Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Bab 4 : E-government dan Otonomi Daerah
Dr. ir. Ari SANTOSO, DEA Sebagian materi ini di sadur dari presentasi dari Dr. Gati Gayatri Depkominfo 1
Definisi e-Gov
• Use of ICTs – Inside government departments. departments – Between government departments. – To interact with citizens. – To interact with the business community. • Change to the process of government – Citizen centric – Citizen involving g
1
Definisi e-Gov
• “The current potential to build government services and practices using existing [information] technologies and applications.” – Jane Fountain • “E-government … calls for rethinking the way government functions are carried out to improve some processes, to introduce new one and to replace those that require it.” -- RAND Europe p to common conceptions p about e• Two components government: – Political participation and deliberation – Public administration Æ service delivery
Trends Driving Government Transformation
IT skill shortage and aging of workforce
Internet Increased outsourcing and privatization
Government
Performance measurement and accountability
Globalization Increased public expectations
2
World growth in key ICTs 1991-2003
Disparity in Internet use by region
3
E-government readiness rankings: Top 25 countries & South and Eastern Asia
Web measure index 2005: top 25 countries
4
Scores by stages, selected countries 2005
Percent utilization
Indonesia Position on ICT
Negara
Ukuran Infrastruktur
Ukuran Modal SDM
%Pop Online
Tel/
HP/
100
100
Human Dev. Index
Info. Access Index
62.1
69.97
36.45
0.934
0.999
843.52
52.5
52.41
44.63
0.936
0.999
280.75
55.3
56.72
66.96
0.923
0.916
0.99
1.26
1.2
3.14
1.73
0.677
0.583
39.02
768.68
46.5
67.65
28.46
0.936
0.999
PC/ 100
Internet host/
AS
58.52
2928.3
Australia
46.46
Britania Raya
38.78
Indonesia Kanada
10000
Malaysia
9.45
29.33
17.0
19.93
21.32
0.774
0.333
Singapura
48.31
437.56
49.3
48.45
68.38
0.876
0.333
Turki
3.81
10.64
6.2
28.00
24.56
0.735
0.416
5
Indonesia Position on ICT
Rangg king
Negara
Total
Konektivitas
Lingk. g Bisnis
Bisnis & Konsu Konsumen
Hukum & Kebijakan
Sosial & Budaya
Pendukung g
e-Service
1
Swedia
8.67
7.9
8.5
9.1
8.9
9.3
9.0
3
AS
8.43
7.4
8.6
8.7
8.4
9.3
9.3
3
UK
8.43
7.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.8
9.3
9
Australia
8.25
7.7
8.2
8.3
8.8
8.5
8.5
10
Kanada
8.23
6.8
8.7
8.3
8.5
9.0
9.3
12
Singapura
8.17
8.1
8.5
7.9
8.0
8.3
8.5
20
Taiwan
7.43
7.2
8.0
7.7
7.2
7.1
7.0
33
Malaysia
5.55
4.3
7.2
5.5
5.9
5.5
4.8
39
Turki
4.63
3.4
6.1
3.4
4.9
5.8
5.5
53
Indonesia
3.31
2.0
5.7
2.6
2.9
3.8
3.1
Indonesia Position on ICT
6
Indonesia Position on ICT
theWORLD competitiveness SCOREBOARD2005
IMDWORLDCOMPETITIVENESSYEAR BOOK2005
7
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
Rata-Rata Rata Rata Usia Harapan Hidup
Angka Melek H fO Huruf Orang Dewasa
Rata rata Lama Rata-rata Pendidikan
Indeks Pendidikan
Indeks Kesehatan
Pengeluaran Per Kapita (Purchasing Power Parity)
Indeks Perekonomian
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
Indonesia position on Scores of HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Countries
Year 1995
2000
Thailand
58
76
74
76
73
Malaysia
59
61
58
59
61
p Philipina
100
77
85
83
84
104
109
112
111
110
Cina
111
99
104
94
85
Vietnam
120
108
109
112
108
Indonesia
2003 2004 2005
8
The National Competitiveness Scoreboard 2005, Scores by HDI
No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Propinsi
Jakarta Sulawesi Utara D.I. Yogyakarta Kalimantan Timur Riau Kalimantan Tengah S Sumatera t Ut Utara Sumatera Barat Bali Jambi Banten Maluku
Usia harapan hidup (tahun)
Melek huruf dewasa (%)
Rata-rata lama pendidikan (tahun)
Pengeluaran per kapita (ribu)
IPM
72 71 72 69 68 69 67 66 70 67 62 66
98 99 86 95 97 96 96 95 84 95 94 96
10,4 8,6 8,1 8,5 8,3 7,6 84 8,4 8,0 7,6 7,4 7,9 8,0
617 588 611 592 588 586 589 589 596 586 609 576
75,6 71,3 70,8 69,9 69,1 69,1 68 8 68,8 67,5 67,5 67,1 66,6 66,5
The National Competitiveness Scoreboard 2005, Scores by HDI No 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
PROPINSI Jawa Tengah Bengkulu Nangroe Aceh D. Sumatera Selatan Jawa Barat Lampung Maluku Utara Bangka Belitung Sulawesi Selatan Sulawesi Tengah Kalimantan Selatan Gorontalo
25 Jawa Timur 26 27 28 29 30
Sulawesi Tenggara Kalimantan Barat NTT Papua NTB
Harapan Hidup
Melek Huruf…
Lama P’didik’n
Per Kapita
IPM
69 65 68 66 65 66 63 66 69 63 61 64
86 93 96 94 93 93 96 92 84 93 93 95
6,5 76 7,6 7,8 7,1 7,2 6,9 8,4 6,6 6,8 7,3 7,0 6,5
594 587 558 583 592 583 583 588 587 580 596 573
66,3 66 2 66,2 66,0 66,0 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,4 65,3 64,4 64,3 64,1
66
83
6,5
594
64,1
65 64 64 65 59
88 87 84 74 78
7,3 6,3 6,0 6,0 5,8
578 580 563 578 583
64,1 62,9 60,3 60,1 57,8
Sumber: UNDP, Bappenas, BPS, 2004
9
E-GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES
To From
Government
Business
Citizen
G2B(front office) G2C(front office) output to output to civil business in society market
Government
G2G(back office) internal business processing
Business
B2G(front office) input from business in market
B2B
B2C
Citizen
C2G(front office) input from civil society
C2B
C2C
Definisi e-Gov Government to Business
Government to Citizen 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Federal Asset Sales 2. Online Rulemaking Management 3. Expanding Electronic Tax Products For Business 4. Consolidated Health Informatics 5. Business Compliance One Stop 6. International Trade Process Streamlining
USA Service Free File Online Access for Loans Recreation One Stop Eligibility Assistance Online
E-Authentication
Government to Government 1. e-Vital 2. e-Grants 3. Disaster Assistance and Crisis Response 4. Geospatial Information One Stop 5. SAFECOM
Internal Effectiveness and Efficiency 1. e 1 e-Training Training 2. Recruitment One Stop 3. Enterprise HR Integration (includes eClearance) 4. e-Travel 5. Integrated Acquisition 6. e-Records Management 7. Payroll Processing
10
Core Backbone INHERENT
Core Backbone INHERENT
11
Integration of Existing & Palapa Ring (East) Network to Asia Pacific to India Sabang to Thailand
Kalimantan
Banda Aceh о Meulaboh Tapaktuanо
Sulawesi Tarakan
Medan
о
о
Sibolga Padang
Batam
Bengkulu
Pontianak
о
о
Gorontal o Samarinda о Palu
Balikpapan
о
Palembang
о o Sampit Banjarmasin a ja as Jakarta
о о
Sumatera
о
Mataram
Kolaka
о
End e
о
o
Sumbawa
oo
Kalabahi Atambua
Jayapur a
Timik a
Ambo b n
Maumer o о e
о
Sarmi
Fakfak
Bulukumba Rab a
o
o
о
Makassar о
Manokwar i Biak
Sorong
Kendari
Waingapu
Jawa
о
о
о o
Cirebon Semarang о Surabaya о о о оо о о о Ketapang
Parigi
ManadTernate o o о o
Palopo
о о Belitung
о
Kalianda
Toli-toli
о
о
о
Natal
о
Singkawang
о
= New Network = Existing Network = Landing Point
Tobelo
oo o o oo Saumlaki
Kupan g
oo
Merauke
Maluku - Papua
Nusa Tenggara
to Perth, Australia
23 10 - 12 - 2005
Members of Palapa Ring Consortium
6 Members of
Consortium:
PT. Bakrie Telecom,, Tbk PT. Excelcomindo Pratama, Tbk PT. Indosat, Tbk PT. Infokom Elektrindo PT. Powertek Utama Internusa PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk
Consortium Agreement Signed in Surabaya, 10 November 2007 2007. Project Funding from each member investment, with consortium business scheme. Estimated Cost : USD $ 255,1 million eq. with IDR 2.346 billion.
24 10 - 12 - 2005
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF E-GOV
Real space society
Internet
mobile
Information / service
Real space governmentt information Sharing system
call center
fax,mail, phone
civil service center
in-person
agency website
Agency 1
Agency 2
Common Data base
Agency 3
…
citizen / business
e-gov portal
Agency N
Problem addressing
?
Problem addressed
Discussion / consultation
Cyber space government
• eGov services are difficult to be found • Individual eGov services are disconnected, not interoperable • Citizens/Business have to find several services, going then from one to another • No user guidance available • eGov services do not comply with e-accessibilityy criteria
13
A Approach Problem addre essed
Access of e-Gov
• “One-stop-shopping” place where all services can be located
• Id Identification tifi ti off relevant l t services based on life event and business episodes • User provided with a scenario through structured workflow • Virtual assistant assigned to the user • eGov services comply with eaccessibility criteria
Good Governance- Components
Rule of law
Effectiveness & efficiency
Transparency
Equity and inclusiveness
Accountability
Consensus orientation
Responsiveness
Participation
Process Re Re--engineering Fiscal Reforms Good Governance ICTs can help in Implementing all the above components for Good Governance
14
“Make Government Businesslike” NOT Making Government Like Business
STRATEGY FOR CITIZEN SERVICES CAPTURE the Private Sector Profit Motives
While keeping Govt’s Social Responsibility
9 Customer orientation
9Public orientation
9 Efficiencies
9Equality and justice
9 Management Practices
9Affordability
9 Financial Resources 9 HR Talent 9 Entrepreneurship
9Accountability 9Objectivity 9Transparency
Ultimately Financial Motive is the Single Biggest Success Driver Underlying Principle
9Treat EG Projects as Infra Projects 9Build PPP for Individual Projects 9Private financing wherever possible 9Govt. financing where necessary
Reforms Agenda for Good Governance Re-invent the Government for Good Governance 9 Focus on Good Governance & divest other roles to private sector 9 Shift from Command- control regime to market driven regime 9 Un-bundle competitive & commercial functions from State’s roles 9 Strengthening Institutions to perform State domain roles Re-define Service Delivery 9 Improve Citizen interface with Government 9 Improve service delivery through use of Information Technology (IT) 9 Government Process Re-engineering & Administrative Reforms 9 Bring in Responsiveness, Responsiveness Accountability & Transparency Improve effectiveness, internal efficiencies & reduce costs Right-sizing the Government Development through Public-Private Partnership / Privatization Democratic Decentralization- powers to Panchayats & MCs Empowerment of Citizens, Women & the Disadvantaged
15
The Key Challenges….. Commitment…. Mindset ….. Change…
Processes
¾Re-engineering ¾Improvement ¾Reforms ¾Optimisation
P Preparedness d
P People l
¾Architecture
¾Awareness
¾Standards
¾Capacity Building
¾Technology
¾Training Staff
¾Components
¾Skill Development
¾HW, SW, NW ¾Connectivity
Institutional, Administrative, Legal…. Framework…
The six ICT pillar
1.
Physical and Social Infrastructure Development
2.
Improving Service Delivery through efficient Government Administration
3.
Accelerated Human Resources Development (HRD)
4.
Promoting investments in the Knowledge sector
5.
Promoting adoption of ICT in growth of industry and business
6 6.
Legal, L l R Regulatory l t and d Institutional I tit ti l Framework F k provisions i i for f growth of knowledge sector
16
IT Infrastructure - State Wide Area Network
The voice, video and data connectivity for four tiers of the state of Punjab
1
Government of India support. To be established in 9-12 months timeframe
IT Infrastructure - State Wide Area Network
Topology of the Network Architecture for PAWAN
4
17
IT Infrastructure – State Data Centre DATA CENTER SCHEMATIC
Public Web Servers
To Internet Cisco Secure IDS Appliance
To District HQ
Cisco Secure PIX Firewall
Server Load Balancers in Redundant Mode Application Servers
VPN Concentrator
AAA Server
New trends in e-Gov • In line with changing business practice – Changing customer relations – Integration of channels
• Recent rethinking of e-Government • Multi-channel e-Government – Explosion of channels and devices • Mobile Phone (SMS), PDA (mobile internet), iDTV, etc.
– Respect for traditional channels (supported by ICTs) – Service delivery over multitude of channels • Allowing blending and crossing of channels
18
New trends in e-Gov • Citizen centered e-Government – – – –
Take into account needs, preferences and skills citizens Segmentation of population Stimulation of take-up through marketing Rethinking and simplifying of services
Paradigma Pemanfaatan ICT
Proses Pendekatan
Fokus
Orientasi
Basis
Distribusi
Birokrasi
Unit Kerja
Dokumen
Ekslusif
Reformasi
Publik
Fungsi
Informasi
Flow & Share
Teknologi Komunikasi T k l i Informasi I f i dan d K ik i Sumber Daya Manusia
Sistem Baru B
Sistem Lama L
Otomasi
Transformasi Sumber: Indonesia SAKTI
19
Information Bridge
PEMERINTAH
BISNIS
PUBLIK K
INFORMATION BRIDGE
EDUKASI Sumber: Indonesia SAKTI
Information System
Biro Sekretariatan
Gubernur
A P P . E K S T E R N A L
Web Service
- Masyarakat - Pendidikan - Bisnis - Pegawai - Departemen - Pimpinan
PUDA
PEMPROVARAP DIK-AREN
Kios
PEMPROV-
Shared Services
Pemprov- WEB & ICH
Dinas
A P P . I N T E R N A L
PEMPROV-
PEMPROV-NET
ARDA
Sumber: Indonesia SAKTI
20
key Index - Environment
- Measure the degree g of conduciveness of country’s ambience to promote ICT • Right policies to help expand ICT – Education – computers, internet and content in schools – Training people to reach relevant individual skills • Public access to digital inclusion & education • Public/ P bli / ffree iinternet t t centers t • Affordability to tools & services • Competitive environment to keep prices low. • Production, services & maintenance • Legal framework that encourage ICT investments…
Key item - Infrastructure
Availability y & quality q y of key y access infrastructure for ICT within a country • • • • • • •
Telecommunication wired and wireless penetration Wideband penetration Internet providers around the country Numbers of Hosts IP addresses, use and availability PC access / penetration Power & electricity access / penetration
21
Government websites mcit, 2003 & 2004
Government Institution
Total of Inst
2003
2004
Department/Ministry/state level institutions
37
33
37
Other government institutions
32
28
28
Local government: Provinces and regencies
470
292
224
Level of implementation of e-government go.id MCIT, 2005 Level of Implementation
Freq
%
L l1 Level
166
59
Level 2
90
32
Level 3
0
0
Level 4
0
0
Under construction
25
9
281
100
Total
22
