Széchenyi István University Doctoral School of Regional and Economic Sciences
József Vápár electrical engineer, engineer-economist, MBA
egional structure of foreign direct investments and inves promotion in Hungary PhD theses
2
Table of contents
I. Aim and structure of the dissertation...................................3 II. Research hypotheses .......................................................... 8 III. Research metodology ..................................................... 20 IV. Reseach results, conclusions, suggestions ...................... 23 V. Directions for further research ......................................... 38 VI. References ..................................................................... 40 VII. The Author’s Related Publications .............................. 44 VIII. The Author’s Related Conference Presentations ......... 44 IX. Research projects ........................................................... 50
3
nd structure of the dissertation
he main aims of my dissertation is the introduction of the hungarian forei
nt (FDI) flow and the FDI’s areal localization in Hungary and its regiona
r main aim is the evaluate the Hungary’s target and tool system of in
n, and offering suggestions for the improvement of Hungary’s weaken
n position. Furthermore I analyse as a regional case study the developme
Transdanubian region in regards of FDI flow and I study the possibilities to
flow to the underdeveloped areas applied the tools of investment promo
ecomonic development.
e 1970s the FDI flow affected significantly the global economy with the eli
n trade obsticles and through privatisation waves. Thus the importance of F
conomy only strengthened in the last fourty years, it’s significance and e
an be measured in multiple dimensions. The measurement and registratio
d stock data according to internationally standard methodology is import
y to analyse the affects of FDI on the economic development, export struc
ucture. In my dissertation I focus on the regional effects of FDI investments.
ry 1, 1989 came into force the XXIV. law of 1988 about foreign invest
, that gave a new fundation to the FDI’s legal framework with the si
ation of legal administrative regulation and the elimination of ownership re
ng foreigners (Vértes-Losoncz 2004). In Hungary after the political system’s
4
operty, sectoral, employment and areal structure of the economy, and it be
f technological development. In the economic development of the transitio
ation of the market economy and in the launching of long-term economic gr
irect investment flow was a determining factor” (Barta 2002, 138.p.).
ng to my intention I logically thought the topics of the hungarian FDI and in
n in Hungary as significant scientific topics through, systematicly worked
ed a comprehensive dissertation concerning the time period of the last twen
the potentials and significance of the dual economy as the most important n
ony with the above aims I will answer in my dissertation the following
s:
The main aim of the dissertation is to study the question what kind of effect
gional dimensions.
this question partly in every chapter of my dissertation.
r the next research question in the second chapter, researching the th
, analysing the theoretical contexts of the question in regional relation, na
of the economy, the location theories, regional growth theories and the mo
How globalization strengthened localization and setting a higher value on settling factors in respest of the FDI flow?
5
innovation potential, the capital attraction capabilities of the knowledg
and the development of the R&D duality. I analyse as a case study the rol
omonic development of the West-Transdanubian region and in the formati
ructure.
Is the status of knowledge–society, innovation and the R&D in Hungary a
enough in respect of knowledge–based FDI projetcts, connecting with R&D
Is thypical the dual structure characterising at domestic and mult enterprises also in the hungarian R&D structure?
What role FDI played in the economic development of the West Trans region and in the formation of its spatial structure?
ifth chapter I answer the following research questions, analysing the of hungarian investment promotion and the directivity of FDI
veloped regions. For this I analyse as a case study the settlemeting facto
nvestments in Northern Hungary and the Coloplast investment in Nyí
also the question how can be improved the dual economic structure betw
nd multinational enterprises, with which tools SMEs’ supplier pos
onal enterprises could be improved, by analysing as a sectoral case study t
ngarian vehicle industry and its supplier background.
Is the hungarian investment promotion system working at an appropriate e
level regarding specially to the directivity of FDI into the unverdeveloped for the purpose of improving the dual system?
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of extensity of the economy, the location theories regional growth theories
theories.
hird chapter I examine the FDI inflow in Hungary also in a Central and
n environment. In this chapter I analyse the negative effects of FDI inflow
n of the hungarian dual economy. In the fourth chapter I examine the
on of FDI in Hungary, it’s effects to the spatial structure of Hungary
n of the unequal spatial structure. I examine the role of regional e
ment in respect of the capital attraction and I review the factors of the h
economic development, within this the role of industrial parks and clus
for innovation and the knowledge based economy as capital attraction fa
er as a regional case study I analyse the FDI inflow into the Western-Trans
he spatial distribution of FDI in the region and its territorial structure. I an
knowledge and innovation in the region of Western-Transdanubian
ing the innovation potentials and regional development strategy of the r
f capital attraction. Using my own research experiences I introduce the im
rthern-southern economical and traffic axis.
fth chapter I introduce the hungarian investment promotion system, anal
tool system. Using my own experiences I analyse that between 2004 and 2
dy based on invidual government decision how efficiently has been manag
nts over 10 million euro – which have great significance to the national ec
underdeveloped regions. I consider the regions of Northern Hungary, Northe
outhern Great Plane and Southern Transdanubia as underdeveloped region
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DI directoribility case study, I analyse the investment decisions of the Bosch
or Hatvan, in 2001 for in Miskolc, in 2002 for Eger, then the decision of C
for Nyírbátor and finally as an automobile industrial OEM settlement cas
the ongoing investment of Mercedes started in 2008 in Kecskemét. I will
tment of Mercedes with the decision of Audi in 1993 for Győr, considering
nce of the fact, that 15 years after the settlement of Audi in Győr another
nt with similar significance could won in Kecskemét, in the Southern Gre
which is considered as an underdeveloped region. However it is obvious
of the agglomeration of Budapest was also an important factor in the de
s, I consider as an important success, that in 2008 a location in the Southe
gion could satisfy the high standards of a world standard OEM automobile
e the importance of the local municipalities in respect of investor attraction
xth summary chapter I evaluate the hypotheses and present the finding
the conclusions of the hypotheses, my suggestions concerning the improv
ency of investment promotion, and the possible further research directions.
am dealing in detail with the regional structure and effects of the FDI flow,
on of regional functions against the macro functions, and with the improv
and regional dimensions, using the domestic and international literatur
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arch hypotheses
hypotheses proposed – which I examine in the dissertation in accordance research questions – are the following:
general hypothesis is, that in respect of the foreign direct investmen
g stage of a transitional economy the macro factors are determinant – a
y after the political system change -, but this changes in time as
ment of the priorities the regional factors become more significant than th
the importance of a settlement, workforce, logistics, regional e
ment, knowledge based economy and clusters will grow.
eral hypothesis I examine comprehensively in every chapter of my dissert
e chapters I approach from different aspect the condition, that in a tra
– focusing on Hungary – the regional, local factors, thruogh the realignme
s, will become more significant in respect of site-selection of foreign investo
already called attention in the first half of the 1990s to the fact, that F
echnology and integrates the hungarian economy into the world economy,
ct, that local municipalities should prepare for the competition with each
vestments and in favour of this should improve own competitivity (Enyed
ation strengthens the international competition, and because of this the en
their expenses according to global aspects, and to the local immobile fac
trained personnel they establish manufacturing capacities. In the proces
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ttling factors also strenghten the process of the revaluation of the regional f
he macro functions. Concerning the weight of the settling factors in the in
s the soft location factors gain more importance than the hard ones. This
an be seen in Western Europe, regarding the hard factors – excluding geog
- there are hardly any differences anymore so the enterprises decide a
more and more on the basis of soft factors. Contrast with this in Hungar
d many considerable locational differences. After the political change in
onal enterprises primarily settlemented on locations where the hard locatio
re suitable. Az a result of the development and the additional effects of the
on these locations the soft factors in these locations also improved
ned the attractivity of these locations (A külföldi működőtőke beruházások
tive improvement of the soft settling factors also shows that in time the
s revaluate against the the macro functions. The character of the settling f
hanging in accordance with the needs of the economic entities, but the supp
is also continuously widening, for instance the costs of labor, the factors o
tions infrastructural state, the activity of the local economy, and the l
market (Rechnitzer 2001).
n the aboves I assume, that in the beginning stages of a transition econ
actors are determinated, but in the time with the realignment of the prio
factors become more significant than the macro factors. The impor
businesses, workforce, logistics, regional economical development, kn
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respect of the foreign direct investment attraction in the future the kn
ciety, the innovation and the research and development will become m
gnificant, the changing of the investors’ motivations are also proved
of Hungary too.
e this hypothesis in the fourth chapter, my aim is to introduce the sten
ttration effect of the knowledge-based society, innovation and R&D. In co
I also review the innovation potential and knowledge-based economy in H
ment attraction factors.
ion has a determining role in the growth of the competitiveness and econo
the increasing of employment. Company innovation is the key to eco
ment” (Barta 2006, 107.p.). In Hungary the research and development (R&
investment environment, the multinational corporations are strongly prese
ctor in Hungary, the corporate R&D is increasing continually and there a
institutes in Hungary (R&D in Hungary...2010). In the modernization of th
of Hungary the regional research and development policy plays a deter
hout the regional innovation networks it is not possible to develop the sy
on or the improvement of the regions income producing capabilities. In Hu
onal structure of the R&D sector, the capital has a determinating role,
of the R&D expenses and sixty percent of its employment are concen
t and its aglomeration (Horváth 2003). Globalization and regionalism are t
. The developing infrastructure in one hand makes the globalization of the
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ions (Dőry 2005). The regional innovation potential has all the factors and
ne the innovation performance of the region. Innovational players are en
knowledge-base institutes, but also the wider considered innovation poten
gions infrastructure (Rechnitzer 2006). The presence of the FDI does not c
ovement of the research level definitely. Usually in the top technology sec
oduction used to be placed outside the corporate center, the strategically i
and development will continue to be placed in the mother country. A
hat in Hungary FDI played an important role in the change of the m
on.
Further extention of an innovation friendly environment would
sh the developments of foreign investers (Dőry 2005). The knowledge are concentrated in university cities, because there are masses of youths
for the needs of the enterprises as potential employees, and also because
neurs appear with their knowledge intensive companies (Lengyel 2007).
n the above-mentioned it can be supposed, that the knowledge-based soc
on and the R&D in respect of the FDI attraction will be more significant,
g of the investors’ motivations also prove that. This also means, that the dev
ation, R&D and the knowledge-based society is extremely important, beca
an be created a more competitive environment for the newer stage of FDI fl
er the political system change the foreign direct investment played a dete
he transformation of the spatial structure and the structure of the industri
estern-Transdanubian region.
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tern-Transdanubian region and especially its northern area was an attracti
gn investors. The geographical location, the good infrastucture and th
conditions proved good attractivity for the inflow of FDI (Nyugat-D
gi szervezetei...2005). The role of the FDI was determinating in the pr
tion and company foundation in Western-Transdanubia. The inte
es set up modern production methods and new technologies and throu
ve behaviour they became determinating actors of the development and eco
l change. Győr-Moson-Sopron County is the most developed in
ubia (Vápár 2007). It is characteristic for the regional distribution of FDI
was invested into the industrial enterprises, from which 70% was directed
opron County, 20% in Vas County and 10% in Zala County (Vápár
d the geographical location of FDI within Western-Transdanubia we can
es, but it can be clearly stated that the first target of the machine i
nts arrived in form of FDI was Győr which has huge industrial traditions,
e and good infrastructure, furthermore in Vas County Szombathely, Szen
ár were highlighted targets of the investors (Vápár 2007)
ustrial parks proved to be one of the most important economy developme
g the Győr Industrial Park, which played a pioneer role, started the develo
l parks in Sárvár, Szentgotthárd, Sopron and Szombathely and meanwhi
egion good built infrastructure was available for the investors (Gros
l parks played an important role in the preservation of competitiveness in
nubian region. The foreign investors preferred the industrial parks in
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n Sopron the railway-public road reloading terminal operated by GYS
izsa Industrial Park in the southern area of Western-Transdanubia mak
parks complete, which is based on favourable geographical location and
nnections (Grosz 2007).
estern-Transdanubian region the foundation of clusters was also an importa
ct of investments. The clusters through industrial branch-specific servic
o support the connections between the enterprises each other and the enterp
er education, and increasing the competitiveness of a given industrial branch
Western-Transdanubian region started already more than 10 cluster format
portant cluster areas are in connection to the machine industry, ele
ics, renewable energy and tourism (Grosz 2009). The establishm
ment of clusters in Hungary promotes the development supplier connections
iumsize enterprises, furthermore the improvement of regional competitive
lving of the developed dual structure too (Grosz 2005). In respect of rece
knowledge basis and the operation of higher education are important facto
of view of the industry in the region is important, that the engineering edu
University is in harmony with the regional industry structure as first of all
ated for vehicle production, logistics, informatics and telecommunication
g the investment promotion in Western-Transdanubia the promoting effe
gion has to be pointed out, because the investors settle first of all in these a
t they build further their economic contacts to other areas. In connectio
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ombathely-Nagykanizsa-Zalaegerszeg. Next to the traffic axis also an econo
e developed and along the axis could settle down more enterprises. Ne
alom-Győr innovation axis there should be developed a north-southern in
well. Presently the mostly one lane traffic line directly doesn’t make it poss
of the region would contribute to the development of the north-southern tr
c axis as well, with the development of the north-southern connections bet
es (Vápár 2000).
n the previously mentioned facts I assume that after the political system ch
ed a significant role in the transformation of the industrial branch structure
ructure of the West-Transdanubian region.
h a suitable investment promotion tool system system and the developme
factors the investors can be effectively oriented into the underdevelop
ungary.
e this hypothesis in the fifth chapter, supposing that despite of the h differencies, the foreign investors can be effectively oriented
veloped areas of Hungary. In my opinion this hypothesis is a such a propo
rk whereof I examine wheater FDI really can be oriented with the too
nt promotion into the underdeveloped areas of Hungary. Within this I exam
2004 and 2007 with the subsidy based on individual government decision
as it successful to direct the above 10 million euro worth investitions
15
e automotive industry…2010). The settling of the big car producers mean
ity for suppliers too. However not every large automotive industrial in
new opportunities for the suppliers, from the three already earlier settled O
s Suzuki, Audi and Opel, Suzuki engage more, but the other two onl
n suppliers. Hungary became attractive characteristically for the first-r
ntegrator companies, the investments of the large manufacturers are i
of the following suppliers as well (Antalóczy-Sass 2010). Considering Ce
Europe it has to be noted, that together with the existing three large car
es settled in Slovakia, namely Volkswagen, Hyundai-Kia and Peugeot-Cit
an car producers – in 2012 will be completed with Mercedes as well -
y good opportunities for suppliers in the region of Slovakia and Hungary
2008). Regarding the in Hungary investing german companies it is imp
that according to the data from 2008 considering the origin countries, Germ
of 22,2 % and stock of 13.9 million euro is the biggest investor (Elemzés a
őke-beáramlási …2010). On the other hand considering the german
es is an important fact that according to the DUIHK’s survay in 2010 am
companies is 80% the proportion of the number of the investors who woul
estments again in Hungary, and also the DISI Investor Spirit Indicator deve
reflects the spirit of the investors well (Konjunktúraelemzés Magyarország 2
can show in the foreign investment promotion as a result of great significa 15 years after Audi settled down in Győr in 1993, it was able to settle a
andard german car poducer company, Mercedes in Kecskemét. East Hu
16
ge base has a big significance in respect of the future operation of the comp
di cooperates with the university in Győr and Bosch works together
y in Miskolc, and Mercedes will probably establisch a similar cooperation
gical college of Kecskemét. Considering the local settling factors it is imp
t that the municipality of Kecskemét served the project leaders of M
ry, one of the deputy mayors of the city was personally responsible for the
ect. A complicated large investment settlement in the underdeveloped
can realized only with the suitable support of the municipality, with an in
ithin municipality. The decision making process of the multinational co
that the local players have to provide for the investors the requested inform
eadline and in the suitable foreign language. If the suitable municipality r
y is not provided, then even though the physical infrastructural condition
cated workforce are avaible, the not suitable municipal service makes the s company impossible.
n the above-mentioned I suppose, that with a suitable investment promo
and with the improvement of the settling factors the foreign investers
y oriented into the underdeveloped regions.
the hungarian economy the solving of the dual enterprise structure, deve the foreign direct investment inflow, has a great importance, for this
positions of the hungarian small and mediumsize companies need to im
17
nt of Mercedes started in 2008 at Kecskemét and the settlement of Audi in
correlation of the aboves I will study the importance of the local governme
g investment stimulation.
990s the average size, capital supply and productivity the foreign en
d multiple times the parameters of domestic enterprises, this situation rema
000s. The foreign enterprises did not integrate enough into the hungarian
med an economic duality. One reason was that the settling foreign enterpris
eir supplier chains, more likely they will bring with them their foreign supp
lvement of hungarian knowledge-capital remained also at a low level in th
ons R&D operations (Barta 2010).
ng to Szanyi in respect of the duality the important question is that how w
n is between the two sectors. In Hungary there is typically little connection
gn and the domestic companies, and the technological cooperation is also
e very few small, mediumsize or big enterprises in Hungary who was able to
nological supplier of the big multinational enterprises. It is generally char
ungarian economy that the medium-sized enterprises are practically missin
ally typical for the hungarian owned enterprises (Szanyi 2010).
alavetz-Szanyi states as a common feature or the economies of transitional
he allocation of resources the state play henceforward a significant role.
y is, that in the transitional countries the weaknesses of the small enterpris
18
tely agree with this statement, for the hungarian economy is a key que
sation of the economic policy priorities and the interests of the foreign en
ortant condition of this is the continuous communication with the h
tatives of the foreign enterprises – with chambers, professional associ
y with the biggest investor countries considering the origin of FDI, such as
tatives of the German-Hungarian Chamber of Industry and Commerce in B
cial Department of Austrian Economic Chamber (WKO) in Budapest, the A
rs of Commerce (AmCham) or with the japanese investor assosiation in Hun
ng to Sass and Szanyi considering the foreign owned enterprises in the last
issue of the interest of economic policy was the investment promot
on was that mostly the international enterprises possess the capital and
ge required for modernization, and they will apply these in Hungary. At th
0s next to the investment promotion appeared the orientation of the e
, with two characteristic directions. On the one hand, the governments mad
the structure of activity of the enterprises towards more added value activ
other they set the goal of increasing the embedment of the large inta
es, primarily by developing their supplier networks (Sass-Szanyi 2009).
garian supplier network represents a significant network, but the number of
n decreasing for years. In case of the increased demand the already o
can enlarge their supplier volume only slowely, primarily because of th
The proccess of becoming a supplier is also slow, in Hungary generally two
or an enterprise to became a supplier. In Hungary the offer of the supplier qu
19
out better, more efficient supplier program than earlier, and this goal s
sed with the interests of the multinational enterprises as well.
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arch metodology
urse of working out the subject of the FDI flow in detail I made primer a
researches. As a part of my primer research I made empirical observat
ws concerning the investment motivations and the effectiveness of the
nts, my professional experiencies have proved good possibilities f
ng the investment promotion between 2005 and 2007 as the Head of the In
ent of the Ministry of Economy, then between 2007-2010 as a com
nal diplomat for foreign economy in Germany in case of more than one
estment projects as a whole I made interviews with the managers of mult
e and consulting firms about their investment motivations and the deve
s of the investment projects. I worked out the results of the intervi
ions in detail and built these into this dissertation. Between 1991 and 200
of the Chamber of Commerce of Győr-Moson-Sopron County I had opportu
with many managers of foreign enterprises and hungarian companies w
d to these foreign ones and I had opportunites to analyse the developmen
es, these company analyses, results of negotiations and interviews with m
cted in my dissertation.
rthermore my observations and experience into my dissertation that I gain of Regional Developmental Council of Győr-Moson-Sopron County and
nubia between 1997-1998, concerning the realization of the strategic
ment goals and my research results in 2001 regarding the examination of th
21
y, ITDH, Hungarian Investment and Trade Agency (HITA), MNB, KSH a
institutions. I systematized the processed data and I tried to introduce the i
s and tendencies by the examination of databases.
under research I studied also the theoretical basis of my two decennial in
l developmental experiences and researches, I tried to work out in a wide r
w and in relation of this the domestic and international literature in detail.
my theoretical knowledge in this range of subjects. The basis of my disse
one hand I was a participant and an active actor of the investment promo
development processes after the political system change in 1989 in Hungary hand at the same time I tryed to researche these processes as well.
22
arch results, conclusions, suggestions
toduction chapter of my dissertation I assumed five hypothesis which I
Because of this as secunder research I reviewed the international and of FDI investments, on the other hand I worked out the already
onal and domestic statistical databases connected to this subject. I systema
d data, I tried to introduce and prove the important tendencies with the exa
tabases. As primer research I worked out information that I personally gain
negotiations and consulting interviews concerning the hungarian in
ons and settlement offer. I made empirical experiental observations regar
on and arrangement of investment projects in management whereof I par
cessed relevant projects as case-studies.
ng to my first general hypothesis is, that in respect of the foreign direct inv
eginning stage of a transitional economy the macro factors are determin
Hungary after the political system change -, but this changes in time as
ment of the priorities the regional factors become more significant than th
the importance of a settlement, workforce, logistics, regional e
ment, knowledge based economy and clusters will grow (H1).
ed this general hypothesis overall in every chapter of my dissertation. In t
I approached from different aspects the assumption, that in a transitional ec
on Hungary – the regional, local factors with the realignment of the prior
23
gnificance regarding the investetor motivations also futher on, but paralell
nal factors gained more importance in the investors decisions.
onal functions and the revaluation of local settling factors can be well
. At the beginning of the transition period Hungary – especially with t
g of privatisation – proved to be significantly more attractive in respect of
n in Eastern and Central Europe, than its primary competitors the
. In the first years of the transition, in the first half of the 1990s Hung
ed as a first rider in political and social changes in Eastern and Central E
od first of all the macro elements were dominant in the investor motivations
n be mentioned the stable political and economic environment, the well educ
orkforce and the relatively high-standard infrastructure, this containing a m
furthermore the telecommunication and bank infrastructure. During the ti
ons have changed, and in the investor decisions the elements of
ments and functions became higher significance, such as according
nts of investors educated workforce, logistic centers, R&D centers
ment of the knowledge-based economy, which is a basis for the cooperat
ducations, and also the development of the clusters and of other regiona
ct of the FDI attraction it proved as a crucial factor, that in which regio
ul to develop the workforce, regional policy, the knowledge-based economy
in a direction, that was attractive to the foreign investors. The importance
24
basis of the above-mentioned, my first hypothesis, that in respect of the
vestments at the beginning stage of a transitional economy the macro fa
ant – as also in Hungary after the political system change -, but this ch
with the realignment of the priorities the regional factors become more sig
macro factors, I accept as proved (H1).
lopment of the knowledge-based society, innovation and R&D is a subject
e FDI investment projects, it is an important capital attraction factor, that
nd larger part in the regional investment promotion as well. Because of th
ypothesis I assume, that in respect of the foreign direct investment attractio
e knowledge-based society, the innovation and the research and developm
more and more significant, the changing of the investors’ motivations
hat, in concern of Hungary too (H2).
ed my second hypothesis (H2) in the fourth „regional” chapter of my diss
ary goal was to present the increased investment promotion effect of the kn
ciety, innovation and R&D. In relation of this I reviewed the regional in
of Hungary and the knowledge-based economy as capital attraction fact
es examined in the chapter verified, that in respect of FDI attraction the sig
owledge-based society, the status of higher education, innovation and the R
d, and this can be seen in the change of the investor motivations as well
25
basis for the multinational enterprises – with the relocation of a part
toring capacity – to create R&D centers in Hungary. This is importan
of the achieving the goal to settle in Hungary more activities with high
Győr, Bosch in Budapest and Knorr-Bremse in Kecskemét can be menti
amples of enterprises for the using of the hungarian knowledge-basis and
nters in Hungary. The enterprises of Audi and Bosch I analyse as case stud
pter. These are examples of R&D centers in the field of automobile industr
c supplier industry, but many research centers settlemented to Hungary in
maceutical industry as well. These R&D centers are generally connecte
turing bases of the companies, there are mostly also physically near the pr
s as in the case of Audi in Győr, but it can be mentioned more examples als
nters in Budapest, so Bosch which has producing capacities in Northern H
-Bremse which has a producing capacity in Kecskemét, these companie
nters in Budapest. There are also such exceptional examples as developme
ustrian multinational automotive industrial supplier Magna-Steyr in Győr,
ttlemented its development center near Audi in Győr, without a h
turing basis.
the tendency which can be observed in the automotive industry, is charac
after the establishment of producing capacities the next phase is to settle t
duct development centers to Hungary. The possibility of the establishm
ment basis following the producing capacity has become an increasingly i
26
his own supply of engineers for the Audi engine development center in G
her producing capacities. Another good example is the mechatronical depar
ersity of Miskolc supported by Bosch, it supplies experts for the developme
in Budapest and also to the producing capacities of te company in Miskolc
ngyös. Mercedes in Kecskemét also forming a strategic cooperation with th
emét. This change of investor motivation is a big challange for the domest
n system, because they need to adapt and match to the educational needs o
es.
ernment should support the development of the knowledge-based society
e improvement of innovation is also a strategic goal. It is important,
shments of R&D spread to other areas of the economy, through spin-off co
g at universities, and on the other hand is also important the spin-off
R&D centers towards the suppliers and the hungarian SMEs. The govern
role in development of the innovation, it is needed to support with app
novation processes and the transfer of the research accomplishment
turer sector. The innovation strategy of the Western-Transdanubian region
for that the municipality in cooperation with the local research institut
n innovation strategy whereby the processes can be launched in pract
ble way. However it has to be noted, that in the case of lack of a f
on support, these activities could easily come to a halt.
above-mentioned, my second hypothesis, that stated that in respect of the
27
he examination of the third hypothesis (H3) also in the fourth „regional” ch
al case study I analysed the spatial distribution of the FDI in the
nubian region, and also the effects of FDI in the transformation of th
e and the structure of the industrial sector of the Western-Transdanubian
more I analysed the economic development tools and settling factors of th
g the role of the industrial and logistical parks and clusters. I exam
on potential and the regional development strategy of the Western-Transd respect of capital attraction.
estern-Transdanubian region can be seen clearly the effect of FDI flow, wh
ere the investors settled, developed stronger than the areas where the FDI se
successful. The presence of FDI speed up the economic development bu
ncreasing the differences between regions. In the Western-Transdanubian re
decision of Audi in 1993 defined fundamentally spatial structure of the re
ty of Győr-Moson-Sopron. The Audi Hungaria Motor Kft set up an e
d new engine manufacturing technology in Győr, investing nearly 4 bill
elopment since 1993. In the investor motivation of Audi the engineering in Győr-Moson-Sopron county played an determinant role, establishes
during its many decades activity in Győr. This was verified by the fact t
er a significant number of workforce from Rába factory, and on the other
of Audi physically started on the basis of Rába, whereafter Audi bought t
28
f Győr was significantly smaller. In Sopron the logistical investments
V while in Mosonmagyaróvár and Rábaköz the investments of thermal b
foreign supplier companies represented the development. In these reg
l development started only later and in a significantly smaller extent than in
on to Győr-Moson-Sopron county it proved to be true, that with the improv
settling factors the industrial development also started in the other smaller
for this also the development of local industrial parks was necessary, wit
ns of Sopron, Mosonmagyaróvár and Rábaköz could not been able to re
industrial investments. A good example for this is Vas county, w
ment of the Claudius industrial park proved to be a significant lsettling fac
settled in this industrial park as the Jabil multinational electronic asse
, and near to this settled the Tier-1, Tier-2 and other cathegories of
es. The other parts of Vas county, where the sporadic settlements are chara
d with less intensity. In Zala county the development of Flextronics and
was determinant, those areas – for example in Nagykanizsa – whe
es operated, developed with more intensity, like other regions in Zala c
example was for the significant decline of the industrial development
when because of the crisis the Flextronics and General Electric cut back a si
heir production in Nagykanizsa. However it has to be added, that these e
es were affected stonger by the global crisis began in 2008, than the other s
ct of the more equal development of the spatial structure of the
nubian region it would be absolutely necessary to build a north-southern m
29
the unequal FDI investment spatial structure in Hungary is a well known
t to examine the assumption, that with a suitable investment promotion too
nd the development of the settling factors the investors can be effectively
underdeveloped areas within Hungary, this is my fourth hypothesis (H4).
e fourth hypothesis (H4) in the fifth „investment promotion” chapter, assum
he unequality of the regional spatial structure of Hungary the foreign inve
ntly oriented into the underdeveloped regions. In this framework I examine
d between 2004 and 2007 with the subsidy based on invidual government
which extent could be oriented successfully the investments over 10 mill
ave a great significance of national economy, into the underdeveloped reg
dies for ability of the FDI orientation, I analyse the investment decision
oncern in 1998 for Hatvan, in 2001 for Miskolc and in 2002 for Eger, besid
ion of Coloplast in 2006 for Nyírbátor.
n the analysis of Állami Számvevőszék (ÁSZ) I established, that in th 2004 and 2007 the FDI attraction into the underdeveloped regions
based on invidual government decision can be said as effective, consid
projects and the rate of 40% of the new worplaces from the whole. On
cording to the analysis it can be stated, that the creation costs of the new wo
decreasing tendecy between 2005 and 2007, which shows the in
30
just as the mechatronical department of the university of Miskolc also supp
In the case of Coloplast which I examined as a case study as well, it can
hat the good logistical condition provided by the M3 motorway, the big nu
orkforce available, and the needed IGD subsidy which had to compen
al cost of the moving into the underdeveloped region in Northern-Hungar
r hand the costs of the logistical connection with the settlement in Ta
of this, the Coloplast undertook the „higher risk” and the additional cost,
ng the settlement in an underdeveloped region of Nyírbátor. Summarised
at the suitable logistical infrastructure – the M3 motorway available – and
were necessery conditions to the orientation of the FDI into the underd
fth chapter as a case study I examined the investment decision of Mer
mét, which also proved, that in Hungary, in the underdeveloped region of
ane with the development of the settling factors an OEM global company ca
e investor. In the decision of Mercedes played an important role the good the M5 motorway provided the possibility, within an one hour drive
Budapest and Kecskemét. It has to be noted that in the decision of Mercede
cant role also the nearness of the agglomeration of Budapest, but the loca
layed a crucial role as well. Further important settlig factor was the pro
workforce available and the educational possibilities, on one hand the
l engineer education on the basis of the technical college of Kecskemét, on
local vocational training institites seemed to be able to train suitable au
31
above-mentioned my fourth hypothesis that stated, that with a suitable in
on tool system system and the development of the settling factors the inves
ively oriented into the underdeveloped areas within Hungary, I do not a
H4), however I find its assumption as justified,
because in longer t
ment of the underdeveloped regions is an important economic stuctural and
ment goal, and the ability for the FDI orientation could be an important
th hypothesis I assumed, that for the hungarian economy the solving of
e structure, developed as result of the foreign direct investment inflow
mportance, for this goal the supplier positions of the hungarian sm
size companies need to improve in relation to the multinational enterprises
e the fifth hypothesis in the third chapter, at the developing of the dual e
e fifth chapter concerning the automotive industrial sector.
ird chapter I stated the followings about the development of the dual eco
:
inflow played a determinating role in the economical development of H
y in the technological modernization of the country. FDI also played a d
the formation of the spatial structure of the country, however, prefer
d regions, it conserved the unequal spatial structure developed earlier, thi
32
ign enterprises mostly brought along their own supplier companies, wherew
rked in their earlier supplier chains.
he reasons of the development of the dual economy was, that in the 1
tion, accompanying with FDI inflow, also changed the earlier contact net
vious manufacturing connections were broken off. It was typical, for the en
garian ownership that the final product manufacturers cannot hold the race
products of the multinational enterprises, and so they were driven fr
At the same time for the privatized companies it was characteristic, t
heir original domestic suppliers, the greenfield investments employed less s
in their cases the establishment of new supplier connections starting o
ly nothing required more time.
ional problem is, that the hungarian knowledge capital was not sufficiently
R&D activities of foreign enterprises, so regarding the R&D activ
ment of duality also can be observed. In the fields of R&D there were
n enterprises, which were able to became a cooperation partner of the R&D
ational enterprises. There are good examples of the educational coope
ternational enterprises, such as the Department of Audi Hungaria
ion Engines of the Széchenyi István University, founded by Audi,
onical department in the university of Miskolc, founded by Bosch, or the
ndustrial cooperation between Mercedes and the College of Kecskemét, b
ion like these would be needed.
problem is the lack of technological connections between the inte
33
generally in the top of the pyramid are the finished product as
onal enterprises, like Audi and Suzuki. These large enterprises and th
suppliers generally have few connections with the hungarian supplier SM
r in connections with the second and third circular suppliers. In the vehicle
ause of high export orientation there are less hungarian supplier, the larg greenfield investments like Audi connected usually less to the local
. The solving of the dual enterprise structure described in the forego
g the capability of the the hungarian SMEs to become a supplier is a
c policy task in Hungary. above-mentioned my fifth hypothesis that stated, that for the hungarian
ng of the dual enterprise structure, developed as result of the foreig
nt inflow, has a great importance, for this goal the supplier position
an small and mediumsize companies need to improve in relation
ional enterprises, I accept as proved (H5).
arize my research results in two part. First I summarize the resul
tion regarding the investment promotion goal and tool systems in regard
ency of the investment promotion system can be increased, in order to imp investment promotion capabilities of Hungary.
ther hand in my point of view in order the solve the dual enterprise stru
positions of the hungarian SMEs must be improved in relation to multi
34
follows: dynamic macroeconomical growth; in geographycal respect a br
the East and the West; the highest FDI stock per capita; the highest liv
vity in the central and eastern european region; financial stability; fa
nt promotion system (Vápár 2005). Comparing Hungary with the visegrad
per capita int he period between 1997 and 2005 in every year Hungary pre
ors, and in 2005 Hungary in the most competitiveness rankings also pre
competitors (Vápár 2006a). These competitiveness advantages mostly ru
of the decade. As a conseqence of the recession began in 2008, the FDI inv
en back significantly in 2009 globally and also in Central and Eastern Europ
mpetition for FDI the role of investment promotion revaluated. The capital a
of Hungary has weakend in the central and eastern european region, and th
ary to improve its competitiveness position and of its investment promo
systems.
oal system of investment promotion it would be important to streng
g goals:
goal of the investment promotion policy it would be important to imp
al investment environment, to strengthen the investor confidence, in intere
ble and calculable macroeconomic environment has to be created.
mined this subject in the fifth chapter of my dissertation, analysing the w
competitiveness position of Hungary in Central and Eastern Europe. An i
35
ary into the Eastern Hungary. In the case of the investment of Mercedes it
the importance of availability of a site in a suitable extent and of the mun
tor care.
ecessary to strengthen the supplier industry in Hungary in order that the h
can be connected more effectively to the manufactoring processes
mented foreign enterprises.
mined this subject in the fourth and the fifth chapter of my dissertation. It w
sary to strengthen the supplier industry in Hungary, because it is also
tion factor with a strengthened tendence.
uld be necessary to increase the rate of reinvested capital which is a more a
icant part of FDI stock.
minred this topic in the fifth chapter in case of the largest german
anies. In the case of Hungary in the last ten years the german and
estments amounted about 50 percent of the FDI stock.
ove-mentioned investment promotion purposes can be achieved w
g tools:
he purpose of improvement of the general investment environment import
decreesing of bureaucracy concerning company foundation process and
ssion process, simplifying of the tax system, decreasing of
wage c
butions charging the companies, adjusting of the education system to th
36
he purpose of improving of the supplier possibilities of the hungarian SME
trengthening of the hungarian background industry the processes of c
d be supported, and supplier programs should be implemented. The
ilities of the SMEs could be strengthened with more suitable
and
cation possibilities. With the subsidies for the large investments in Hunga
dividual government decisions it should be reached a higher hungarian supp
supplier agreements should be made with the supported large enterprises, w
better supplier business opportunities to the hungarian small and medi
anies.
he the purpose of increasing the reinvested capital stock in Hungary, the a
ties in the case of the alredy settlemented foreign investors should be imp
r rate of reinvestition of the profit could be achieved for example with tax
oted the reinvestitions.
purpose of solving the dual enterprise structure it is necessary to imp
positions of hungarian SMEs in relation to the multinational enterprise
view this is only possible with a comprehensive supplier strateg
ends the scopes of main tasks needs to solved in a framework of a program.
h the subsidies for the large investments in Hungary based on individual gov
37
nore hungarian suppliers. As I wrote before, the suitable form and th
st of this should be found, because according to WTO regulations direct ag
ot be made because of the neutral competition regulations.
e SMEs are in continuous shortage of loans and they can not finance their
g others their supplier machinery purchasing projects. It is necessary t
ble loan possibilities for them.
e domestic potential supplier companies need more engineers, this needs to
consideration at the establishing of frame number and education direction
r education system.
e vocational training should be transformed according to the model of the
vocational training system, in order to achive, that the vocational training
te the trainees combined with company education in the professional fi
tial supplier SMEs actually need.
make suitable EU and domestic supplier applications, in understand
ified form also for the potential supplier SMEs, because at these enterpris
able the „capability for making applications” and the professional staff.
e strengthening of the cluster programs in order to achieve that, the SMEs
mation easier about the supplier needs of the large enterprises and those
tions.
engthening the leadership skills of the supplier SMEs, ensuring the
any management trainings continuously.
aking possible that the supplier SMEs can create suitable settlements ne
38
tions for further research
ture there would be expedient to make further researches in the direction
tool system of investment promotion how could be improved and ma
ive. For this purpose the efficiency of the goal and tool system of in
n should be examined continuously. It would be worth to compare continu
nt promotion systems of the competitor center and eastern european countri
the case of the visegrad countries and Romania and Bulgaria – concerning t
n elements. It would be worth to create continuously competitiveness analy
er and eastern european countries, comparing their investment promotion hungarian system.
In this framework it should be examined the ch
ons of the investors, considering that the motivations of the investors are cha
of the new investments. The changes of the motivations should be reflecte
smtent promotion policy. On the other hand it has to be considered that
of the companies with investing intension is changing, besides the mult
es the rate of SMEs is increasing among the investor companies. This chan
ke it necessary, to apply an other investment policy as well.
ibilites of measuring of the investor satisfaction should be reseached furthe
an example is the „DISI” index of the German-Hungarian Chamber of Co
stry (DUIHK), as an investor spirit indicator. In relation to this it would be
further the ways in which the indicators of investor investor spirit could b
d. The „DISI” index of the German-Hungarian Chamber of Commerce and
39
oints that needs improvement in the hungarian promotion system and the in
ment. The indicator and the surway could be improved by measuring the „ of other nationalities besides the german investors, so investors of other
involved into the surway. The continuous measurement of the investor sp
s has a high significance in respect of the further improvement of the in
n system, because it is an important feedback from the investors to the gov
makers.
mination of the role of municipalities in the attraction of working investmen
egions respectively could be also an interesting research subject, with
ations how the municipalities are prepared to the attraction of the invest
nt promotion capabilities of the municipalities is a more and more importan
t could be useful to analyse best practice case studies such as the rol
ality of Kecskemét in the settlement of Mercedes.
be worth to research further the effects of FDI on the ecomonic developm
ation of spatial structure in the Western-Transdanubian region. In this fram
e an important research subject the further development of the north-
c and traffic axis and the role of the foreign enterprises. It could be examine
of the austrian enterprise in the economic development of the austrian-h
egion, in the case of the Western Transdanubian region this is an e
ment factor with particular significance.
40
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Author’s Related Publications
r József (1996): A magyar és a Győr-Moson-Sopron Megyei Kereske
amarák története. 105 éves a Győr-Moson-Sopron Megyei Keresked
amara 1890-1995. (szerk.) (62 oldal).
r József (2000): A Nyugat-dunántúli régió észak-déli gazdasági és kö
lye vidékének gazdasági vizsgálata Győr-Moson-Sopron és Vas megy
nyag); A tengelyterület fejlődési, változási irányai. (2. részanyag); A
öttéhez szükséges tennivalók (3. részanyag). Kézirat.
In: Excellence P
csadó és Szervezetfejlesztő Rt.: A Nyugat-dunántúli régió észak-déli gazd
kedési tengelyének területfejlesztési programja (2000). Budapest.
r József (2002): A Trade Center - Kereskedelmi Központ-Győr projekt bem
Területfejlesztés
határok
nélkül.
Nemzetközi
Phare
CBC
Kon
aságfejlesztés, turizmus szekció. VÁTI Területfejlesztési Igazgatóság. Kon
tető. Sopron. 31-33.pp.
r József (2005): A külföldi működőtőke beáramlása Magyarországra, a v
gok versenyképességének összehasonlítása a külföldi befektetések szempontj
dás Izabella (szerk.): A magyar gazdaság fenntartható növekedése.
azdász Vándorgyűlés előadásai. Magyar Közgazdasági Társaság, Budap
.
r József (2005b): Hazánk és a világgazdaság, változó kapcsolatrend
ások
és
jövőképek
a
XXI.
században.
Konferenciakötet.
EC
45
r József (2006b): Nyugat-dunántúl tőkevonzó képessége. MTA Regionális K
ontja Nyugat-magyarországi Tudományos Intézete (MTA RKK NYUT
at. (13 oldal)
r József (2007): Külföldi működő tőke. In: Rechnitzer János (szerk.): A
nce régiói. 5. Nyugat-Dunántúl. Magyar Tudományos Akadémia R
ások Központja. Dialóg Campus Kiadó, Pécs-Budapest, 184-186.pp.
46
e Author’s Related Conference Presentations
an language (14 pc)
r József: A Trade Center- Kereskedelmi Központ-Győr projekt bemuta
letfejlesztés
határok
nélkül”
c.
Nemzetközi
Phare
CBC
Kon
aságfejlesztés, turizmus szekció. VÁTI. Sopron, 2002. szeptember 16.
r József: Beszállítóvá válni? – de hogyan? c. kiállítói szakmai konferencia.
zetközi Ipari Szakkiállítás, Budapest, 2005. május 25.
r József: Az osztrák-magyar gazdasági kapcsolatok alakulása, illetve
kozások a Nyugat-Dunántúlon. A versenyképesség regionális, váll
ményi dimenziói c. konferencia, Széchenyi István Egyetem Multidiszc
dalomtudományi Doktori Iskola. Győr, 2004. november 13-14.
r József: Magyarország, mint a közép-európai régió logisztikai központja. I
pean Business Centre (CEBC) Logisztika Konferencia c. szakmai kon
pest. 2005. május 26.
r József: A külföldi működőtőke beáramlása Magyarországra, a visegrádi
nyképességének összehasonlítása a külföldi befektetések szempontjából. A
ság fenntartható növekedése c. konferencia. 43. Közgazdász Vándo
olc, 2005. július 3-5.
r József: A külföldi működőtőke beáramlás szerepe a gazdasági növek
asági
növekedés
Magyarországon
c.
konferencia.
Budapesti
Műs
47
r József: A magyarországi befektetési környezet, kedvező alternatívák az a
etésekhez. Autóipari Versenyképességi Kerekasztal c. szakmai konferencia
árműipari Szövetség. Budapest, 2005. október 4.
r József: A magyarországi befektetési környezet. Befektetői és Letelepedői F
rencia.
Győri
Nemzetközi
Ipari
Park
Kft.,
Ausztria
Magy
követségének Kereskedelmi Osztálya. Győr, 2005. október 19.
r József: Hazánk és a világgazdaság, változó kapcsolatrendszer. Kihív
épek a XXI. században c. konferencia. ECOSTAT Gazdaságelemző és Info
et. Budapest, 2005. október 28.
r József: Az EURégió West/Nyugat Pannónia és a Centrope eu
lakulása, illetve hatásuk a gazdasági fejlődésre. Határok és Euroré
rencia. Szegedi Tudományegyetem, Gazdaság és Társadalomföldrajz
ed, 2005. november 17-18.
r József: A külföldi működőtőke-beáramlás, a befektetés-ösztönzés eszközre
visegrádi országok versenyképességének összehasonlítása. Átalakulási fol
p-Európában c. konferencia. Széchenyi István Egyetem Jog- és Gazdaságtu
Multidiszciplináris Társadalomtudományi Doktori Iskola. Győr, 2005. dec
r József: Az FDI szerepe a magyar gazdasági növekedésben. Nö
arországon: helyzetkép és kilátások c. konferencia. International Ce
omic Growth European Center (ICEG EC). Budapest, 2005. december 9.
48
r József: Aktuelle Wirtschaftslage in Ungarn. Erfahrungsaustausch-Forum
onferencia. Industrie- und Handelskammer Aachen, Düsseldorfi Főko
azdasági Osztály. Németország, Aachen, 2007. augusztus 3.
r József: Wirtschafts- und Förderungsmöglichkeiten in Ungarn. Möglichk
Zulieferer-Industrie in Ungarn, Wirtschaftsforum Ungarn. c. konferencia. I
Handelskammer Siegen, Düsseldorfi Főkonzulátus Külgazdasági O
etország, Siegen, 2008. február 21.
r József: Ungarn als attraktiver Wirtschafts- und Investitionsstand
chaftspartner
lschaft
für
nordrhein-westfälische
Bonn-Berlin,
Düsseldorfi
Unternehmen.
Főkonzulátus
Deutsch-Un
Külgazdasági
O
etország, Bonn, 2008. április 11.
r József: Ungarn als attraktiver Wirtschaftsstandort und die Tendenzen
rischen Tourismus. Wirtschaftstag Ungarn c. konferencia. Mittel- und Ost
um, Flughafen Frankfurt-Hahn, Düsseldorfi Főkonzulátus Külgazdasági O
etország, Frankfurt-Hahn Repülőtér, 2008. április 14.
r József: Ungarn als attraktiver Investitionsstandort und Wirtschaftspa
hein-westfälische
Unternehmen.
Erfahrungsaustausch-Forum
Ung
rencia. Industrie- und Handelskammer Aachen, Industrie- und Handel
eldorf, Düsseldorfi Főkonzulátus Külgazdasági Osztálya. Németország, Dü május 21
r József: Ungarische Logistik-Strategie.
Hessen meets Europe c. kon
trie- und Handelskammer Frankfurt am Main. Németország, Frankfur
49
r József: Ungarn: Innovation und attraktive Sektoren im Brennpunkt. Wirts
rn c. konferencia. Industrie- und Handelskammer Offenbach, Ernst & You
ary, Düsseldorfi Főkonzulátus Külgazdasági Osztálya. Németország, Of október 22.
r József: Attraktive und innovative Branchen in Ungarn. Wirtschaftstag U
rencia.
Industrie- und Handelskammer Köln, Berlini Nagykövetség
azdasági Osztálya. Németország, Köln, 2010. február 3.
r József: Attraktive und innovative Branchen in Ungarn. Wirtschaftstag U
rencia. Industrie- und Handelskammer im Ruhrgebiet, Berlini Nagykövetsé
azdasági Osztálya. Németország, Essen, 2010. november 16.
50
arch projects
commision of the Excellence Pénzügyi Tanácsadó és Szervezetfejlesztő Rt the framework of the commission given by the West-Pannon
evelopment Agency I participated in the regional planning work of „
velopment program of the north-southern economic and traffic axis of the
ansdanubian region” completed in 2001. The study created by the Excel
as a part of the „Regional development program of the north-southern eco
d traffic axis of the Western-Transdanubian region„ completed in coordin
e MTA Regionális Kutatások Központja, Nyugat-magyarországi Tud
tézet (MTA RKK NYUTI) which was approved by the Western Trans
egional Development Council (NYDRFT) in 2001 (Lados 2009). My task d
mpletion of the study of „Location development program of the north-
onomical and traffic axis of the Western-Transdanubian region” in the fra the commission received from the Excellence Rt. was the completion of
udies related to the economic research of the axis region, such as „The e
amination of the north-southern economic and traffic axis of the
ansdanubian region in Győr-Moson-Sopron and Vas county” (First Par
rections of the change and development in the axis region” (Second Pa
Necessary tasks to be done for the creation of the axis” (Third Part), I co
ese parts as an expert for the Excellence Rt.
the framework of the part-study of „The economic research of the north-
51
flow, including industry establishment, commercial networks and banking
this part-study in the framework of development possibilities of the produc
detailed the the necessity of establishment and possibilities of automotive in
oods industrial, electronic industrial, and food industrial product clusters, be
ssibilities of the homogenization of the tourism sectors and the establishm
ermal region in the Western-Transdanubian region. In the part-study of „N
sks to be done for the creation of the axis” I researched the subjects of pos
homogenization, clusterization, locations and possibilities of capital inf
ategic economic development of the Western-Transdanubian region, t
ramid of regional development program of the north-southern economic an
is, industrial development locations, proposed strategic and operative progr
sides an indicator system which is able to monitor the changes in the regi
e axis and other monitoring subjects.
lated to my research subject from time to time I participated in the compo
e questionneire, formulation of subjects and questions for the company surv
strian-hungarian border region made by the MTA Regionális Kutatások Kö
yugat-magyarországi Tudományos Intézet (MTA RKK NYUTI) in 2004.
