STUDI PEREKAT SOSIAL PADA ETNIK BERPOTENSI KONFLIK SEBAGAI UPAYA MENCIPTAKAN KEHARMONISAN LINGKUNGAN SOSIAL-BUDAYA
MELALUI PENDEKATAN SOCIAL CAPITAL DI KAMPUNG BALONG, KOTA SURAKARTA
(Studi Kasus Etnis Cina-Jawa) Jamal Wlwoho Abstract
Theproblem statements of the research are as follows: (1) Howare the history, process, and develop ment of the Chinese ethnic who resides withthe local ethnic in the residential area ofBalong, Surakarta?;
(2) Howfarare the conflictpotentials toemerge, and whatconflicts alreadyhappened there?;and (3) What factors cause the conflicts?
The subjects of the research are the Chinese Ethnic and Javanese ethnic residing in the residen tialarea ofBalong, Surakarta City. Theresearch used a qualitative descriptiveapproach. Itsdata sources
wereinformants, places and events, anddocuments/archives'. The dataweregatheredby using: (1) ques tionnaire, (2) in-depth interview, (3) participatory observation, (4) content analysis, and (5) Focus Group Discussion. Itssamples were taken by usingproportional stratified, purposive, and snowballsamplings. In order toobtain highly-valid data, theywerevalidated by usingrecheckandpeer debriefing triangulations. They werethen analyzedby usingan interactive analysis comprising fouranalysisstages: (1)datagather ing, (2) data reduction, (3) datadisplay, and (4) dataverification/conclusion. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions are made as follows: (1) the economic and politicalpressuresinthePeople'Republic ofChina forced theChinese people toleave for South-EastAsia including Indonesia tomaketheir wayinlife. The increasing number of Chinese people inSurakarta and their increasing participation in economy made Pakubuwono IV, the King of Surakarta (1788 - 1820) choose and decide a location fortheirsettlement, thatis, Balong. (2) The conflicts between the Chinese ethnicand the Javanese ethnictookplace in 1980and 1998. Thescope of the former is small,butitbrings aboutlarge trauma to the Chinese. Meanwhile, the scope of the latter is big, butitonlycauses a small trauma to them as therehas been a good andan intimate relationship between theChineseethnic and the Javaneseethnic. (3) The factors that causedtheconflicts were: (a)socialfactor, theChinese ethnic often
tends tolive in a group andhas few social interactions with other ethnics; (b) cultural factor, the Chinese ethnic who comes to Indonesia brings their own cultures, custom, and traditions, which are derived from Confucianism and Buddha; these allegedly less appreciate the localcultures; and (c) economic factor, most of the Chinese work in the field of trading, and economically theyare strongerthan the local ethnic. This makes economic jealousy to the local ethnic.
Keywords: Conflicts between Chinese- Javanese ethnic, socialcapital
A
Pendahuluan
Kemajemukan yang ada pada bangsa Indo nesia, di satu pihak bila disikapi secara arif dan bijaksana merupakan modal dasar sumber daya manusia. Di lain pihak bila tidak disikapi secara arif dan bijaksana dapat menimbulkan kerawanan sosial. Kerusuhan-kerusuhan yang terjadi akhirakhir ini merupakan suatu tragedi yang timbul adanya kemajemukan yang tidak disikapi secara arif dan bijaksana, sehingga menimbulkan jarak sosial yang merupakan potensi konflik serta dapat menimbulkan disintegrasi sosial. Kerusuhankerusuhan tersebut sebagian besar korbannya
berbagai kerusuhan yang terjadidiberbagai tempat, etnik keturunan Cina selalu menjadi sasaran amuk
massa, sebagaimana terjadi di Surakarta pada tanggal14-15Mei1998. Bangsa Indonesia yang terdiri atas
kemajemukan suku, agama, ras, etnik, di satu pihak merupakan potensi dasar sumber daya manusia yang bila teraktualisasi secara optimal dan diposisikan dalam kerangka cita-cita yang sama, akan merupakan kekuatan yang besar. Namun di lain pihak kemajemukan ini berpotensi menimbulkan kerawanan sosial dalam bentuk
adalah etnik keturunan Cina. Bahkan dalam
konflik sosial. Bahkan identitas sosial yang didasarkan atas satuan daerah, suku, agama,
Yustlsla Edisi Nomor 74 Mei - Agustus 2008
Studi Perekat Sosial pada Etnik Berpotensi... 57
