PENGANTAR EKONOMI PERTANIAN Kode PTE- 101002
PERTEMUAN KEDELAPAN (Lanjutan) Surplus konsumen-produsen
Rini Dwiastuti, Nuhfil Hananai, Nur Baladina, Djohar Noeriati 2011
Struktur Presentasi Deskripsi surplus konsumen
Deskripsi surplus produsen
Perubahan harga terhadap surplus konsumen & produsen
1
Surplus konsumen
Konsumen Surplus Konsumen membeli barang membuat mereka better off ( sejahtera) atau mendapatkan nilai guna Berapa banyak kesejehateraan yang mereka peroleh ? SURPLUS KONSUMEN Jumlah kemampuan membayar untuk barang
dikurangi jumlah aktual yang mereka bayarkan Adalah manfaat atau nilai total yang diterima konsumen melebihi yang dibayarkan konsumen.
Contoh : Consumer Surplus Asumsi seorang mahasiswa ingin membeli tiket konser. Kurve Demand menjelaskan pada kita kemampuan
mebeli mahasiswa untuk setiap pembelian tiket konser Pada tiket pertama bernilai $20 tetapi harganya $14 sehingga mahasiswa mendapatkan surplus $6 worth of surplus. Kita dapat mengukurnya untuk setiap tiket Total surplus adalah jumlah surplus dari setiap pengeluaran tiket
Surplus Konsumen : Kasus Terpisah Harga Surplus Konsumen: Nilai yang diterima tetapi tidak dibayarkan untuk. Surplus Konsumen = (8-2) + (6-2) + (4-2) = $12
10 8 6 4 2
D 1
2
3
4
5
Kuantita s
Surplus Konsumen : Kasus Berlanjut Harga $ 10 Nilai dari 4 unit = $24
8 Surplus Konsume n $24 - $8 = $16
6 4
Pengeluaran pd 4 unit = $2 x 4 = $8 D
2
1
2
3
4
5
Kuantita s
Consumer Surplus Price
($ per ticket)
consumer surplus Pembelian 6 tiket konser adalah jumlah surplus dari setiap satu secara individu
20 19 18 17 16
Consumer Surplus 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 21
15 14
Market Price
13
0
1
2
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4
5
6
Rock Concert Tickets
Konsumen Surplus Price
($ per ticket)
20
Consumer Surplus 14
Market Price Demand Curve
Pengluaran aktual 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Rock Concert Tickets
Consumer Surplus: secara Grafik S
Pmax
Consumer Surplus
PE
D QE
P
$11 $10
Total Consumer Benefits
$9 $8 $7 $6
D 1
2
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4
5
nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email :
[email protected]
6
Q
P
$11 $10 $9 $8
Pengeluaran konsumen
$7 $6
D 1
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nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email :
[email protected]
6
Q
P
Consumer Benefit - Consumer Expense CONSUMER SURPLUS!
$11 $10 $9 $8
$51 - $36 =
$15
$7 $6
D 1
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5
nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email :
[email protected]
6
Q
Bagaimana harga berpengaruh terhadap Consumer Surplus? Consumer Surplus at Price P2 Price A
Initial consumer surplus
P1
P2
0
C B
Consumer surplus to new consumers
F D Additional consumer surplus to initial consumers
E Demand
Q1
Q2
Quantity Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
2
Surplus produsen
Producer Surplus Market Supply menggambarkan berbagai jumlah
dimana produsen berkeinginan untuk menjual pada harga yang berbeda-beda ????? Kurve Supply dapat juga dipakai untuk mengukur marginal (opportunity) cost dari penjual dari penawarannya pada berbagai jumlah dari barang ????? Keuntungan yang diterima produsen karena mampu memproduksi barang/jasa dengan biaya per unit yang lebih rendah daripada harga pasar/pesaingnya. Producer surplus is the total benefit or revenue that producers receive beyond what it cost to produce a good
PS = ($6 x 6) - ($1 +$2 + $3 + $4 + $5 + $6) = $15 P
S
$6 $5
$4 $3
$2 $1 1
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5
nuhfil hanani : web site : www.nuhfil.com, email :
[email protected]
6
Q
Total Producer Benefits (Revenue)
P
S
$6 $5
$4 $3
$2 $1 1
2
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5
6
Q
Surplus Produsen Keuntungan yang diterima produsen karena mampu
memproduksi barang/jasa dengan biaya per unit yang lebih rendah daripada harga pasar/pesaingnya. S0 Harga P*
Q*
Kuantita s
Producer Surplus =$15
P
S
$6 $5
$4
Producer Costs
$3
$2 $1 1
2
3
4
5
6
Q
Producer Surplus: secara grafik S
PE
Producer Surplus D
QE
Bagaimana harga berpengaruh terhadap producer Surplus? Producer Surplus at Price P 2
Price Supply
Additional producer surplus to initial producers
P2 P1
D
E F
B Initial producer surplus
C
Producer surplus to new producers
A 0
Q1
Q2
Quantity Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
3
Perubahan harga terhadap surplus konsumen & produsen
Surplus Consumen dan Producen Price
10
Consumer Surplus
S
7
Between 0 and Q0 consumers A and B receive a net gain from buying the product-consumer surplus
5 Producer Surplus
D 0 Consumer A
Q0 Consumer B
Consumer C
Between 0 and Q0 producers receive a net gain from selling each product-producer surplus.
Quantity
Evaluating the Gains and Losses from Government Policies--Consumer and Producer Surplus
To determine the welfare effect of a governmental
policy we can measure the gain or loss in consumer and producer surplus. Welfare Effects Gains and losses caused by government intervention in
the market.
Slide 25
Change in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price Controls Suppose the government imposes a price ceiling Pmax which is below the market-clearing price P0.
Price
S
Deadweight Loss
The gain to consumers is the difference between the rectangle A and the triangle B.
B P0
A
C
Pmax D Q1
Q0
Q2 Quantity
The loss to producers is the sum of rectangle A and triangle C. Triangle B and C together measure the deadweight loss.
Change in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price Controls Observations: The total loss is equal to area B + C. The total change in surplus = (A - B) + (-A - C) = -B - C
The deadweight loss is the inefficiency of the price controls or the loss of the producer surplus exceeds the gain from consumer surplus.
Change in Consumer and Producer Surplus from Price Controls Observation Consumers can experience a net loss in consumer surplus when the demand is sufficiently inelastic
Effect of Price Controls When Demand Is Inelastic Price
If demand is sufficiently inelastic, triangle B can be larger than rectangle A and the consumer suffers a net loss from price controls.
D
S
B
P0 Pmax
C
A
Q1
Example Oil price controls and gasoline shortages in 1979
Q2
Quantity
