SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOR OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETEON SANDWICH LAYER CONCRETE

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SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOR OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETEON SANDWICH LAYER CONCRETE THESIS Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering in Materials and Structure

By:

RAMADHAN AL MAHDI JIBRIL Z S941208022

MASTER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING GRADUATE PROGRAM SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY 2014 i


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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY AND CONTENT PUBLICATION OF FINAL PROJECT I declare actually: 1. Thesis by the title:

SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOR OF STEEL FIBER

REINFORCED CONCRETEON SANDWICH LAYER CONCRETE is my own work and has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes, except has been mentioned on the bibliography as reference of this paper. If in the future proved there is plagiarism in this paper, I am willing to accept the sanction appropriate to legislation (Permendiknas No. 17, 2010). 2. Publication of this Thesis on Journal or scientific forum should be permission and include the counselor as author and PPs UNS as institution. In the period at least one semester I did not do the publication of part or all of the contents of this thesis, the Master Civil Engineering Program of UNS reserves the right to publish a scientific journal published by the Master Civil Engineering Department of UNS. If I am in violation of the terms of this publication, then I am willing to receive the applicable academic sanctions.

Author,

RAMADHAN AL MAHDI JIBRIL Z S941208022

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FOREWORD Praise to Allah SWT the lord of the world, who has given mercy and blessing so that this thesis with a title SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOR OF STEEL FIBER

REINFORCED CONCRETE ON SANDWICH LAYER CONCRETE can be resolved. This thesis is submitted as a condition for obtaining a master's degree in Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University.

Respectfully I say many thanks to: 1. Director of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University. 2. Dr. Ir. Mamok Suprapto, M.Eng, as the head of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University. 3. of Sebelas Maret University. 4. Dr. Techn. Ir. Sholihin

, as first supervisor.

5. Yusep Muslih, St., MT., Ph. D., as second supervisor. 6. All faculty staff of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University who have helped during lectures.

7. My brothers and sisters who always support at every condition. 8. Student colleagues of Civil Engineering Master Program of Sebelas Maret University who gave me inspiration and suggestion.

9. All those who helped me in completing this thesis, the author cannot mention one by one. I hope this thesis can contribute to the scientific academic community, practitioners in the field of building materials and benefit the wider community in general. The assistance that was given may receive just reward from Allah SWT.

Surakarta, February 2014 Writer,

RAMADHAN AL MAHDI JIBRIL Z

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ABSTRACT Shrinkage of concrete causes a serious problem in concrete. If concrete is restrained from shrinking, tensile stresses develop and it may exceed the tensile strength of concrete which causes the concrete cracks. One possible method to control or reduce the adverse effects of cracking due to shrinkage in concrete structures is the addition of fiber in the concrete. Steel fiber can improve structural strength, ductility, reduce crack widths and control the crack. In sandwich layer where its material comprises of steel fiber reinforced concrete and some other by plain concrete. The shrinkage behavior has been considerably different compared to fiber reinforced concrete and plain concrete. Therefore this study investigates the behavioral of shrinkage on the steel fiber reinforced concrete on sandwich layer concept. The test specimens were made by steel fiber dosages of 10 kg/m 3, 30kg/m3, 50 kg/m3, 80kg/m3and 100 kg/m3 and some others for sandwich layer specimen with similar fiber dosages combined with plain concrete. The specimen form was cylinder 5 cm in diameter and 27 cm in high for drying shrinkage test. All samples were placed in open air on ambient temperature environment. The shrinkage was recorded on 1 day to 56 days. The shrinkage prediction for three year or 1000 days was also calculated. Both recorded and predicted shrinkage were then compared. The test result showed that plain concrete experienced the highest drying shrinkage and the addition of steel fiber reduced the drying shrinkage that occurred at concrete. The greater amount of fiber contained in the concrete, the lower occurrence of drying shrinkage. The shrinkage on sandwich samples recorded moderate compared to plain concrete, however this shrinkage is higher compared to samples of fully fiber reinforced concrete at the same fiber dosage. The three group of samples; steel fiber reinforced concrete, sandwich concrete and plain concrete showed the same trend of shrinkage curves following the time of hydration. The presence of steel fiber in concrete can effectively hinder drying shrinkage and affected the crack that can reduce and control the shrinkage of concrete. Keyword: Shrinkage behavior, shrinkage prediction, SFRC, sandwich concrete, plain concrete, steel fiber.

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ABSTRAK Penyusutan beton menyebabkan masalah serius dalam beton. Jika beton tertahan dari menyusut, tegangan tarik mengembangkan dan mungkin melebihi kekuatan Tarik beton yang menyebabkan beton retak. Salah satu metode yang mungkin untuk mengendalikan atau mengurangi dampak dari retakan karena susut dalam struktu beton adalah penambahan serat dalam beton. Serat baja dapat meningkatkan kekuatan struktural, daktilitas, mengurangi lebar retak dan mengontrol retak. Dalam lapisan Sandwich mana terdiri materialnya serat baja beton bertulang dan beberapa lainnya oleh beton normal. Perilaku penyusutan telah jauh berbeda dibandingkan dengan serat beton bertulang dan beton normal. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini ingin mengetahui perilaku penyusutan pada serat baja beton bertulang pada konsep lapisan sandwich. Spesimen uji dibuat dengan dosis serat baja dari 10 kg/m3, 30kg/m3, 50 kg/m3, 80kg/m 3dan 100 kg/m3 dan beberapa lainnya untuk Sandwich lapisan specimen dengan dosis serat yang sama dikombinasikan dengan beton normal. Bentuk specimen adalah silinder dengan diameter 5 cm dan tinggi 27 cm untuk uji pengeringan penyusutan. Semua sampel ditempatkan di udara terbuka pada suhu lingkungan. Penyusutan ini direkam pada 1 hari sampai 56 hari. Prediksi penyusutan selama tiga tahun atau 1000 hari juga dihitung. Keduanya dicatat dan diprediksi susut tersebut kemudian dibandingkan.

Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa beton normal mengalami pengeringan penyusutan tertinggi dan penambahan serat baja mengurangi susut pengeringan yang terjadi pada beton. Jumlah yang lebih besar dari serat yang terkandung dalam beton, terjadinya rendah pengeringan penyusutan. Penyusutan pada sampel Sandwich tercatat moderat dibandingkan dengan beton normal, namun penyusutan ini lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sampel penuh serat beton bertulang pada dosis serat yang sama. Tiga kelompok sampel; serat baja beton bertulang, sandwich beton dan beton normal menunjukkan kecenderungan yang sama dari

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kurva penyusutan setelah waktu hidrasi. Kehadiran sera baja dalam beton dapat secara efektif menghambat pengeringan susut dan mempengaruhi celah yang dapat mengurangi dan mengontrol susut beton.

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CONTENTS` THESIS STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY FOREWORD ABSTRACT ABSTRAK CONTENTS` LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLE CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1

Background

1.2

Problem Statement

1.3

Research Scope

1.4

Research Objectives

1.5

Research Outcomes and Significance

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND BASIC THEORY 2.1

Literature Review 2.1.1 Concrete

2.2

2.1.2

Drying shrinkage in concrete

2.1.3

Fiber

2.1.4

Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)

2.1.5

Sandwich Layer Concept

Basic Theory 2.2.1

Concrete

2.2.2

Shrinkage in concrete

2.2.3

Fiber

2.2.4

Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC)

2.2.5

Sandwich Layer Concept

2.3

The difference between this research and previous researches

2.4

Hypothesis

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1

Introduction 3.1.1

Concrete Mix Design

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3.1.2 3.2

3.3

Sample Preparation

Materials 3.2.1

Type of Fiber

3.2.2

Cement

Concrete Material Testing 3.3.1

Los Angeles test

3.3.2

Water absorption test

3.3.3

Specific gravity test

3.3.4

Aggregate gradation test

3.4

Concrete Mixing

3.5

Shrinkage Testing

3.6

Shrinkage Prediction

3.7

Analysis

3.8

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3.7.1

Shrinkage behavior of SFRC

3.7.2

Shrinkage Behavior of Sandwich Concrete

3.7.3

Shrinkage behavior of SFRC and plain concrete on sandwich concrete.

Systematic Research Methods

CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1

Material Test 4.1.1

Fine Aggregate

4.1.2

Coarse Aggregate

4.2

Mix Design (plain concrete)

4.3

Compressive Strength Test

4.4

Drying Srinkage Test

4.5

Drying Shrinkage Prediction

4.6 Discussion CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1

Conclusion

5.2

Suggestion

REFERENCE

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LIST OF FIGURE Figure 2.1 Effect of ambient (constant) relative humidity of exposure on the drying shrinkage rate for 4 x 8x 32mm mortar specimens with two different w/c ratios (a) 0.35 (b) 0.50 (from Bissonnette et al., 1999). Figure 2.2 (a) Effect of aggregate concentration on shrinkage of concrete: theoretical vs. experimental results by Pickett (from Soroka, 1993). (b) Relation between shrinkage strains and concrete secant modulus of elasticity, data by Richard (from Soroka, 1993). Figure 2.3 Effect of w/c ratio on the drying shrinkage of concrete as a function of time, data by Haller (from Soroka, 1993). Figure 2.4 (a) Different possibilities of strain measurement in a drying shrinkage test. (b) Relation between the height of concrete specimens of constant diameter and the measured longitudinal strains at the border and at the centre of the samples (from Wittmann, 1993). Figure 2.5 Various types of steel fiber form (Soroushian and Bayasi, 1991) Figure 2.6 Bridge deck with steel fibers. Figure 2.7 Tightly bunched steel fibers are placed in a form, before cement slurry is poured into this application of slurry-infiltrated steel-fiber concrete (SIFCON). Figure 2.8 Sketch of sandwich layer concrete. Figure 3.1 Water-cement ratio relationship graphs and the average compressive strength of cylinder (SNI 03-2834-2000 ). Figure 3.2 Graph fine aggregate percentages on the overall aggregate for the maximum grain size of 20 mm (SNI 03 -2834-200) Figure 3.3 Graph showing the relationship of water content, specific gravity of aggregate mix, an heavy concrete( after .SNI 03-3834-2000) Figure 3.4 Steel fibers RC 80/60 BN Figure 3.5 Specimen dimension Figure 3.6 Shrinkage performance (boral laboratory testing, 2013) Figure 3.7 Flow chart of research method Figure 4.4 Relation between drying shrinkage and drying age of plain concrete and plain concrete of sandwich.

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LIST OF TABLE Table 2.1 Typical values of shrinkage strains in mortar and concrete samples with a squared cross section of 127mm2, exposed to a 50% RH environment at 21ºC (Neville, 2002) Table 2.2 SIFCON mix design. Table 3.1 Specimen types with various dosages of steel fiber. Table 4.1 Specific grafity test result Table 4.2 Fine aggregate gradation test result Table 4.3 Specific grafity test result Table 4.4 Fine aggregate gradation test result Table 4.5 Material requirement Table 4.6 Compressive strength test result Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Comparison of coefficient error between predicted shrinkage

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LIST OF APPENDIX

Appendix A..............................................................................................

Ap A-1

Appendix B..............................................................................................

Ap B-1

Appendix C..............................................................................................

Ap C-

1

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SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOR OF STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETEON SANDWICH LAYER CONCRETE

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