KELOMPOK PROYEK AKHIR ARSITEKTUR
D
Periode LXVIII, Semester Ganjil , Tahun 2015/2016 (BERKAS UNTUK SIDANG LTP)
PERUMAHAN SEDERHANA DI KOTA SEMARANG DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN POTENSI LOKAL PENEKANAN DESAIN Green Architectural
PERMASALAHAN DOMINAN Bagaimana Pengelolaan Air Perumahan Secara Ekologis
Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Teknik Arsitektur
Disusun oleh : LUKAS BAYU K. K.
07.11.0094
DOSEN PEMBIMBING : Ir. Robert Rianto W., M.T. NIDN : 0627066701
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN
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UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA SEMARANG
PRAKATA
Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yesus Kristus, atas berkat, rahmat dan kemurahan-Nya telah memberikan kelancaran, kesehatan, hikmat dan pengertian sehingga Landasan Teori dan Program (LTP) Proyek Akhir Arsitektur
periode
LXVIII semester ganjil
berjudul
Perumahan
Sederhana
di
tahun Kota
2015/2016
Semarang
yang
Dengan
Memanfaatkan Potensi Lokal ini dapat terselesaikan dengan maksimal. Dalam penyusunan tugas akhir ini, dihaturkan ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak yang telah ikut ambil bagian dalam membantu dalam proses penyusunan baik secara langsung maupun tidak,diantaranya: 1.
Tri Tunggal, Tuhan YME
2. Orang tua, seluruh keluarga besar, sahabat, teman dan rekan PAA LXVIII yang tidak dapat saya sebutkan satu persatu 3. Seluruh pihak yang turut membantu baik itu dalam hal perijinan, pencarian data maupun memandu dalam melakukan studi preseden ,sehingga terciptanya tugas akhir ini. Semoga tugas akhir ini dapat bermanfaat bagi para pembaca. Saran dan kritik sangatlah diharapkan demi penyempurnaan di kemudian hari. Semarang, 23 Oktober 2015
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Lukas Bayu Kamarendra K.
DAFTAR ISI HalamanPengesahan ............................................................................................. ii Prakarta .................................................................................................................. iii Daftar Isi ................................................................................................................ v Daftargambar .......................................................................................................... x DaftarTabel ............................................................................................................. xvi Daftar Diagram........................................................................................................ xviii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN........................................................................................ 1 1.1. ............................................................................................................. L atarBelakangProjek ........................................................................... 1 1.2. ............................................................................................................. T ujuandanSasaranPembahasan .......................................................... 2 1.2.1. .................................................................................................. T ujuanPembahasan .................................................................. 3 1.2.2. .................................................................................................. S asaranPembahasan ................................................................ 3 1.2.3. .................................................................................................. L ingkupPembahasan................................................................. 3 1.3. ............................................................................................................. M etodePembahasan ............................................................................. 4
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1.3.1. .................................................................................................. M etodePengumpulan Data ......................................................... 5 1.3.2. .................................................................................................. M etodePenyusunandanAnalisis Data......................................... 6 1.3.3. .................................................................................................. M etodePerancanganArsitektur ................................................... 8 1.4. ............................................................................................................. S istematikaPembahasan...................................................................... 9 BAB II TINJAUAN PROJEK ................................................................................ 12 2.1. TinjaumanUmum ................................................................................. 12 2.1.1. GambaranUmum ..................................................................... 12 2.1.2. LatarBelakang, Perkembangan Trend ..................................... 18 2.1.3. Sasaran yang Akan Dicapai ..................................................... 20 2.2. TinjauanKhusus................................................................................... 21 2.2.1. Terminologi .............................................................................. 21 2.2.2. Kegiatan................................................................................... 21 2.2.3. SpesifikasidanPersyaratanDesain ........................................... 25 2.2.4. DeskripsiKonteksDesa / Kota .................................................. 27 2.2.5. Studi Banding ProjekSejenis .................................................... 36 2.2.6. PermasalahanDesain............................................................... 47 2.3. Kesimpulan, Batsan, danAnggapan .................................................... 49 2.3.1.Kesimpulan ............................................................................... 49 2.3.2. Batasan.................................................................................... 50
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2.3.3. Anggapan ................................................................................ 51 BAB III ANALISA PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ............................ 52 3.1. AnalisaPendekatan Program Arsitektur............................................... 52 3.1.1.StudiAktivitas ............................................................................ 52 3.1.1.1.Pengelompokan .......................................................... 52 3.1.1.2.Kategorisasi................................................................. 53 3.1.1.3.PelakuKegiatan ........................................................... 54 3.1.1.4.PolaKegiatanMakro ..................................................... 55 3.1.1.5.SifatKegiatan ............................................................... 58 3.1.1.6.PengelompokanKegiatan ............................................ 58 3.1.2.StudiFasilitas ............................................................................ 60 3.1.2.1.PolaRuang................................................................... 60 3.1.2.2.HubunganRuang ......................................................... 61 3.1.2.3.BesaranRuang ............................................................ 62 3.1.2.4.StudiRuangKhusus...................................................... 69 3.1.2.5.StudiKebutuhanLuasBangunan ................................... 80 3.1.2.6.Studi Citra Arsitektural ................................................. 81 3.2. AnalisisiPendekatanSistemArsitektur .................................................. 82 3.3. AnalisisiPendekatanSistemLingkungan ............................................... 90 3.3.1.AnalisaPemilihanLokasiMakro (BWK)....................................... 90 3.3.1.1.KriteriaPemilihanLokasi ............................................... 91 3.3.1.2.AlternatifPemilihanLokasiMakro .................................. 91 3.3.1.3.PemilihanLokasiMakro ................................................ 94
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3.3.2.AnalisaPemilihanLokasiMikro ................................................... 94 3.3.2.1.KriteriaPemilihanLokasiMikro ...................................... 94 3.3.2.1.1.StudiKekuatanAlami .................................... 95 3.3.2.1.2.StudiKekuatanBuatan .................................. 95 3.3.2.1.3.StudiAmenitasAlami..................................... 96 3.3.2.1.4.StudiAmenitasBuatan .................................. 96 3.3.2.2.AlternatifLokasiMikro ................................................... 96 3.3.2.3.PemilihanLokasiMikro ................................................. 98 3.3.2.4.DeskripsiKonteksLingkunganLokasiTerpilih ................ 99 3.3.3.AnalisaPemilihanTapak ............................................................ 99 3.3.3.1.KriteriaPemilihanTapak ............................................... 99 3.3.3.2.AlternatifTapak ............................................................ 101 3.3.3.3.PemilihanTapak........................................................... 102 BAB IV PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ...................................................................... 105 4.1. Konsep Program ................................................................................. 105 4.1.1. Citra Arsitektural ...................................................................... 105 4.1.2.AspekFungsi ............................................................................. 105 4.1.3.AspekTeknologi ........................................................................ 105 4.1.4.AspekLingkungan ..................................................................... 106 4.2.
TujuanPerencanaan, FaktorPenentuPerancangandanFaktorPersyaratanDesain................ 107 4.2.1.TujuanPerencangan.................................................................. 107 4.2.2.FaktorPenentuPerancangan ..................................................... 107
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4.2.2.1.LokasidanTapak .......................................................... 107 4.2.2.2.PoladanJenisKegiatan ................................................. 108 4.2.3.FaktorPenentuPerancangan ..................................................... 108 4.2.3.1.PersyaratanArsitektur .................................................. 108 4.2.3.2.Bangunan .................................................................... 110 4.2.3.3.Lingkungan .................................................................. 111 4.3. Program Arsitektur .............................................................................. 116 4.3.1. Program Kegiatan .................................................................... 116 4.3.2. Program BesaranRuang .......................................................... 117 4.3.3. Program Sistem Struktur dan Enclosure .................................. 118 4.3.4. Program Sistem Utilitas ........................................................... 122 4.3.5. Program LokasidanTapak ........................................................ 125 4.3.5.1.Data EksistingdanDeskripsiTapak ............................... 125 4.3.5.2.PerhitunganRuang Terbuka HijaupadaTapak ............. 126 4.3.5.3.PerbaikanIklimMikro .................................................... 126 4.3.5.4.Perbaikan Tapak/ Site Repair...................................... 127 4.3.5.5.Material Penutup Tanah .............................................. 128 BAB V KAJIAN TEORI ........................................................................................ 129 5.1. KajianTeoriPenekananDesain ............................................................. 129 5.1.1.UraianInterpretasidanElaborasiTeoriPenekanan Desain ..................................................................................... 129 5.1.2.StudiPreseden .......................................................................... 133 5.1.3.KemungkinanPenerapanTeoriPenekananDesain ..................... 137
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5.2. KajianTeoriPermasalahanDominan ..................................................... 139 5.2.1.UraianInterpretasidanElaborasiTeoriPermasalahan Dominan .................................................................................. 139 5.2.2.StudiPreseden .......................................................................... 145 5.2.3.KemungkinanPenerapanTeoriPermasalahanDominan ............. 151 DaftarPustaka ......................................................................................................... 152
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Peta Kota Semarang .......................................................................... 29 Gambar 2.2. Siteplan perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen ......................................... 36 Gambar 2.3. Lahan urug ......................................................................................... 37 Gambar 2.4. Perumahan ........................................................................................ 37
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Gambar 2.5. Dinding batako di perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen .......................... 37 Gambar 2.6. Pintu kayu perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen ..................................... 38 Gambar 2.7. Perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen bagian dalam ................................ 38 Gambar 2.8. Perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen ...................................................... 38 Gambar 2.9. Pekerjaan perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen ...................................... 38 Gambar 2.10.Rumah bagian dalam di perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen ............... 38 Gambar 2.11. Rumah bagian dalam di perumahan Arion Mas Mranggen .............. 38 Gambar 2.12. Siteplan rumah Alm. Dr. Heinz Frick ................................................ 41 Gambar 2.13. Rumah Alm. Dr. Heinz Frick ............................................................. 41 Gambar 2.14. Talang vertical .................................................................................. 42 Gambar 2.15. Tandon penampung air hujan .......................................................... 42 Gambar 2.16. Kamar mandi .................................................................................... 42 Gambar 2.17. Plafon kayu ...................................................................................... 43 Gambar 2.18. Tangga ............................................................................................. 43 Gambar 2.19. Vegetasi vertikal ............................................................................... 43 Gambar2.20. Dapur ................................................................................................ 44 Gambar 2.21. Kamar mandi .................................................................................... 44 Gambar 2.22. Denah tipe rumah Puri Gardenia ..................................................... 46 Gambar 2.23. Denah lokasi Puri Gardenia ............................................................. 46 Gambar 2.24. Siteplan Puri Gardenia ..................................................................... 47 Gambar 3.1. denah kamar tidur .............................................................................. 69 Gambar 3.2. perspektif kamar tidur......................................................................... 69 Gambar 3.3. potongan ruang tamu dan ruang tengah ............................................ 70
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Gambar 3.4. perspektif ruang tamu dan ruang tengah ........................................... 70 Gambar 3.5. kamar mandi ...................................................................................... 70 Gambar 3.6. kamar tidur ......................................................................................... 71 Gambar 3.7. kamar tidur ......................................................................................... 71 Gambar 3.8. kamar tidur ......................................................................................... 72 Gambar 3.9. potongan ruang tamu ......................................................................... 72 Gambar 3.10. perspektif ruang tamu ...................................................................... 72 Gambar 3.11. potongan dapur ................................................................................ 73 Gambar 3.12. perspektif dapur ............................................................................... 73 Gambar 3.13. kamar mandi .................................................................................... 73 Gambar 3.14. denah kamar utama ......................................................................... 74 Gambar 3.15. potongan kamar utama .................................................................... 74 Gambar 3.16. kamar tidur ....................................................................................... 74 Gambar 3.17. ruang tamu ....................................................................................... 75 Gambar 3.18. potongan dapur ................................................................................ 75 Gambar 3.19. perspektif dapur ............................................................................... 75 Gambar 3.20. kamar mandi .................................................................................... 76 Gambar 3.21. orientasi bangunan terhadap arah matahari .................................... 79 Gambar 3.22. sunsheding permanen...................................................................... 79 Gambar 3.23. sunsheding bisa digerakan .............................................................. 79 Gambar 3.24. sunsheding ....................................................................................... 79 Gambar 3.25. rumah tipe hook ............................................................................... 81 Gambar 3.26. denah tipe hook................................................................................ 81
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Gambar 3.27. bangunan split level ......................................................................... 82 Gambar 3.28. bangunan sengkedan....................................................................... 82 Gambar 3.29. pondasi rata dengan tanah .............................................................. 83 Gambar 3.30. pondasi penigggian tanah ................................................................ 83 Gambar 3.31. pondasi panggung............................................................................ 83 Gambar 3.32. pondasi lajur ..................................................................................... 83 Gambar 3.33. pondasi umpak ................................................................................. 83 Gambar 3.34.pondasi cakar ayam .......................................................................... 83 Gambar 3.35. lantai kayu ........................................................................................ 84 Gambar 3.36. lantai plester ..................................................................................... 84 Gambar 3.37. lantai kramik ..................................................................................... 84 Gambar 3.38. dinding batu bata.............................................................................. 85 Gambar 3.39. dinding batako .................................................................................. 85 Gambar 3.40. dinding kayu ..................................................................................... 85 Gambar 3.41. plafon gypsum .................................................................................. 85 Gambar 3.42. plafon kayu ....................................................................................... 85 Gambar 3.43. rangka atap kayu.............................................................................. 86 Gambar 3.44. rangka atap baja ringan ................................................................... 86 Gambar 3.45. genteng tanah liat............................................................................. 87 Gambar 3.46. genteng beton .................................................................................. 87 Gambar 3.47. atap jurai .......................................................................................... 87 Gambar 3.48. jaringan listrik PLN ........................................................................... 87 Gambar 3.49. jaringan listrik genset ....................................................................... 87
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Gambar 3.50. sumur resapan ................................................................................. 88 Gambar 3.51. septic tank ........................................................................................ 88 Gambar 3.52. pengolahan air limbah ...................................................................... 88 Gambar 3.53. PDAM............................................................................................... 88 Gambar 3.54. Peta BWK Semarang ....................................................................... 90 Gambar 3.55. Peta BWK VIII Semarang ................................................................. 92 Gambar 3.56. Peta BWK X Semarang .................................................................... 93 Gambar 3.57. Peta BWK VIII Semarang ................................................................. 96 Gambar 3.58. petajalan Manyaran-Gunungpati ...................................................... 96 Gambar 3.59. eksisting ruas jalan Manyaran-Gunungpati ...................................... 97 Gambar 3.60. Peta BWK VIII Semarang ................................................................. 98 Gambar 3.61. peta Jalan Kaligetas ......................................................................... 99 Gambar 3.62. alternatifpemilihan lokasi .................................................................. 101 Gambar 3.63. eksisting tapak 1 .............................................................................. 103 Gambar 3.64. eksisting tapak 2 .............................................................................. 103 Gambar 3.65. eksisting tapak 3 .............................................................................. 103 Gambar 4.1. pencahayaan alami ............................................................................ 110 Gambar 4.2. perbaikan iklim mikro ......................................................................... 112 Gambar 4.3. bangunan split level ........................................................................... 117 Gambar 4.4. bangunan sengkedan......................................................................... 117 Gambar 4.5. pondasi rata dengan tanah ................................................................ 117 Gambar 4.6. pondasi panggung.............................................................................. 117 Gambar 4.7. pondasi lajur ....................................................................................... 118
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Gambar 4.8. pondasi caka rayam ........................................................................... 118 Gambar 4.9. lantai kayu .......................................................................................... 118 Gambar 4.10. lantai plester ..................................................................................... 118 Gambar 4.11.lantai kramik ...................................................................................... 118 Gambar 4.12. dinding batu bata.............................................................................. 118 Gambar 4.13. dinding batako .................................................................................. 118 Gambar
4.14.
dinding
kayu...................................................................................... 118 Gambar 4.15. plafon gypsum .................................................................................. 119 Gambar 4.16. plafon kayu ....................................................................................... 119 Gambar 4.17. rangka atap kayu.............................................................................. 119 Gambar 4.18. genteng tanah liat............................................................................. 119 Gambar 4.19. jaringan listrik PLN ........................................................................... 120 Gambar 4.20. jaringan listrik genset ....................................................................... 120 Gambar 4.21. sumur resapan ................................................................................. 120 Gambar 4.22. septic tank ........................................................................................ 120 Gambar 4.23. pengolahan air limbah ...................................................................... 120 Gambar 4.24. PDAM............................................................................................... 120 Gambar 4.25. lampu Downlight............................................................................... 121 Gambar 4.26. lampu cobra head ............................................................................ 122 Gambar 4.27. lampu Decorative Post Top .............................................................. 122 Gambar 4.28. Hydran Box ...................................................................................... 123 Gambar 4.29. kamera CCTV .................................................................................. 123
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Gambar 4.30. struktur bangunan di lerengan ......................................................... 126 Gambar 4.31. lubang biopori .................................................................................. 127 Gambar 4.32. rumput jepang .................................................................................. 127 Gambar 4.33. Grass Block ...................................................................................... 127 Gambar 5.1. material regional................................................................................. 130 Gambar 5.2. daur ulang air ..................................................................................... 130 Gambar 5.3. ventilasi .............................................................................................. 131 Gambar 5.4. pencahayaan alami ............................................................................ 131 Gambar 5.5. siteplan rumah Alm. Dr. Heinz Frick ................................................... 133 Gambar 5.6. rumah Alm. Dr. Heinz Frick ................................................................ 133 Gambar 5.7. talang ventilasi ................................................................................... 134 Gambar 5.8. tandon penampungan air hujan ......................................................... 134 Gambar 5.9. kamar mandi ...................................................................................... 134 Gambar 5.10. plafon kayu ....................................................................................... 135 Gambar 5.11. tangga .............................................................................................. 135 Gambar 5.12. vegetasi vertikal ............................................................................... 135 Gambar 5.13. dapur ................................................................................................ 136 Gambar 5.14. kamar mandi .................................................................................... 136 Gambar 5.15. diagram system penyaringan pasir lambat ....................................... 144 Gambar 5.16. contoh penjernihan air tipe up flow................................................... 145 Gambar 5.17. gambar cerobong diatas rumah-rumah BedZED ............................. 147 Gambar 5.18. perumahan BedZED ........................................................................ 148
Gambar 5.19. rumah di BedZED............................................................................. 148 Gamb
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Gambar 5.21. solar panel di perumahan BedZED .................................................. 149 Gamb Gambar 5.23. sistem pemanfaatan pencahayaan di BedZED ................................ 145
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1. kebutuhan fasilitas ................................................................................. 23 Tabel 3.1. pelaku kegiatan ...................................................................................... 54 Tabel 3.2. sifat kegiatan .......................................................................................... 58 Tabel 3.3. kelompok ruang ..................................................................................... 59 Tabel 3.4. pola sirkulasi .......................................................................................... 60 Tabel 3.5. pola penataan unit.................................................................................. 61 Tabel 3.6. besaran ruang ........................................................................................ 62 Tabel 3.7. kebutuhan luas unit tipe 36 .................................................................... 76 Tabel 3.8. kebutuhan luas unit tipe 45 .................................................................... 77 Tabel 3.9. kebutuhan luas unit tipe 54 .................................................................... 77 Tabel 3.10. kebutuhan luas unit tipe 60 .................................................................. 78 Tabel 3.11. kebutuhan luas bangunan .................................................................... 79 Tabel 3.12. sistem struktrur .................................................................................... 81 Tabel 3.13. penilaian alternatif 1 pada lokasi makro ............................................... 92 Tabel 3.14. penilaian alternatif 2 pada lokasi makro ............................................... 93 Tabel 3.15. penilaian pada lokasi makro................................................................. 93 Tabel 3.16. analisa alternatif 1 pada jalan terpilih ................................................... 97 Tabel 3.17. analisa alternatif 2 pada jalan terpilih ................................................... 98 Tabel 3.18. penilaian pada lokasi mikro .................................................................. 99 Tabel 3.19. perbandingan alternatif tapak............................................................... 102
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Tabel 3.20. penilaian pada tapak terpilih ................................................................ 102 Tabel 4.1. besaran ruang terbangun ....................................................................... 116 Tabel 4.2. program sistem struktur ......................................................................... 117
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DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram 1.1 :Alur Pikir Metoda Pengumpulan Data................................................ 5 Diagram 1.2 :Alur Pikir Metoda Penyusunandan Analisa........................................ 7 Diagram 1.3 :Alur Pikir Metoda Perancangan Arsitektur ......................................... 8 Diagram 3.1.pola aktivitas umum ............................................................................ 56 Diagram 3.2.pola aktivitas penghuni ....................................................................... 56 Diagram 3.3. pola aktivitas pengelola ..................................................................... 57 Diagram 3.4. pola aktivitas servis ........................................................................... 57 Diagram 3.5. hubungan ruang ................................................................................ 61 Diagram 4.1. program kegiatan............................................................................... 115 Diagram 4,2. Program kegiatan .............................................................................. 115 Diagram 5.1. teori permasalahan desain ................................................................ 138
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