diploma from the school because they cannot pass the religion subject, which is a compulsory subject in the Indonesian education system. If this trend continues, we can safely assume that twenty years from now aluk will be extinct in Toraja. There are hundreds of traditional religions scattered across the Indonesian archipelago. In order to survive, they attempted to blend into one of the recognized religions. For the case of aluk, Islam and Christian both regard it as paganism that must be eradicated. Therefore, aluk had no choice but to masquerade itself as “Torajan Hindu”. It may be difficult to find the links between Toraja and India, but at least the Hindu authorities never attempted to confront their rituals. But is it possible to uproot aluk from Toraja? Aluk is always there in the Torajan funeral rites. Aluk is there in the distribution of meat and the caste system in the society. Aluk exists in Torajan architecture, in every detail of the carvings wrapping a Torajan house. Aluk exists in the history, legends, philosophy, and pride of Toraja. Even if aluk wouldn’t survive as an organized religion, the spirit of aluk would always flow in the blood of the Torajan people It’s true that today the majority of the Torajan people have become Christians, but they still hold traditional rituals to respect the corpses of their ancestors. All those rituals obviously originated from aluk, but they have been simplified and Christianized by the Church, and led by the Church’s priests. Aluk, through its various funeral rites, is the way the Torajans making sense of life and death: that death is an integral part of life. This understanding makes the Torajan people
seem very calm even when facing death in the family. It seems that they are celebrating death, but in fact, they are celebrating life. A Torajan would normally call a funeral “a fiesta”. Furthermore, a Torajan death unites the living ones. The death of this old woman has invited the arrival of hundreds of relatives from all around the country. The apparently expensive price of funeral sacrifice animals is to be shared by all members of the extended family—thousands of people—and thus unite them with a solid familial bond. As night fell, they joined hands to form a circle, chanting mourning songs in memory of the deceased. Togetherness and joy, laughter and happiness at meeting the long-‐‑time-‐‑no-‐‑see relatives… At a glance, you may be forgiven to think this was a reunion party by a bonfire, instead of a funeral. Inside the room, the daughter of the old woman was sitting under the seated corpse of her mother. Still smiling to me, she said, “My mother was very lucky. When she was alive, she never traveled out of the village. But now, thanks to you, her story will travel around the world….”. Hearing that, I couldn’t hold back my tears.
[Indonesian version]
Matinya Agama Tua Perempuan tua itu seperti pengantin yang ketiduran. Bajunya merah menyala bersulam benang emas. Kedua pergelangan tangannya dilingkari gelang kebesaran peninggalan ratusan tahun, berupa piringan emas selebar kepala manusia, cemerlang bagai matahari di saat fajar. Warna-‐‑ warna penuh gairah membalut sekujur tubuhnya, dari kepala hingga ujung kaki. Tetapi tubuh itu tak akan pernah bergerak lagi. Matanya yang terpejam itu juga tidak akan pernah membuka lagi. Perempuan tua 90 tahun itu, sejak tiga hari lalu, mati. Seorang anak perempuan dari nenek itu, alih-‐‑alih berduka bersimbah air mata, tersenyum mengundang saya masuk, “Mari. Mari makan bersama Nenek.” Saya susah payah memanjat dan merangkak memasuki pintu yang berupa lubang jendela selebar pinggang. Di dalam ruangan rumah kayu yang sempit beraroma sejarah itu, para kerabat duduk berdesakan di sekeliling mayat duduk sang nenek. Anehnya, sama sekali tidak terlihat air mata. Mereka, sambil menyantap nasi jagung yang keras dan hambar, berulang kali memandangi mayat yang wajahnya mulai mengembang itu, berujar, “Nenek sungguh cantik. Sungguh cantik.” Beberapa kerabat juga mengambil gambar dengan telepon genggam, dari diri mereka yang berdiri berdampingan atau bahkan sambil memeluk mayat itu. Bagi pemeluk agama tua Toraja di pegunungan terpencil di pedalaman Sulawesi, putusnya napas belum otomatis berarti mati. Hingga kemarin, sang nenek dianggap masih sebagai “orang sakit”. Baru tengah malam kemarin, semua anggota keluarga berkumpul dari seluruh penjuru Toraja untuk berembuk mengenai bagaimana upacara kematian nenek akan digelar. Ketika kata sepakat dicapai, seekor kerbau disembelih, genderang ditabuh, raung-‐‑raungan tangisan meledak, dan nenek itu pun dinyatakan mati—untuk pertama kalinya. Mereka mendandani jenazah perempuan dengan pakaian penari. Apabila yang meninggal laki-‐‑laki, maka pada kepalanya akan dipasangi sepasang tanduk kerbau besar. Setelah didandani, mayat didudukkan di atas kursi dari bilah bambu. Mayat duduk adalah pemandangan langka. Seorang lelaki desa berkata kepada saya, “Kamu sangat beruntung. Kamu orang luar kedua yang pernah menyaksikan ini di desa kami.” Tidak semua mayat boleh didudukkan. Syarat pertama, yang meninggal haruslah anggota dari kasta tertinggi. Kedua, keluarganya harus mampu untuk menggelar upacara besar, sedikitnya mengorbankan tujuh ekor kerbau—paling murah Rp 20 juta seekor. Syarat ketiga adalah yang paling sulit: almarhum haruslah masih pemeluk agama tua Toraja. Agama tua kini dikenal sebagai aluk to dolo—secara harfiah berarti “agama orang dulu”. Pada mulanya, semua orang Toraja adalah pemeluk aluk. Ketika pada abad ke-‐‑18 kebanyakan kerajaan di Sulawesi di sekeliling Toraja telah menjadi Islam, Toraja tetap hidup dalam dunia mereka sendiri, dibentengi gunung-‐‑gunung menjulang, tidak tertaklukkan. Agama Kristen pertama kali masuk Toraja pada awal abad ke-‐‑20, tetapi mereka butuh waktu puluhan tahun untuk benar-‐‑benar
menancapkan akar di sini. Bahkan pada era 1970an, sebagian besar penduduk Toraja masih pemeluk aluk. Tetapi kini, jumlah mereka tidak sampai 1 persen dari penduduk Toraja. Untuk menemukan masyarakat pemeluk aluk ini, saya harus menempuh perjalanan mengerikan dengan sepeda motor dari pusat Toraja, delapan jam hanya untuk jarak 70 kilometer, mendaki gunung-‐‑gunung terjal bersimbah lumpur. Distrik Simbuang teronggok sudut terjauh pada barat-‐‑daya Toraja, sulit dicapai dari mana-‐‑mana, dianggap sebagai basis terakhir pemeluk aluk di Toraja. Bahkan di sini pun, mereka telah menjadi minoritas. Di antara anak-‐‑anak nenek yang meninggal itu, satu telah menjadi Katolik, satu telah menjadi Kristen, satu anak laki yang masih pemeluk aluk— tetapi dalam waktu dekat juga akan dibaptis menjadi Kristen. Sementara generasi cucu mereka di seluruh desa tidak ada satu pun yang aluk. Sejak berkuasanya rezim Orde Baru Suharto yang antikomunis pada akhir 1960an, semua orang Indonesia diwajibkan beragama. Mereka harus memilih satu dari lima agama yang diakui pemerintah: Islam, Protestan, Katolik, Hindu, dan Buddha. Agama tercantum pada KTP setiap warga. Ini masalah bagi mereka yang agamanya tidak diakui pemerintah, terutama puluhan agama tradisional yang tersebar di seluruh kepulauan Indonesia. Mereka sering dianggap tidak beragama, tidak bertuhan, sesat, terbelakang, tidak bermoral, atau lebih buruk lagi: komunis. Mereka akan sulit mencari pekerjaan, sedangkan anak-‐‑anak akan sulit mendapat ijazah dari sekolah karena tidak akan lulus dari pelajaran agama—yang merupakan mata pelajaran wajib di negeri ini. Kalau tren ini berlanjut, kita bisa berasumsi, dua puluh tahun lagi semua pemeluk aluk akan punah di Toraja. Supaya bisa bertahan, agama-‐‑agama tradisional terpaksa melebur ke salah satu agama yang diakui. Islam dan Kristen sama-‐‑sama memandang ritual-‐‑ritual tradisional Toraja—yang berasal dari aluk— sebagai kepercayaan kafir yang harus diberantas. Karena itu, aluk terpaksa menyamar sebagai “agama Hindu Toraja”—walaupun sulit kita menemukan hubungan antara Toraja dan India. Tetapi mungkinkah untuk mencabut aluk dari Toraja? Aluk selalu ada dalam ritual kematian Toraja. Aluk ada pada sistem pembagian daging korban dan sistem kasta. Aluk ada pada arsitektur dan setiap detail ukiran rumah tradisional Toraja. Aluk ada pada sejarah dan legenda, filosofi, kebanggaan. Kalaupun aluk tak bisa bertahan sebagai agama, roh aluk tetap akan mengalir bersama darah orang Toraja. Kini, mayoritas penduduk Toraja memang telah menjadi Kristen, tetapi mereka masih menjalankan ritual-‐‑ritual penghormatan mayat yang berasal dari kepercayaan aluk—yang telah disederhanakan dan dikristenkan oleh Gereja. Aluk, melalui berbagai ritual kematiannya, adalah cara Toraja memaknai kehidupan dan kematian: bahwa kematian adalah bagian tak terpisahkan dari kehidupan. Pemahaman ini membuat orang-‐‑ orang Toraja tampak sangat tenang menghadapi kematian anggota keluarga. Mereka merayakan kematian, sebagaimana mereka merayakan kehidupan. Mereka bahkan menyebut ritual kematian sebagai “pesta”. Di Toraja, kematian justru mempersatukan kehidupan. Kematian nenek tua ini mendatangkan ratusan sanak saudara dari seluruh penjuru Indonesia. Beban biaya korban pemakaman yang mahal akan ditanggung bersama semua anggota keluarga besar—ribuan orang jumlahnya— sehingga mempersatukan mereka dengan ikatan keluarga yang kokoh. Ketika malam menjelang, mereka bergandeng tangan membentuk lingkaran, melantunkan lagu-‐‑lagu untuk mengenang si mati. Kebersamaan dan keceriaan, tawa lepas dan kerinduan para kerabat yang lama tak
berjumpa...sekilas kau mungkin mengira ini adalah pesta reuni ditemani api unggun, bukannya acara kematian. Sementara di dalam ruangan, anak perempuan sang nenek, duduk di bawah mayat duduk ibunya, tetap tersenyum pada saya, berkata, “Nenek sungguh beruntung. Semasa hidup, dia tidak pernah keluar kampung. Ke Makassar pun tidak pernah. Sekarang, dengan kamu di sini, foto-‐‑foto Nenek akan keliling dunia.” Mendengar itu, malah saya yang menangis.