ANALISIS PEMANGKU KEPENTINGAN DAN PENERIMAAN TERHADAP PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN EKOSISTEM MULLER SEBAGAI CAGAR BIOSFER DI KABUPATEN GUNUNG MAS, KALIMANTAN TENGAH Oleh : Amalia Anindia1 INTISARI Kawasan Ekosistem Muller (KEM) merupakan sebuah bentang alam yang terletak di Pegunungan Muller. Kawasan ini tersebar dalam lima kabupaten termasuk di dalamnya Kabupaten Gunung Mas, dengan berbagai kepemilikan lahan. KEM ditunjuk sebagai Kawasan Strategis Nasional (KSN), Heart of Borneo (HoB). Kondisi tersebut menguatkan peran KEM bagi perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati, serta perkembangan sosial, ekonomi dan budaya, sehingga sebuah rencana aksi diusulkan untuk mengelola kawasan tersebut dengan prinsip pengelolaan cagar biosfer. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi serta mengetahui pemahaman dan penerimaan pemangku kepentingan terhadap usulan tersebut untuk menentukan strategi komunikasi yang dapat mendukung kesuksesan implementasi pengelolaan cagar biosfer di kawasan tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Gunung Mas dengan mengunakan metode analisis stakeholder. Analisis stakeholder digunakan sebagai alat untuk mengidentifikasi dan mendeskripsikan pemangku kepentingan dari sektor pemerintah maupun entitas publik yang dapat mempengaruhi proses pembuatan kebijakan, dengan dasar keterkaitan, kekuatan, pemahaman, dan penerimaan masing-masing pihak. Analisis ini kemudian dikombinasikan untuk mengidentifikasi kelompok target prioritas untuk strategi komunikasi usulan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemangku kepentingan belum memahami potensi KEM dan konsep pengelolaan cagar biosfer, namun dapat menerima prinsip pengelolaan cagar biosfer itu sendiri. Pemahaman dan penerimaan menunjukkan hasil yang sama, sehingga prioritas kelompok target ditetapkan berdasarkan perbedaan kekuatan pemangku kepentingan yang membawa BLH Kalteng dan Gunung Mas, Dishut Kalteng dan Gunung Mas, serta BAPPEDA Gunung Mas menjadi prioritas target komunikasi.
Kata kunci: pelibatan pemangku kepentingan, rencana pengelolaan, Muller, Gunung Mas 1
Mahasiswa Jurusan Konservasi Sumber Daya Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Gadjah Mada
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1.
BACKGROUND The changes of ecosystems are considered indirectly caused by population,
economic, and scientific advancements (MA, 2003). Anthropogenic pressures on ecosystem goods and services, combined with the current global financial crisis, are increasingly leading to the devolution of biodiversity governance through stakeholder involvement (Young, 2012). The continuing lost of biodiversity at all scales and across many administrative boundaries; urged conservationist, policy makers, and practitioners to realize that environment management requires new approach. Making it imperative to address conservation in large landscape since ecosystem transcends the legal geographic reach of existing jurisdictions and institutions (McKinney, 2010). Sustainable management of large ecosystem areas requires interaction among different stakeholders and institutions (Szaro et al., 1998) According to Reed (2008) in environmental management, partners or stakeholders’ participation benefits to generate a cross border area, to an extent driven its widespread incorporation into national and international policy. This creates large landscape conservation area establishment as an immense investment to conserve our environment especially when supported by a tool of integrated management system that could work effectively across borders.
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Various stakeholders are now involved in environmental management, including government, local communities, indigenous people, non-governmental organization, etc (Barnes, 1999). Areas designated for protection and conservation are now established with scientific, economic, and cultural reasons; managed to help the needs of the local communities as the main beneficiaries of conservation, while leading in restoration, rehabilitation, and protection (Phillips, 2002). This recent concept matches the ecosystem management approach; where collaborative management –innovation in ecosystem management versus traditional resource management– becomes the central role (Bonnel, 2009). Collaborative management refers to agreed corporation between various stakeholders in an area management (Borrini-Feyerabend, 1996). Stakeholders are involved in management policy making to increase publics’ trust on the decisions made, reduce conflicts, and for transparency reasons (Richards et al., 2004) to create more effective and durable decisions. This explains why stakeholders’ identification has always became the first step in to map value, behavior, goals, and stakeholders position in conservation conflict management (Redpath et al., 2013) and to ensure ecosystem function goes hand in hand with local community and its development. The ecosystem management concept is reflected in biosphere reserve system management (Hermawan & Imron, 2012) developed by UNESCO. It projects an international designation that purposes on bringing together ecological, economic, and social purposes by putting in place bioregional planning schemes, based on conservation of biological diversity into sustainable
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development through appropriate zonation (Wallner et al., 2007).
Overall
biosphere reserve management aims to integrate scientific research with traditional knowledge of conservation, education and training. In Indonesia biosphere reserve is recognized in Act of the Republic Indonesia Number 5 of 1990 as a section of sanctuary reserve in the framework of international conservation activities. This scheme opens the possibility and needs the support of collaborative management; withdrawing exclusiveness in Indonesia’s ecology politic by involving stakeholders and international recognition; bringing management and conservation to a new level. To appoint an area as biosphere reserve, a mutual agreement is needed. However this is a tough task that needs to compute ecological, cultural, economic, political condition followed by an extensive attitude towards every associated stakeholder (Indonesia MAB National Committee, 2011).
A bottom-up
management scheme regarding landscape based management needs to be initiated, while decision makers might not be committed to the same management goal. This research focuses on Muller Ecosystem Region (MER) as one of the core area of Heart of Borneo (HoB) conservation program. The area extends to five districts administrative, which makes the landscape management a complex challenge for policy; considering each area is ruled by its own district government. This research is conducted in Gunung Mas district as a case study to represent situation in other district with the existence of various stakeholders. With the existing situation, an integrated management strategy needs to be created in line with each stakeholder interest on MERs’ natural resource
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management. One of the management options suggested by Hermawan & Imron, (2012) for MER is the ecosystem management concept in the form of biosphere reserve management. This is reflected on the MER’s management vision to integrate ecological, economics, and socio-culture principles in the management of bio-physical resources through protecting and maintaining ecological process, biodiversity and productivity. Comprehension on the importance of MER will be reflected in the policy making as well as its natural resource management through the biosphere reserve concept; while securing the ecosystem function and intactness of the region. This will also allow a transboundary management system; as every ecosystem does not have administrative restrictions. Therefore, stakeholder analysis –as a tool developed to gather and analyze insights of interested parties– is taken into account in this research to develop the policy making process in MER. Conducting this analysis before a policy program is
implemented
could
help
to
detect
and
act
to
prevent
potential
misunderstandings about the policy (Schmeer, 1999), while also observing stakeholders’ endorsement on the proposed management scheme that would benefit on the policy-making process for MER.
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1.2.
PROBLEM President Regulation number 3 of 2012 regarding Kalimantan Spatial Plan
stated at least 45% of Kalimantan forest are protected as the world’s lung. This empowers biodiversity protection, including MER protection. It could be quite a challenge since MER is located in an area with various active land tenures that has been established beforehand. Therefore to generate the idea on finding the best management form, communication and negotiation process between stakeholders are required (Wibowo et al., 2011) within the management area. Consideration in determining MER’s management strategy is to preserve the area’s intactness, ecological function, allowing local culture revitalization, and stakeholders’ willingness to retain sustainability of its natural resource (Hermawan & Imron, 2012). A strategic large landscape conservation framework that could be applied and seen as the best scenario to restrain those conditions is ecosystem management – approaching in the form of biosphere reserve. In the development of an ecosystem management plan, all key stakeholders need to be involved so that conflicts can be resolved or reduced before a plan is implemented (Bonnel, 2009). Support from stakeholders to maintain the intactness and sustainability of MER natural resource is highly needed. Especially stakeholders who are directly involved, who have the capacity to make decisions regarding the use of the resource in MER area; their views on MER management and conservation action are still not yet to be identified. Moreover a suitable communication strategy for involved stakeholders should be
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set up to avoid conflict and support the policy implementation of MER management as a biosphere reserve. The existence of various stakeholders in MERs’ natural resource management, and the proposition of MER management as a biosphere reserve, raises several research questions, formulated as follow: 1. Who are capable to affect biosphere reserve implementation in MER management? 2. How are stakeholders’ knowledge on MER’s potential and their acceptance on the biosphere reserve management concept? 3. Who should be targeted in the communication strategy regarding biosphere reserve implementation in MER?
1.3.
OBJECTIVE This research aims to: 1. To identify important stakeholders in MER natural resource management. 2. To understand stakeholders’ knowledge and acceptance on MER management as a biosphere reserve. 3. To identify target stakeholders for MER management communication strategy in biosphere reserve implementation.
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1.4.
BENEFITS This research could benefit to policy studies related to conservation and
protected area especially in Kalimantan. Identifying and understanding stakeholders’ perception could be a reference for upcoming studies related to policy making, environment policy, and stakeholder analysis. In one hand, result of this study could inform land use planning at a range of scale in MERs’ policy and strategy arrangement. In other hand, result of this study could provide practical information that is useful for targeting a communication strategy for involved stakeholders, along with identifying stakeholders’ role in the policymaking process and collaborative conservation management in Kalimantan for the Heart of Borneo program in advanced.
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