ABSTRACT Gabriella Michelle Winowatan (04320080043) The Role of Global Religious Actors in Promoting Conflict Resolution (A Case Study of Sudanese Civil War II) (xviii+ 95 pages; 2 figures; 3 tables; 10 appendices) Religious actors are now rising in its prominence in the public square. This is largely due to the fact that religion can no longer be neglected, in relation to its many roles in the society. The scope of their role is not merely local, but also global. They are often seen as the source of conflicts, overlooking the fact that religion can also be the source of peace. The case in point that will be examined, as an example where religious actors have successfully promoted peace, is the Sudanese civil war II. Sudanese civil war II lasted from 1983 to 2005. The conflict rooted in the inequitable development between the north and south of Sudan. However, it was also colored with religious conflict between Arab Muslims in the north and indigenous Christians-Animists in the south. The resolution of conflict was successful largely because of the influence of many religious actors that were there during the conflict. The purposes of this research are to explain the factors that contribute to the involvement of religious actors and to describe the role that the religious actors played in promoting conflict resolution in Sudan. The data used in this research were collected through literature review and content analysis. The analysis was done through discovering patterns and illustrative methods. Based on the collected data, it is found that the contributing factors towards the involvement of religious actors in Sudan come in two, which are the external and internal factors. External means that the factor comes from the given environment of the international affairs today which is highly influenced by the liberal perspective. Meanwhile, internal means that the factor comes from the internal characteristics of the religious actors itself, such as religious soft power. Further, the data has shown that religious actors’ role also come in two parts, which are direct involvement in conflict area and international advocacy. In sum, the result of this research portrays the capability of religious actors to promote peace within the international system. References: 18 books (1990-2012), 16 journals, 1 magazines, 34 websites.
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ABSTRAK Gabriella Michelle Winowatan (04320080043) Peran Aktor Keagamaan dalam Mendorong Resolusi Konflik (Studi Kasus Perang Saudara Sudan II) (xviii+ 95 halaman; 2 gambar; 3 tabel; 10 lampiran) Aktor keagamaan saat ini semakin menonjol dalam ranah publik. Hal ini disebabkan oleh fakta bahwa agama tidak lagi bisa diabaikan, dalam kaitannya terhadap perannya dalam berbagai aspek di tengah masyarakat. Peran mereka tidak hanya sebatas lokal, namun juga global. Agama sering dilihat sebagai sumber konflik, sehingga menutupi kenyataan bahwa agama juga dapat menjadi sumber perdamaian. Kasus yang akan dianalisa, sebagai contoh dimana aktor keagamaan dengan sukses menciptakan perdamaian, adalah perang saudara II di Sudan. Perang saudara II di Sudan berlangsung dari 1983 hingga 2005. Konflik ini disebabkan oleh kesenjangan pembangunan antara daerah utara dan selatan. Namun, konflik ini juga diwarnai oleh konflik agama antara orang Muslim Arab di utara dan Animis-Kristen pribumi di selatan. Resolusi konflik terjadi karena pengaruh dari aktor-aktor keagamaan yang berada disana selama konflik berlangsung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan keterlibatan aktor keagamaan dan menggambarkan peran yang dimainkan aktor-aktor keagamaan tersebut dalam mendorong perdamaian di Sudan. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari tinjauan pustaka dan analisa konten. Analisa dilakukan dengan metode pencarian pola dan ilustrasi. Berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan, ditemukan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi dalam mendorong keterlibatan aktor-aktor keagamaan di Sudan terbagi dua, yaitu faktor eksternal dan internal. Eksternal berarti faktor tersebut berasal dari lingkungan hubungan internasional saat ini yang merupakan produk dari pemikiran liberal. Sedangkan internal berarti faktor tersebut berasal dari karakteristik internal aktor keagamaan, seperti religious soft power. Selain itu, data juga menunjukan bahwa peran yang dimainkan aktor keagamaan juga terbagi dua, yaitu keterlibatan langsung di tempat konflik dan advokasi internasional. Intinya, hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan kemampuan aktor-aktor keagamaan untuk mendorong perdamaian dalam sistem internasional. Referensi: 18 buku (1990-2012), 16 jurnal, 1 majalah, 34 websites.
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PREFACE Praise be to God Almighty, for His strength and guidance have allowed the author to complete this thesis entitled “The Role of Global Religious Actors in Promoting Conflict Resolution (A Case Study of Sudanese Civil War II).” This thesis is made with a combination of knowledge and effort from the author to attain a Bachelor Degree in Social Sciences, Pelita Harapan University, Karawaci. It is in the hope of the author that this thesis does not only serve as a prerequisite for completing author’s undergraduate degree, but also as a source of insight to the reality of international relations. The completion of this thesis could not have happened without the guidance, support and prayer from many people whom God has put in author’s life. In this opportunity, the author would like to acknowledge all those people, because they have helped the author to make all this possible. Among those people are: 1) Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, Ph.D. as the Dean of Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of Pelita Harapan University, as well as author’s thesis supervisor, for his untiring guidance and support during the writing process of this thesis, and for the knowledge and inspiration that he gave during author’s entire undergraduate life. 2) Mr. Roy Vincentius Pratikno, B.Sc., M.M. as the head of International Relations Department, for all the priceless support, assistance, and opportunity.
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3) Mr. Indra V. Krishnamurti, S.Sos., M.Asian.St., as author’s academic advisor, for the guidance during author’s university life. 4) Mr. Victor Silaen, M.A., Drs. Ignatius Ismanto, M.Si., Mr. Rully Mangunsong, Mr. Bhatara Ibnu Reza, Ms. Sylvia Maladi, and other lecturers whom author fails to mention, for the valuable knowledge that they are all willing to share. 5) Mr. Jerry Sambuaga, M.I.A., Mr. Irman Gurmilang Lanti, and Mr. Tobias Basuki, for the inspiration that they gave through their lectures and their works. 6) Mrs. Fransisca Endah, Mr. Nalkukuh, Mrs. Esther Taruli and all other staffs of FISIP UPH that have given administrational support and help for the author during her study in UPH. Author also would like to acknowledge the people who are always there for the author, supporting, praying, and strengthening personally, among those are: 1) Josias Winowatan and Marsella Kamu, author’s beloved parents, for their abundant love, untiring and constant support and prayer, through thick and thin of author’s entire life. For everything that the author has. Words cannot express how grateful author is to be blessed with parents like them. 2) Hendrik Kamu and Juliana Najoan, author’s beloved grandparents, for their support and prayer. 3) Author’s big family and relatives who are equally supportive to the author.
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4) Fardy Maramis, for all the support, and laughter that have accompanied the author; and all friends, near and far, Oryza Dewayanti, Jean Sonia Pantouw Langi, Pricillia Tangel, Desideria Nirmala Dewi, Veronika Angelina, Ben Jay Lewis, and other friends whom the author fails to mention, for their friendship is precious to the author. 5) All other people whom author fails to mention here, thank you very much for the support and prayer. The author realizes that this thesis is not perfect. Therefore, critics and suggestions from readers are encouraged for the sake of improvement in the future.
Karawaci, 18 February 2013
Gabriella Michelle Winowatan
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TABLE OF CONTENTS page TITLE PAGE STATEMENT OF THESIS ORIGINALITY THESIS SUPERVISOR APPROVAL EXAMINATION BOARD APPROVAL ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….
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PREFACE…………………………………………………………………
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TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………
xi
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………. xiv LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………..
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION………………………………..
1
1.1 Background………………………………….....
1
1.2 Research Problem………………………………
11
1.3 Research Objectives……………………………
13
1.4 Research Contributions………………………...
13
1.5 The Organization of Thesis…………………….
14
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK………………..
16
2.1 Literature Review………………………………
16
2.2 Theories and Concepts…………………………
21
CHAPTER II
2.2.1 Liberalism………………………………... 21 2.2.2 Liberal Institutionalism…………………... 22 2.2.3 International Regimes……………………. 23 2.2.4 Globalization……………………………..
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24
2.2.5 Transnationalism…………………………
25
2.2.6 Non-Governmental Organization………...
26
2.2.7 Religious Actors………………………….
27
2.2.8 Religious Resurgence…………………….
29
2.2.9 Soft Power………………………………..
30
2.2.10 Conflict Resolution……………………... 31
CHAPTER III
2.3 Model of Analysis……………………………...
32
RESEARCH METHOD………………………….
34
3.1 Scope of Research……………………………...
34
3.2 Research Type and Method…………………….
35
3.3 Types and Source of Data……………………… 36 3.4 Data Collecting Technique……………………..
39
3.4.1 Literature Review………………………...
39
3.4.2 Content Analysis…………………………. 40 3.5 Data Analysis Technique………………………. 41 3.5.1 Discovering Patterns……………………..
41
3.5.2 Illustrative Method……………………….
42
3.6 Limitation of Research…………………………
42
CHAPTER IV THE ROLE OF GLOBAL RELIGIOUS ACTORS IN PROMOTING CONFLICT RESOLUTION DURING THE SECOND SUDAN CIVIL WAR…………………………………...
44
4.1 History of the Civil Wars in Sudan…………….
45
4.2 Conflicting Parties……………………………...
52
4.3 Source of Contention…………………………...
54
4.4 Dynamics of the Conflict………………………. 56 4.5 Key Actors Who were Involved in the Resolution of Conflict……………………………...
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57
4.6 Religious Actors’ Activities in Promoting Peace in Sudan…………………………………………….
63
4.7 Factors behind the Involvement of Global Religious Actors in Conflict Resolution in Sudan…. 68 4.7.1 Religious Actors in the World of Liberalism……………………………………… 69 4.7.2 Religious Actors and Religious Resurgence……………………………………... 71 4.7.3 The Impact of Globalization and Transnationalism towards Religious Actors…… 73 4.7.4 Transnational Religious Actors: Evangelical Christians………………………….
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4.7.5 Summary of Factors behind the Involvement of Global Religious Actors in Conflict Resolution in Sudan…………………... 79
CHAPTER V
4.8 The Role of Global Religious Actors in the Resolution of Conflict in Sudan……………………
80
4.8.1 Direct Involvement……………………….
81
4.8.2 International Advocacy…………………..
84
4.9 Author’s Personal Reflection on the Issue……..
87
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION…
90
5.1 Conclusion……………………………………...
90
5.2 Recommendation……………………………….
94
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………… 96 APPENDICES
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LIST OF FIGURES page Figure 2.1
Analytical Framework Scheme…………………………………….
33
Figure 4.1
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan…………………………….……………….
46
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AACC
All Africa Conference of Churces
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
CPA
Comprehensive Peace Agreement
CSI
Christian Solidarity International
CSW
Christian Solidarity Worldwide
DOP
Declaration of Principles
DUP
Democratic Unionist Party
EU
European Union
FLEGT
Forest Law Enforcement, Governance, and Trade
IGAD
Inter-Governmental Authority on Development
INGO
International Non-Governmental Organization
MNC
Multinational Corporations
NGO
Non-Governmental Organization
NSCC
New Sudan Council of Churches
NSIC
New Sudan Islamic Council
OIC
Organization of the Islamic Conference
OLS
Operation Lifeline Sudan
SPLA
Sudan People’s Liberation Army
SPLM
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement
SPLM/A
Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army
SSLM
Southern Sudan Liberation Movement
UN
United Nations
UNICEF
United Nations Children’s Fund
UNPKO
United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
UNSC
United Nations Security Council
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UNSUDANIG United Nations Sudan Information Gateway US
United States
USA
United States of America
USCRI
United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants
USIP
United States Institute of Peace
WCC
World Council of Churches
WFP
World Food Programme
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LIST OF TABLES page Table 1.1
Results of the 1998-1999 International Social Survey Programme “Religion II” Study………………………………………………… 3
Table 3.1
Types and Sources of Data………………………………………… 36
Table 4.1
South Sudan NGO Forum Members…………………..…………...
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60
LIST OF APPENDICES page Appendix A Monitoring List………………………………………………………………
A-1
Proofread Approval…………………………………………………………..
A-2
Proofreader’s Curriculum Vitae……………………………………………...
A-3
Proofreader’s TOEFL iBT Score…………………………………………….
A-4
Appendix B Sudan Peace Act 2002……………………….………………………………. B-1 Evangelical Role in Sudan……………..………….…………………………
B-2
WCC Statement on the Situation in Sudan…………………………………..
B-3
Samaritan’s Purse Works in South Sudan………………………………….... B-4 CSI Slave Liberation in Sudan……………………………………………….
B-5
Appendix C Curriculum Vitae……………………………...……………………………... C-1
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