NATURALISTIC STUDY ON COMMUNICATION STRATEGY USED BY SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS IN SPEAKING CLASS OF ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
RESEARCH PAPER Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education in English Department
by DINI INGE ANGGRANTASARI A 320 120 247
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA 2016
MOTTO
If the chance never comes, builds it. Do the best, God will do the rest.
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
Her beloved father who gives strength to me, ,“Nasrudin”, and
Her beloved mother who cares me with her full love, ,“Sri Lestari”.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin, first and foremost, my gratitude goes to Alloh SWT for the blessing and inspiration leading the research paper entitled “Naturalistic Study on Communication Strategy Used by Second Semester Students in Speaking Class of English Education Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta”. However, there are many forms of help gratefully received from particular individual. On this good opportunity, the writer wishes to reveal her special gratitude to: 1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, Dean of School of Teacher Training and Education Faculty, 2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D, Head of English Department, for approving this research, 3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum., the first consultant who gives guidance, advice, suggestions, information and correction, from the beginning of preparation of writing research paper up to completion of it, 4. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D, the second consultant who gives her guidance, advice, sugesstion, and careful correction to improve the research paper, 5. Drs. Djoko Srijono, M.Hum., the third examiner who gives her suggestion and careful correction to improve the research paper, 6. Nur Hidayat, S.Pd. M.Pd, as the academic advisor, 7. Mr. Fitri Kurniawan, S.Pd., the lecturer of Speaking II class who allows and welcomes her to conduct a research in his class. “Thank you very much.” And unforgettable thanks to the students of Speaking II class H and I who help her in getting the data, 8. All lecturers of English Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta who have taught her many things, 9. Her beloved family: my father, Nasrudin, my mother, Sri Lestari, my granny, Kasmi, and my beloved brothers; Fahrudin Yoga Dwinata and Miftakhur vii
Rozak. “Thank you very much for the motivation, support and prays for the writer throughout her entire study,” 10. Her friends in Konsultasi Skripsi’s group: Dewi Novitasari, Rannisa Elly Fathin, and Nurul Hikmah. “Thank you so much for the friendship, I can learn many things from, you,” 11. Her partner Dwi Pangeti and Dita Kurniati, S.Pd who always accompany her to eat dinner, 12. Her friends in English Department: Puji Puu, Arum, Umi, Yulinda, Rana, Encus, Nurma, Dewi, Yunita, Dennis, Cynthia, and everybody who couldn’t be mentioned one by one. “Thank you so much,” 13. Her friends Mega Platina and Nova who accompany her during conduct the observation. ”Thank you for your cooperation.” 14. Her beloved brothers and sisters: Dwi Indaryanti, S.Pd., Arif Purnomo, Muhammad Nur Arifin, Ratih Chandra Bimandari, Rikiana Setiani, S.H.. “Thanks for the friendship and now being relationship inter-family,” 15. Her sisters in “Kost Patriot Putri”: Mbak Dian, Mbak Tyagita, Mbak Anis, Mbak Trias, Mbak Yesi, Desy, Heni, Linda, Dina, Asha, Rahma, Maudy, Hayyina. “Thanks for being her second family.” The last, her thanks are addressed to the readers who are willing to read the research paper. The writer realizes that the research paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore supportive criticism and suggestion are really welcomed and badly needed to make this research paper better. Wassalamu’alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta,
May 2016
Dini Inge Anggrantasari
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT page TITLE .........................................................................................................................i APPROVAL...............................................................................................................ii ACCEPTANCE .........................................................................................................iii TESTIMONY.............................................................................................................iv MOTTO .....................................................................................................................v DEDICATION ...........................................................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................ix SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................xii RINGKASAN .......................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................1 A. Background of the Study ..............................................................1 B. Problem Statement .......................................................................4 C. Limitation of the Study.................................................................4 D. Objectives of the Study ................................................................4 E. Significance of the Study .............................................................4 F. Research Paper Organization .......................................................5 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .........................................6 A. Previous Study..............................................................................6 B. Communicative Competence .......................................................12 1. Grammatical Competence ......................................................13 2. Sociolinguistic Competence ...................................................13 3. Discourse Competence ...........................................................13 4. Strategic Competence .............................................................13 C. Communication Strategy ..............................................................14 D. Taxonomy of Communication Strategy .......................................15 1. Tarone’s Taxonomy ................................................................15 2. Faerch & Kasper’s Taxonomy ................................................17 3. Bialystok’s Taxonomy ............................................................18
ix
4. Dornyei & Scott’s Taxonomy.................................................18 5. Celce-Murcia’s Taxonomy .....................................................20 E. Theoretical Framework ................................................................21 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ...................................................................23 A. Type of the Research ....................................................................23 B. Subject of the Study .....................................................................24 C. Object of the Study .......................................................................24 D. Data and Data Source ...................................................................24 E. Method of Collecting Data ...........................................................25 F. Technique for Analyzing Data .....................................................26 CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ..................................28 A. Research Finding ..........................................................................28 1. Types of Communication Strategies ............................................28 a. Avoidance or Reduction Strategies ........................................28 1) Topic Avoidance ..............................................................28 2) Message Abandonment ....................................................29 b. Achievement or Compensatory Strategies .............................30 1) Approximation..................................................................30 2) Non-linguistic Means .......................................................31 3) Restructuring ....................................................................32 4) Word Coinage...................................................................33 5) Literal Translation ............................................................34 6) Retrieval ...........................................................................35 c. Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies ........................................35 1) Filler, Hesitation Device and Gambit ...............................36 2) Self and Other Repetition .................................................38 d. Self-monitoring Strategies ......................................................39 1) Self-initiated Repair .........................................................39 2) Rephrasing ........................................................................40 e. Interactional Strategies ...........................................................40 1) Repetition Request ...........................................................41
x
2) Appeals for Help ..............................................................41 2. Frequency of Communication Strategies .....................................43 3. Dominant Types of Communication Strategies ...........................44 B. Discussion of the Finding .............................................................45 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND SUGGESTION ...................................................................................50 A. Conclusion ....................................................................................50 B. Pedagogical Implication ...............................................................51 C. Suggestion ....................................................................................52 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX
xi
SUMMARY Dini Inge Anggrantasari. A 320 120 247. NATURALISTIC STUDY ON COMMUNICATION STRATEGY USED BY SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS IN SPEAKING CLASS OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA. Research Paper. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2016. This research aims at describing the communication strategies used by the second semester students in Speaking class of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. The study is also as a reference for the better problem-management in teaching-learning process. The data contain communication strategies used by the second semester students in Speaking class of English Education Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta in 2015/2016 academic year. There are three sources of data in this research, namely: event, informant, and document. The writer takes 2 classes of Speaking, with the total 38 students as the subject of the research. The writer uses qualitative method in analyzing the data. The data are based on CelceMurcia’s taxonomy of communication strategies. The result of this study shows that there are five types with fourteen subtypes of communication strategies, the most dominant types of communication strategies used by second semester students in Speaking class is fillers 31,05%, and the rarely type of communication strategies used by students are topic avoidance, word coinage, literal translation, self-initiated repair 0,53%. The result above implies that teaching communication strategies are needed for students who still have limited knowledge in the target language. To maintain student’s communication, communication strategies as an object in Speaking class make the students aware when they communicate with the others. Keywords: communication strategies, speaking.
xii
RINGKASAN Dini Inge Anggrantasari. A 320 120 247. NATURALISTIC STUDY ON COMMUNICATION STRATEGY USED BY SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS IN SPEAKING CLASS OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA. Research Paper. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. 2016. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan strategi komunikasi yang digunakan oleh mahasiswa semester dua di kelas Speaking di Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Penelitian ini juga sebagai acuan untuk manajemen permasalahan di dalam proses pembelajaran. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah strategi komunikasi yang digunakan mahasiswa semester dua di kelas Speaking Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta tahun 2015/2016. Ada tiga sumber data dalam penelitian ini, yakni: peristiwa, informan, dan dokumen. Penulis menggunakan 2 kelas Speaking, dengan jumlah 38 mahasiswa sebagai subjek penelitian. Penulis menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif untuk menganalisis data. Data berdasarkan taksonomi strategi komunikasi dari Celce-Murcia. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada 5 tipe dengan 14 sub-tipe stratgei komunikasi, dengan tipe strategi komunikasi paling dominan digunakan mahasiswa semester dua di kelas Speaking adalah fillers dengan 31,05%, dan tipe strategi komunikasi yang jarang digunakan adalah topic avoidance, word coinage, literal translation, self-initiated repair dengan 0,53%. Hasil tersebut menyatakan bahwa pengajaran strategi komunikasi diperlukan untuk mahasiswa yang masih kekurangan pengetahuan di sasaran bahasa. Untuk membantu komunikasi yang dilakukan mahasiswa, strategi komunikasi sebagai mata kuliah dalam kelas Speaking akan membuat mereka tahu ketika mereka berkomunikasi dengan orang lain. Kata Kunci: strategi komunikasi, speaking.
xiii
