PERANCANGAN PABRIK: DESAIN PERPIPAAN YUSRON SUGIARTO
Pendahuluan
Sistem perpipaan adalah suatu sistem yang banyak digunakan untuk memindahkan fluida, baik cair, gas, maupun campuran cair dan gas dari suatu tempat ke tempat yang lain
Sistem perpipaan yang lengkap terdiri atas :
Pipa
Sambungan-Sambungan (fitting)
Peralatan pipa (pompa)
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SEJARAH PIPA
Jenis-jenis pipa antara lain: 1.
Jenis pipa berdasarkan materialnya a. Pipa logam
Ada beberapa jenis pipa logam, antara lain: • Pipa baja (steel pipe) • Pipa besi tuang • Ductile cost iron pipe (DCIP) • Galvanized iron pipe (GIP) • Cast iron pipe (CIP) • Pipa logam campuran (metal/alloy)
b. Pipa non logam • Beberapa jenis pipa non logam antara lain: • Pipa beton (tanpa tulangan, dengan tulangan) • Pipa PVC (poly vinyl chloride) • Pipa fiber glass (GRP = Glass fiber reinforced pipe) • Pipa asbes semen • Pipa PE (poly ethylene)
2. Jenis pipa berdasarkan bentuk melintangnya : a. Pipa bulat → ○ Digunakan untuk air minum b. Pipa bulat telur (elips) → 0 Digunakan untuk air buangan. 3. Jenis pipa berdasarkan bentuk ujungnya:
a. Flanged end pipe (pipa ujung flens) Terbuat dari baja dan memiliki diameter yang besar. b. Bell and plain pipe (pipa ujung bell dan spigot) Biasanya jenis PVC (poly vinyl chloride) atau DCIP (ductile cost iron pipe). c. Screwed end pipe (pipa ujung ulir) Biasanya jenis GIP (galvanized iron pipe) dan memiliki diameter yang kecil. d. Double plain end pipe (pipa ujung rata) • Ujung rata biasa • Ujung rata dengan lidah • Ujung rata dengan takikan
UKURAN PIPA
KETEBALAN PIPA
PIPA PVC Pipa PVC dibuat dari polyvinyl chloride yang pada umumnya digunakan sebagai saluran air dalam suatu proyek perumahan atau gedung atau jalan dll. Pipa PVC ini sifatnya keras, ringan, dan kuat. Karena penginstalannya mudah, maka sangatlah ideal jika digunakan untuk saluran dibawah sink dapur, kamar mandi, dll. Bahkan penggunaan pipa PVC ini dapat bekerja lebih baik daripada menggunakan pipa besi yang perlu disolder, juga tahan terhadap hampir semua alkalin atau zat beracun serta mudah dipasang.
PVC memiliki banyak keuntungan, yakni:
▪ Penginstalannya mudah ▪ Tahan terhadap bahan kimia ▪ Sangat kuat ▪ Memiliki daya tahan korosi ▪ Daya konduksi panas yang rendah ▪ Biaya instalasinya rendah ▪ Hampir bebas pemeliharaan (virtually free maintenance)
PIPA BESI TUANG
PIPA BAJA
Pipa baja karbon dapat diproduksi dengan berbagai metode dengan karakteristiknya masing-masing meliputi kekuatan, ketebalan dinding, ketahanan korosi dan batasan suhu serta tekanan.
Pipa Fiber Glass
PIPA BETON
Elbows •
Used to change the angle or direction of the pipe run. The most common elbows come in 90 degree and 45 degree turns.
• •
The sweep of the fitting describes how fast a transition or change in direction is made.
Street Elbows •
One end of the fitting has male threads and the other end has female threads. • •
Street elbows are common in galvanized steel and copper pipe. They are convenient because they do away with the need for a nipple and work well in tight quarters.
Tee or T-fittings • • •
Allow for branch lines. They are shaped like the letter T. DWV tees are known as waste or sanitary Ts. •
In these fittings the intersection is slightly curved in order to avoid clogs. Gradual bends are best for smooth flow of waste.
Couplings •
Used to join two straight pieces of pipe of the same diameter.
Reducers • Used to join pipe of different diameters. • Galvanized steel reducers are called bell reducers because they look like a bell. • All reducers make a gradual transition between different diameters of pipe and therefore they take up considerable space
Bushings •
Used to make the diameter of a pipe fitting smaller. They differ from reducers in that they make abrupt changes in diameter and take very little space.
• •
Two examples of galvanized steel bushings are • •
face bushings, which take the least amount of space, and hex bushings which can be tightened with an adjustable wrench.
Unions •
Used to join pieces of pipe where pipes cannot be turned or when a piece of equipment may have to be removed for maintenance or replacement.
Adaptor fittings •
are used to change the end of a non-threaded pipe to male or female threads as needed. Adaptors are commonly used in copper and plastic plumbing jobs.
• •
•
•
For example adaptors are used to convert from a PVC glue connection to a threaded connection or from a copper soldered connection to a threaded connection.
Male adapters and female adapters are both common.
Caps •
Used to close the end of a dead end pipe.
Plugs •
Close an opening on a pipefitting normally used for inspection and cleanout.
Nipples •
Short lengths (under 12") of pipe threaded at both ends.
Wyes • •
Pronounced like the letter Y Used primarily to gain inside access to DWV systems.
Valves • Devices that control the flow of liquid or gas through or from a pipe. • Types of plumbing valves are: • • • • •
compression valves, ball valves, sleeve-cartridge valves, ceramic disc valves and more
PVC Fittings • • •
PVC fitting come in a wide variety of configurations. They many be glued (S) or threaded (T) or both. Glued fittings are referred to as “slip” fittings. •
• • •
When specifying a PVC fitting the size and type of connection are specified. Some examples are: ¾” x ½” ST Ell – A reducing ell with a ¾” slip x ½” thread ¾” x ¾” x ½” SST Tee – A reducing tee with a threaded outlet ¾” x ½” SS Bushing = A bushing with slip connections.
No Threads Threads
Copper Tubing Fittings • • •
Copper tubing use compression fittings. Fittings are available to adapt from compression to IPS and from compression to soldered fittings. Common fittings include couplings, ells, and tees.
Valves and Hose Bibs •
Valves are used to control the flow of water or other fluids in a plumbing system. Common types of valves include the following:
• • • •
A gate valve is a valve situated between the point of connection and the rest of the plumbing system. It usually remains wide open, but can be shut down in case repairs or additions have to be made to the system. A gate valve is not designed to be opened and closed on a regular basis.
•
A check valve allows the fluid in the pipe to flow in one direction only. • •
Check valves are used in water wells to prevent the backflow of water. There are two basic types: swing or flapper and lift check valves. Both work automatically.
Arrow Depicts Direction of Flow
• A globe valve is a valve used when frequent adjustment of the flow rate is necessary. • It is a compression-type valve with a disk or washer that is compressed into a seat to form a tight seal. Repair is made by replacing the stem washer or disk.
• A hose bib is a threaded exterior faucet that allows for the attachment of a garden hose or appliance hose.
Pipe Joints • • • • • • •
Threaded Welded Soldered/ Brazed Glued Compression Bell and spigot Upset or expanded
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Threaded joints
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Soldered joints
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Welded joints
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Compression joints
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Mechanical joints shown on glass drain piping system
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Pipe Fittings • Forged • Cast • Malleable Iron
Pressure/Temperature Rated by “Class” • 125, 250, or 2000, 3000, etc. • Need a look-up table to determine max. allowable P for the design temperature
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Fittings for joining 2 sections of pipe: Coupling
Reducing Coupling Union Flange 42
Fittings for changing directions in pipe: 45o Ell 90o Ell Street Ell 43
Fittings for adding a branch in a run of piping: Tee Cross
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Fittings for blocking the end of a run of piping: Pipe plug Pipe cap Blind Flange 45
Misc. pipe fittings: Nipple Reducing bushing
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Gate Valve: Used to block flow (on/off service)
Sliding “gate” on knife-gate valve
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Globe Valve: Used to regulate flow
Cut-away shows stem seal plug and seat 48
Ball Valve: Typically used as block valve “Quarter-turn” valve Cut-away shows ball and seat
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Butterfly Valve: Can be used for flow control or on/off Valve actuator/ positioner for accurate flow control
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Check Valves: Used to prevent backflow Piston check Swing check
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PERLAKUAN PADA PIPA
PIPA BAJA DAPAT DISIMPAN DILUAR ASALKAN DILINDUNGI DENGAN ZINC RICH PRIMER SEBELAH LUAR DAN SEBELAH DALAM DILUMURI MINYAK DISEL SERTA SETIAP UJUNGNYA DITUTUP DENGAN PLASTIC CAP. PIPA DAN TUBE STAINLESS STEEL YANG BERADA DITEPI PANTAI , HARUS DISIMPAN DIDALAM GEDUNG BERDINDING DAN BERATAP SEHINGGA TERLINDUNG DARI PENGARUH UDARA PANTAI . DILARANG MENYIMPAN APA SAJA DIDALAM PIPA SEWAKTU KONSTRUKSI , SEPERTI SARUNG TANGAN LAS , ELEKTRODA , HAMMER , PAHAT DAN LAIN LAIN . BRACKET , SHOES , PERMANENT LUG , DAN PAUTAN LAINNYA YANG DILASKAN LANGSUNG KEPIPA TIDAK BOLEH DILAS SECARA INTERMITTENT , HARUS DILAS FILLET KELILING . DILARANG MELASKAN GROUNDING UNTUK PENGELASAN LANGSUNG KEPIPA , FITTING ( SEMUA PRESSURE CONTAINING PARTS ) , HUBUNGAN HANYA DENGAN CARA TIDAK LANGSUNG. SEMUA CACAT PERMUKAAN LAS HARUS DIPERBAIKI DAN DIUJI SEBLUM PIPA DISERAHKAN KEPIHAK OPERASI / PRODUKSI . RETAK PADA BAHAN PIPA MENYEBABKAN DITOLAKNYA BAGIAN TERSEBUT DAN HARUS DIGANTI BARU . CARA MEMBUANG TEMPOARY LUGS HARUS DENGAN CARA DIPOTONG TERLEBIH DAHULU HINGGA SANGAT DEKAT DENGAN PERMUKAAN PIPA MENGGUNAKAN OXY TORCH , KEMUDIAN SISA PEMOTONGAN YANG MASIH TERTINGGAL PADA PIAP DIGERINDA RATA DENGAN PERMUKAAN PIPA . DILARANG MEMBUANG TEMPORARY LUG DENGAN PAKSA DENGAN CARA MENGGUNAKAN SLEDGE HAMMER KARENA AKAN MERUSAK DINDING PIPA. DILARANG MENOREHKAN ELEKTRODA BERMUATAN KEDINDING PIPA , PENOREHAN HANYA BOLEH DILAKSANAKAN DIDALAM KAMPUH LAS.
