P14 Kunnen Apaches vliegen op algen?

P14 Kunnen Apaches vliegen op algen? Algen, een nieuwe industrie in NL Algen demonstratie project in Roosendaal ZLTO dagen zaterdag 26 februari 2011

Contact:

© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk

Algae 4 Bulk Lodewijk Westerling [email protected] Paul de Witte [email protected] 1

P14 Kunnen Apaches vliegen op algen? • • • • •

Vliegen – waarom niet gewoon op fossiele kerosine? Welke alternatieven zijn er? Algen – een zeer interessant ‘gewas’ ! Status algen teelt Algen voor Bulk project in Roosendaal => oplossen ‘kip‐ei’ probleem


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Drie hoofdredenen om te zoeken naar alternatieven voor fossiele brandstof – met name klimaat neutrale alternatieven The three drivers of alternative (bio)fuels - price, sustainability and security - are supported by government policies

 Increasing demand (especially from emerging markets; China will be the largest energy consumer by 2010)  New oil is expensive oil (deep sea, oil sands so the floor for marginal production cost will stay permanently high)  Major oil producing countries have planned their future budgets under the assumption of a barrel price of more than $60


 Increased use of resource nationalism

Logic of higher oil prices in the future

Oil independence & security of supply

Reduction of GHG’s

 EU – Emission Trading TS – Mandate

 USA

Government Support

– Stimulus package of $800 m. – Biofuels targets (Federal RFS of 36 billion gallons by 2022)

 Technical development  Defense lobby (DARPA) – US Military is #1 Consumer of Diesel Fuel in The World

 Public concerns  Governmental commitments (recently again in EU, and Obama)

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The availability of easy and cheap conventional oil will decrease sooner rather than later… World Oil Production Historic

Forecast

 International oil companies produce more than they discover since early 90’s  Amount of proven/probable/possible (p90/p50/p10) reserves is influenced by oil price, technology, and politics – Canadian tar sands (politics) – Venezuela heavy oil (technology)


Oil Cost Curve

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With today’s figures the run out rate of conventional oil is 60 years

Proven resources and reserves (Exajoules)

Source

*

Current Consumption (Exajoules/year)

*

*

Run out rate (years)

*

*

*

*

*

= *

*

*


*

*

• Strong dependence on definition of proven resource / reserve • Mining economics is an important determinant of “availability”

Source: BP/ Spring Associates analysis

÷

• Run out rate at current consumption • The actual run out time is dependent on future consumption development and actual resources

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BioJet is preferred as ethanol and hydrogen will require major airplane modifications and will result in higher energy usage

Energy use compared to current Jet A-1

• 50% larger engines (needed for extra weight of fuel and wing) • 35% heavier takeoff weight (20% OEW increase)

*

2.0

• 25% larger wing (needed to carry more fuel since it contains less energy*)

*

*%

1.5

*

• BioJet requires no changes to the planes and has the same energy use as Jet A-1 Alternative/Drop-in:

*% 1.0

(1) BioJet from the Fisher-Tropsch process

BioJet

(2) BioJet similar to a refined bio-diesel fuel

• 25% smaller engines

0.5

• 5% lighter takeoff weight (13% OEW increase)

*

*%

• 5% smaller wing • LH2 tanks need wider cabin

0

Volume (ft3/BTU)

0

0.5

1.0

© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk Source: CAAFI (2007)/ Boeing (2007)

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

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BioJet is the only real option to reduce aviation GHG emissions Tank-to-Wing Emissions

Well-to-Tank Emissions

Well-to-Wing Emissions

CO2 kg per barrel

(CO2 emissions Relative to Petro-Oil)

CO2

40 442

Petro-oil

Kerosene

(100%)

CO2

CO2

394

402

Coal

(180%) CO2

CO2

0-141

-/- 402*

Bio-oil

796

Kerosene

CO2

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Growing Extraction/ Transport/ Refining/ Transport

20 - 161

Bio Kerosene

* If the algae residue is used as landfill – total CO2 used will double to -/- 804, this would entail an overall reduction in Green House Gasses


Source: European Commission - Fuel and Energy Production Emission Factors (1997)/ BP (2008)/ Boeing (2007)/ Spring Associates Analysis

(4% - 36%)

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Many feedstock and conversion routes exist – continuous R&D efforts add new opportunities as well

Feedstock

Conversion

Fuel

Bio Oils

Jet

Rapeseed Soy Palm Jatropha

Extraction

Conversion*

Bio Diesel

Algae Animal Fats Hydrolysis

Bio-ethanol

Sugar & Starch Corn Sugarcane Sugar beet

Fermentation

Bio-gas

Sorghum Residues & wastes Forestry Agricultura Straw l Municipal

pre-treatment

Unlocking Jet FT

FT Diesel

Gasification Pyrolysis oil

Perennial grasses – cellulose Miscanthus Switch grass

Jet

Pyrolysis HTU

Diesel Bio-

Woody perennials Willow/Poplar, Pine/Spruce,

metha nol

HTU

Eucalyptus, Acacia, Prosopis Hydrogen Green Electricity (Hydro, Wind, Solar, Marine)

Combined plant

H2O & CO2 (Carbon Capture)

1.28 – Efficiency of Petroleum crude to Jet fuel

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© 2011: Algae 4 Bulk or Esterification (using Methanol or Ethanol) * Deoxygenation/ Hydrogenation Source: NTNU-Norwegian Univ. of Science and Techn.; ECN; World bank; Imperial College Centre for Energy Policy and Technology (2003)/ Spring Associates Analysis

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Energie alternatieven • Alternatieve duurzame energiebronnen (wind‐ en zonne‐energie) sterk in opkomst voor verschillende doeleinden • Voor luchtvaart is dit geen alternatief • Biobrandstoffen van de 2e/3e generatie zijn kwalitatief volstrekt gelijk aan huidige brandstoffen (‘drop in’). Daarom voor luchtvaart heel interessant. • Huidige biobrandstoffen discutabel om verschillende redenen (kwaliteit, food vs fuel discussie, afbranden regenwoud, waterverbruik, energiebalans) • KLM gevlogen op biobrandstof (Camelina) nov 2009 • Defensie: eerste helikopter ter wereld op biokerosine, juni 2010


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Increasing pressure on land use and land usage hierarchy make high yield & low demanding crops necessary for Bio Fuel plantation

Increasing pressure on land use  Increasing demand for renewable resources – Depletion of fossil stocks

 Increasing demand of biobased & biodegradable sources – Global warming (GHG) – Contamination of ecosystems globally

 Increasing concerns on biodiversity – Depletion of ecosystems – Destruction of habitats

 Increasing demand of goods

Energy crops at bottom of land usage hierarchy  Increasing urgency on efficient and thoughtful usage of scarce resources: • Land (m2) • Fresh water • Etc.  Land usage hierarchy: 1. High conservation value area 2. Residential 3. Food supply 4. Recreational 5. Industrial 6. Barren / energy crops

High yield low demanding crops are desirable

– population growth – Increasing standard of living


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Increasing pressure on land usage: how to gracefully reconcile all legitimate claims on land usage  Global Footprint: 1,4 x planet earth •Depletion of resources •Competition on land usage

 Waste streams disrupt ecosystems - Global Climate Change - Chemical residues (hormonal effects o.a.) - Plastic soup in the Pacific  Increasing population and standard of living

 Increasing demand renewable resources  Increasing urgency on efficient and thoughtful usage of scarce resources: • Land (m2) • Fresh water • Etc.  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Land usage hierarchy: High cons. value area Residential Food supply Recreational Industrial Barren / energy crops

• Only residues or low value land available for these purposes • High yield with low requirements to be found © 2011: Algae 4 Bulk

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Of all sustainable feedstock options, algae have the highest yield of energy capture per area Total yield (GJ/Ha/a) of typical dedicated energy crops

Direct crude oil yields selected feedstock oil bbl/ha/year

open pond (NL)

PBR (Aruba) 3658

Potential

Actual

Feedstock Bio-Oils Sugar & Starch Perennial Grasses Woody Perennials

Source: Righelato and Spracklen (2007)/ 2006 -Technology trajectories for transport and its energy supply (Fraunhofer Institute Systems)/ EEA (2007)


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Algae biomass consists of highly valuable components Typical main components of Algae

 Human Food

Lipids  Basis for fish oils (Omega 3)

Protein

 Animal Feed (soy market)

20~40%

15~50%

 Fisheries  Animal Feed

 Fine chemicals  Transportation fuels

 Human Food

20~30%

 Fine chemicals  Transportation fuels

Carbohydrates  Animal Feed  Fine chemicals Whole algae

 Transportation fuels

Trace elements

 Human Food

 Beta Carotene

 Fine chemicals

 Vitamins

 Transportation fuels


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Present production in open ponds

Earthrise – California

IngrePro (NL) - ingredients

Cyanotech (Hawaii) – 75 ha

Round ponds (Japan)


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Present production in Photo Bio Reactors

SBAE (B) - aquaculture

Bioprodukte Prof. Steinberg (D) nutraceuticals

Lgem (NL) - aquaculture Alga Technologies (Israel) - astaxanthin © 2011: Algae 4 Bulk

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Present algae production is focused on high margin and low volume niche markets Present algae markets

Potential algae markets

~ 10x price reduction required for first bulk markets

…at lower price levels algae are well suited for bulk markets © 2011: Algae 4 Bulk

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Algae are a promising crop for the (near) future with many advantages and few disadvantages Advantages  Highest yield of energy capture per area

Disadvantages  Large scale production at lower costs is nascent – present players in high margin niche markets

 No competition on fresh water needed: – Algae can use wastewater for nutrients – Can grow in brackish or salt water

 No competition on land required: – Growth possible on any type of land, including waste lands, i.e. no competition with food crops necessary

 Valuable biomass byproducts (algae cake)

 Immature technologies  Overall energy efficiency uncertain  High uncertainty on yield  Risk of culture collapse

– Byproducts can add to food/feed market

 Short pre-investment period (full production within weeks after commissioning of plantation)  High oil content  Continuous harvesting possible


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Bulk markets price levels will require adaptation across the entire value chain …

  

End market determines nutrient input Nutrient costs to be minimal Algae strain and climate determine growth system  PBR (tubular; flat panel, closed tank, bags)  Open pond

 

Present harvesting and drying expensive and energy intensive First tests of interesting alternatives conducted

 

Efficient extraction of valuable components still nascent Promising technologies for conversion of algae cake

… and optimising revenue from the biomass components © 2011: Algae 4 Bulk

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Algae 4 Bulk – stichting en project DOEL: Algen teelt geschikt maken voor bulk markten • Reduceren kostprijs en energieverbruik • Door optimaliseren van gehele waardeketen – Demonstratie van ‘best in class’ oplossingen op commerciële schaal – Koppelen alle stappen in waardeketen in één project – Inclusief deelname afnemende partijen (ook nieuwe)

 Aantonen dat productie voor <1€/kg DDS kan  Ingang bij 1e bulk afzetmarkten  Uitrol model ontwikkeld

• • • •

DAARNA: Uitrollen Totaaloplossing bieden voor boeren (aanleg, teelt, afname) Zelf ontwikkelen teeltgebieden Algenbiomassa verwerkende installaties Eventueel: doorontwikkeling aquatische biomassa (halophyten, algenteelt voor arme landen)


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Algae 4 Bulk: demonstratie project in Roosendaal •

Volledige waardeketen in één demonstratie project – van nutriënt rijke afvalstromen tot en met afnemende industrieën

•

Zeer geschikte locatie in Roosendaal – Beschikbaarheid vijvers; vergunningen; nutriëntrijke afvalstromen; restwarmte en CO2; verwerkende industrieën – NL kansrijk om algenteelt verder te ontwikkelen (algen kennis en teelt; agro‐ industrieel en petrochemisch cluster)

Stichting ‘Algae 4 Bulk’ als trekker van het project, in samenwerking met partner bedrijven • Contacten met mogelijke investeerders lopen: Overheden (EZ, LNV, Provincie Noord‐Brabant, Gemeente Roosendaal), Stichtingen en diverse bedrijven aangevuld met subsidies.

•


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Algae 4 Bulk: voortgang •

Vele stakeholders zijn erg enthousiast: Gemeente Roosendaal; Cosun; Sita Provincie Brabant; ZLTO; Waterschap Brabantse Delta; BOM Ingrepro; SBAE (B); Maris Projects; WUR; Inventure (VS); NesteOil (F) MinDef; EZ; LNV; V&W; Werkgroep Biobased Economy, Energietransitie Raad v Advies: Cees Veerman (Vz); Michel Peters (Dir NLR); Prof K. Muylaert (KU Leuven‐Kortrijk) – Commissie v Aanbeveling: Herman Wijffels, Dick Berlijn

– – – – –

•

Michel Peters

Project op hoofdlijnen gevormd – 4 ha Industriële algen productie en 1 ha demonstratie teelt methoden – Industriële proeftuin van ‘best in class’ technologieën voor iedere stap in de waardeketen – Nauwe samenwerking met afnemende / verwerkende industrieën

• •

Cees Veerman

Toezeggingen van de beoogde ‘launching partners’ Stichting ‘Algae 4 Bulk’ als trekker van het project, in samenwerking met partner bedrijven


Herman Wijffels

Dick Berlijn

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P14 Kunnen Apaches vliegen op algen?

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