Pengantar Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-1 Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama) Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP
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Topik Pembahasan • Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi • Pengertian Teknologi Informasi, Sistem Informasi dan Manajemen Informasi • Manfaat Teknologi Informasi dan Sistem Informasi • Konvergensi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi • Permasalahan Etika 2
Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi
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Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi ERA 4 ERA 3 ERA 2 1990
ERA 1
1980 1970
Focus of Philosophy Administrative Framework Primary Target Justification/Purposes
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Computer Technology Era DATA PROCESSING
Focus of Philosophy
REGULATED MONOPOLY
Administrative Framework
ORGANIZATIONAL
Primary Target
PRODUCTIVITY EFFICIENCY
Justification Purposes 5
Information Technology Era END-USER COMPUTING
Focus of Philosophy
FREE MARKET
Administrative Framework
INDIVIDUAL
Primary Target
EFFECTIVENESS
Justification Purposes
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Information System Era STRATEGIC SYSTEM
Focus of Philosophy
REGULATED FREE MARKET
Administrative Framework
BUSINESS PROCESS
Primary Target
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
Justification Purposes
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Global Information System Era BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION ENABLER
Focus of Philosophy
GLOBALIZATION
Administrative Framework
DYNAMIC SYSTEM
Primary Target
ADAPTIVITY
Justification Purposes
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Trends of ICT
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Pengertian Teknologi Informasi, Sistem Informasi dan Manajemen Informasi
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What is IT? Examples of IT • websites; • software applications such as instructional and office software; • telecommunications products such as conventional telephones and cell phones; • multimedia content such as that found on DVDs, videotapes, broadcast and cable TV; and • self-contained, closed products such as copiers, fax machines, or information kiosks. 11
Domain Komputer, TI, dan SI INFORMATION SYSTEM Research and Development
Processes
People and Culture
Cost and Investment
Electronic Commerce
Management
Human Resources
ISDN, VSAT
Products and Services Infrastructure
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Rules and Policy
Organization
Standards and Procedures
Internet Intranet
Digital Nervous System
Extranet
COMPUTER Market and Customers Strategic Business Plan
Electronic Data Interchange Decision Support System
HARDWARE
Operating System
PC Desktop Notebook and Palmtop
Data Mining Macro Environment
Printer Modem
Workgroup Computing
SOFTWARE
Multimedia
Database Applications Programming Languages
Outsourcing
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Definisi TI •
•
•
Teknologi informasi adalah suatu teknik untuk mengumpulkan, menyiapkan, menyimpan, memproses, mengumumkan, menganalisa, dan menyebarkan informasi. Komputer adalah alat pemroses data elektronik, magnetik, optikal, atau sistem yang melaksanakan fungsi logika, aritmatika, dan penyimpanan. Informasi elektronik adalah sekumpulan data elektronik yang diantaranya meliputi teks, simbol, gambar, tanda-tanda, isyarat, tulisan, suara, bunyi, dan bentuk-bentuk lainnya. 13
Komponen TI • Hardware – Komputer – Peripheral
• Software – – – –
Operating System Package Software Application Software Programming Language
• Database – Field – Record / Table – RDBMS
• Network – Local Area Network – Wide Area Network – Global Network
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TI Berbasis Komputer (CBIS) • Pengumpulan, pengelolaan dan penyajian informasi menggunakan komputer. • Unggul dalam kondisi: – – – – –
Repetitif Jumlah data dalam ukuran besar Membutuhkan akurasi yang tinggi Fleksibilitas Pengolahan Data Melibatkan banyak SDM 15
The Three Domains: IS, IT and IM What ? IS ISStrategy Strategy Division/function Division/functionbased based Demand Demandoriented oriented Business focused Business focused
Applications
Wherefore ? IM IMStrategy Strategy Organisation Organisationbased based Relationship Relationshiporiented oriented Management Managementfocused focused How ? IT ITStrategy Strategy Activity Activitybased based Supply Supplyoriented oriented Technology Technologyfocused focused
Management
Delivery 16
Manajemen Informasi Corporations Community Business Entities Institutions Public Sectors Non Profit Organization
INFORMATION SYSTEM - DEMAND SITE -
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY - SUPPLY SITE Software Houses Universities
Computer Manufacturers Silicon Valley
R&D Centers 17
Fungsi Sistem Informasi ENVIRONMENT Customers
Suppliers ORGANIZATION INFORMATION SYSTEM
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
Regulatory Agencies
Stakeholders
Competitors 18
Manfaat Teknologi Informasi dan Sistem Informasi
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Peran dan Manfaat ICT Information and communications technology carries on high promise both in human and economic terms. Benefits could be obtained in: • Education • Job training • Health care • Food security • Environment management • Government efficiency And specifically in Science and Technology: • Speed up dissemination of scientific results world-wide through scientific knowledge sharing and exchange • Allows to set up of Virtual Labs for communications and remote instrument control 20
Peran dan Manfaat TI • Industri – – – –
Airlines, Telecommunications, Tourism Manufacturing, Financial (Banking, Insurance, Leasing, etc.) Health Care, Education, Entertainment Retails, etc.
• Area Fungsional – – – –
Marketing Finance and Accounting Production and Operation Human Resources
• Pelayanan Publik • Individu 21
TI Menjadi Bagian Keseharian Hidup Manusia • TI dapat dipakai di semua sektor kehidupan • Pengendalian – – – – – – –
Pusat Pengatur Beban Listrik Air Trafic Controller Air Ticketing Perbankan Manufaktur / Industri Process Restaurant Oil and Gas Refinery
• Dari Lahir sampai “masuk RMD”
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TI Menemani Perjalanan Hidup Manusia
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Pemanfaatan TI Dalam Organisasi Person-to-person communication and networking • • •
E-mail, videotext, facsimile, voice mail PCs, modems, and desktop video Mobile phones, pagers, and hand-held messaging devices
Collaborative work and groupware • • • • •
Exchange files, electronic file transfer, transferring discs Telephone, facsimile, e-mail, and web access Audio and video conference, screen sharing Computer models, simulations, and forecasting tools Electronic data interchange
Organizational Databases and archives • •
Hand-held and laptop computers, personal digital assistants Data and information warehouses, accessible over intranet
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Manufacturing
Source: Turban
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Marketing Management
Source: Turban
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Business transaction (B-to-B)
Source: Turban
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Business Transaction (B-to-C)
Source: Turban
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Changes in the Manufacturing Industry by digitalization Product life cycle to shorten drastically with IT application
Life Cycle
AV Products
1-2 years
Long LongLife Life Middle Middlefluctuation fluctuationband band CTV, AUDIO Shift
IT
Short Shortlife life Big to maximum Big to maximum fluctuation fluctuationband band
Products 3-4 months
Digitalized, Semiconductor packaging 3-4 months
3-4 months
PC, Digital Camera 29
Human Life
Source: Turban
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… Human Life
Source: Turban
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… Human Life
Source: Turban
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Konvergensi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi
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Element Pokok TIK-1 • Teknologi Pendukung: microelectronics, optoelectronics, sistem operasi, bahasa pemrograman, dan lain – lain. • Peralatan: telephone, televisi, personal komputer, scanner, game machines, compact discs, digital cameras, telecommunications switches, dan peralatan lain yang digunakan untuk mengirim, menerima, menyimpan, memproses, dan menyajikan informasi. • Konten: Kata, kalimat, teks, gambar, suara, layanan, atau data dalam bentuk lain yang dikumpulkan, disajikan, diproses, disimpan, dan dikirim atau diterima.
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Element Pokok TIK-2 • User Interface Systems: Kombinasi perangkat keras (hardware) seperti keyboard, mouse, CPU, dll. dan piranti lunak (software) seperti graphical user interface, atau voice recognition system untuk interaksi manusia dengan komputer. • Infrastruktur Telekomunikasi: jaringan telekomunikasi kabel maupun wireless guna (narrow and broadband networks), termasuk teknologi switching, terrestrial broadcasting, cable tv, fiber optic, cellular, dan komunikasi satelit. • People: Sekretaris, Penulis Konten, Perencana bisnis, Pembuat software, Akuntan, Mahasiswa/pelajar, Insinyur, Doktor, Pejabat Pemerintah, dan lain sebagainya yang membuat, menggunakan, mengelola, dan mendukung Telematika. 35
Dimensi TIK-1 Informasi • Telematika berhubungan dengan apa yang Anda baca, dengar, lihat, dan ketahui melalui sekumpulan aktivitas yang meliputi mengumpulkan, menganalisa, mencetak, dan menyajikan informasi dalam bentuk tulisan, gambar, suara, dan lain sebagainya. Contoh: memirsa TV, menyimak informasi pada website; membaca isi CD-ROM, mengakses database. People • Telematika membentuk apa yang Anda ketahui, menjadi media dengan siapa Anda berkomunikasi. Komunikasi dengan sesama individu, atau berbeda kelompok: one to one, one to many, many to many, one to millions. Contoh: Penerbitan; penyiaran; berbicara melalui (video)phone; mengirim facsimili; mengirim surat, e-mail, telekonference, dll. 36
Dimensi TIK-2 Layanan • Telematika mempengaruhi perilaku produktivitas dan konsumsi masyarakat. Hal ini dilakukan melalui aktivitas transaksi elektronik dan layanan elektronik. Contoh: Pay-perview TV; electronic banking and shopping, perpanjangan ijin melalui Internet, booking pesawat udara melalui telepon atau Internet, dll. Teknologi • Telematika menyediakan akses kepada sarana informasi lainnya, melalui aktivitas membuat dan memanfaatkan peralatan, teknik, dan pengetahuan untuk mengakses peralatan Telematika lainnya. Contoh: Modem menghubungkan komputer dengan jaringan, Internet dan infrastruktur informasi lainnya. Penyedia Telematika mendukung layanan akses Internet, e-mail dan lain – lain. 37
Global Trend • The need for better, faster, and cheaper in sharing information and communications among individuals and organizations • The need to support people who are working together, both in same and dispersed locations. • Information and Comunication Technology (ICT / Telematika) enables people increasing productivity.
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Demam “e-” • • • •
E-business E-commerce E-government Lantas apa bedanya dengan SI/TI dan “e” • Adakah perbedaan dalam mengelolanya? • Yang membuat Internet signifikan: – Pervasive – Interactive – Media penghubung banyak pihak 39
e-Business Infrastructure Media Gateway Call Server Voicemail
Telephone Network
IVR
LAN Switch CTI Server Router Firewall
Internet Network
VPN Proxy Cache Cache Server 40
Permasalahan Etika
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Ethical Issues • Privacy – What information about oneself should an individual be required to reveal to others? – What kind of surveillance can an employer use on its employees? – What information about individuals should be kept in databases, and how secure is the information there?
• Accuracy – Who is responsible for the authenticity, fidelity, and accuracy of information collected? – How can we ensure that information will be processed properly and presented accurately to users?
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… Ethical Issues • Property – – – – –
Who owns the information? What are the fair prices for its exchange? Who owns the channels of information? How should one handle software piracy? Can corporate computers be used for private purposes?
• Accessibility – Who is allowed to access information? – What information does a person or an organization have a right or a privilege to obtain – under what condition and with what safeguards?
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Pengaruh Terhadap Organisasi •
Flatter organizational hierarchies –
•
Increased staff-to-line workers ratio –
•
Those who control information
Changes in career path –
•
For example E-Commerce unit
Increased power and status of the IT staff –
•
The pyramid structure is no longer suitable
Establishment of new special organization unit –
•
The fact shows different result, why??
Especially for “IT literate” employee
Changes in supervision –
From traditional to electronic supervision
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Impacts on Individual & Society •
•
Individual – Decreased job satisfaction • Some jobs may become more routine and less satisfying – Dehumanization and psychological impacts • Human vs. machine issues – Impacts on health and safety • Job stress and repetitive strain injuries Society – Opportunities for people with disabilities – Improved quality of life (do you agree???)
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IT Development Trends High
Externally Focused
The Rules
Source: Gartner
Era IV: IT Enabling New Business Models Ubiquitous Information Access
Era III: Value Creation and Business Effectiveness Internally Focused
Internet/Network Computing
Era II: Productivity and End-User Empowerment Client/Server Computing
Era I: Automation, Cost Control and Efficiency Mainframe/Midrange Computing
Low 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020 46
Terima Kasih
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