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Prodi DIII Kebidanan STIKes Kusuma Husada Surakarta Karya Tulis Ilmiah, Juli 2013 Natalia Indri Rahayu B10 034 TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN IBU HAMIL TRIMESTER I DAN TRIMESTER II TENTANG IMUNISASI TETANUS TOKSOID DI BPM FINULIA SRI SURJATI BANJARSARI SURAKARTA TAHUN 2013 xv + 49 halaman + 17 lampiran + 4 tabel + 2 gambar ABSTRAK Latar Belakang : Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) di Indonesia tahun 2007 yaitu 228/100.000 kelahiran hidup. Penyebab terjadinya Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) terbesar di Indonesia adalah perdarahan, infeksi dan eklamsi. Imunisai Tetanus Toksoid ibu hamil bermanfaat melindungi bayi baru lahir dari tetanus neonatorum dan melindungi ibu dari kemungkinan tetanus apabila terluka. Hasil wawancara yang penulis lakukan di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati terhadap 10 orang ibu hamil, terdapat 6 orang ibu hamil pengetahuannya kurang dan 4 orang ibu hamil pengetahuannya cukup tentang imunisasi TT. Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan ibu hamil trimester I dan II tentang imunisasi tetanus toksoid di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta dalam tingkatan baik, cukup, kurang. Metode Penelitian : Jenis penelitian adalah deskriptif kuantitatif, lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta pada tanggal 20 Februari 2013 sampai tanggal 26 Februari 2013. Jumlah populasi ibu hamil trimester I dan II sebanyak 40 orang dan seluruhnya dijadikan sampel, tehnik pengambilan menggunakan total sampling. Alat pengumpul data menggunakan kuesioner, sedangkan untuk mendapatkan kuesioner yang berkualitas dilakukan uji validitas dan reliabilitas dengan komputerisasi menggunakan program SPSS for Windows. Hasil Penelitian : Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta diperoleh hasil bahwa tingkat pengetahuan ibu hamil trimester I dan II tentang senam hamil yang berpengetahuan baik ada 3 responden (7,5%), yang berpengetahuan cukup 29 responden (72,5%) dan yang berpengetahuan kurang 8 responden (20%). Kesimpulan : Dari penelitian didapat bahwa mayoritas pengetahuan ibu hamil trimester I dan II tentang imunisasi tetanus toksoid di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta adalah cukup sebanyak 29 responden (72,5%). Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh pengalaman dan informasi. : Pengetahuan, Ibu Hamil Trimester I dan II, Imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid. Kepustakaan : 15 literatur ( tahun 2003 s/d 2010). Kata Kunci

vi

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BAB I PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang Angka kematian ibu di Indonesia saat ini masih jauh dari target yang di capai pada tahun 2015 sesuai dengan kesepakatan sasaran pembangunan millennium. Hasil survey Depkes RI, 2007 AKI di Indonesia masih berada pada angka 228 per 100.000 kelahiran hidup. Kejadian kematian ibu maternal paling banyak adalah sewaktu bersalin sebesar 49,5%, kematian waktu hamil 26%, pada waktu nifas 24% (Dinkes, 2011). Penyebab terjadinya Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI) terbesar di Indonesia adalah perdarahan, infeksi dan eklamsi, selain itu ada juga “4Teralu” terlalu muda, terlalu banyak tua, terlalu banyak anak, terlalu sering hamil, faktor fisiologis yang secara langsung dapat menambah angka tersebut (Saifuddin, 2002). Pada tahun 2010 Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) mencapai 25,3 per 1000 kelahiran hidup, sedangkan tahun 2011 mengalami penurunan menjadi 22 per 1000 kelahiran hidup (Depkes RI, 2011). Cakupan imunisasi TT di Indonesia tahun 2010 sebesar 70,02% (Depkes RI, 2011), di Jawa Tengah tahun 2011 sebanyak 632,198 ibu hamil, yang mendapat TT-1 sebesar 48,2%, TT-2 sebesar 48,5%, TT-3 sebesar 28,4%, TT-4 sebesar 20,7%, dan TT-5 sebesar 17,2% (Dinkes jateng, 2011). Jumlah kasus Tetanus Neonatorum di Provinsi Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2011 1

2

meningkat dibandingkan dengan tahun 2010 (3 kasus). CFR (Case Fatality Rate) tetanus tahun 2011 sebesar 75% atau 4 kasus yang dilaporkan 3 diantaranya meninggal (Dinkes Jateng, 2011). Kehamilan adalah masa yang dimulai dari konsepsi sampai lahirnya janin, lamanya hamil normal adalah 280 hari (40 minggu atau 9 bulan 7 hari) dihitung dari hari pertama haid terakhir (Saifuddin, 2007). Pada saat pemeriksaan kehamilan, ibu hamil diberikan suntikan Tetanus Toksoid. Pemberian vaksin TT melalui suntikan diperlukan untuk melindungi ibu hamil saat bersama bayinya terhadap tetanus neonatorum. Sosialisasi imunisasi TT perlu dilakukan mengingat masih ada sebagian masyarakat yang beranggapan bahwa perempuan yang akan menikah mendapat imunisasi TT, maka setelah menikah dia akan terlambat hamil, sehingga ibu hamil menjadi tidak subur lagi setelah melahirkan. Setiap ibu hamil harus mengetahui, memahami manfaat dan jarak waktu pemberian TT (Achsin, 2003). Imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid (TT) adalah suntikan vaksin tetanus untuk meningkatkan kekebalan sebagai upaya pencegahan terhadap infeksi tetanus (Idanati, 2005). Manfaat imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid ibu hamil yaitu melindungi bayi baru lahir dari tetanus neonatum yang dapat mengakibatkan kematian, dan melindungi ibu terhadap kemungkinan tetanus apabila terluka

(BKKBN, 2005). Umumnya vaksin Tetanus

Toksoid di berikan pada pasangan calon pengantin yang akan menikah,

3

namun banyak pasangan yang menolak karena adanya faktor kekurangan pengetahuan terhadap vaksin TT (Hartono, 2005). Cakupan imunisasi TT di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta tahun 2011 sebesar 80,34%. Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan yang peneliti lakukan di Bidan Praktek Mandiri Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta pada bulan Oktober - November 2012, kunjungan ibu hamil yaitu 40 ibu hamil TM I dan TM II. Selama dua bulan terakhir ini, ibu hamil yang sudah melakukan imunisasi TT2 sebanyak 36 ibu hamil. Hasil wawancara yang penulis lakukan di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati terhadap 10 orang ibu hamil, terdapat 6 orang ibu hamil (60%) yang pengetahuannya kurang tentang imunisasi TT dan 4 orang ibu hamil (40%) yang pengetahuannya cukup tentang imunisasi TT. Berdasarkan latar belakang diatas, setiap ibu hamil harus mengetahui, memahami manfaat dan jarak waktu pemberian imunisasi TT, sehingga peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian tentang “Tingkat pengetahuan ibu hamil trimester I dan trimester II tentang imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta”.

B. Perumusan Masalah Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut perumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah “Bagaimana Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil Trimester I dan Trimester II Tentang Imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta ?”.

4

C. Tujuan Penelitian 1. Tujuan Umum Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan ibu hamil trimester I dan trimester II tentang Imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta. 2. Tujuan Khusus a. Mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan ibu hamil trimester I dan trimester II tentang Imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta pada tingkat baik. b. Mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan ibu hamil trimester I dan trimester II tentang Imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta pada tingkat cukup. c. Mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan ibu hamil trimester I dan trimester II tentang Imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid di BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari Surakarta pada tingkat kurang.

D. Manfaat Penelitian 1. Bagi ilmu pengetahuan Dapat

dijadikan

bahan

pustaka

untuk

menambah

pengetahuan tentang imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid.

wawasan

5

2. Bagi diri sendiri Dapat menambah pengetahuan dan mengaplikasikan ilmu pengetahuan yang diperoleh di bangku kuliah, serta menambah pengalaman dalam melaksanakan penelitian tentang imunisasi tetanus Toksoid. 3. Bagi Institusi a. Pendidikan Sebagai bahan bacaan dan menambah wawasan bagi mahasiswa kebidanan dalam hal pengembangan dan pemahaman ilmu pengetahuan tentang kebidanan, khususnya imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid. b. Bidan Praktek Mandiri Memberi masukan atau informasi untuk meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak khususnya dalam pemberian KIE tentang imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid.

E. Keaslian Penelitian Berdasarkan penelusuran perpustakaan yang telah penulis telusuri di dapat beberapa hasil penelitian yang mirip dengan penelitian penulis, yaitu : Diah Windiasari (2011), Tingkat Pengethuan Ibu Hamil Tentang Imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid di Bidan Praktek Swasta Djamini Damun Surabaya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif, populasi dalam penelitian ini 166 orang dengan besar sampel 70 orang. Cara pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini probability sampling dengan teknik simple

6

random sampling. Hasil penelitian ini adalah 20% ibu hamil memiliki pengetahuan baik, 24,3% ibu hamil memiliki pengethuan cukup, dan 55,7 ibu hamil memiliki pengetahuan kurang. Perbedaan keaslian dengan penelitian yang penulis lakukan yaitu waktu dan lokasi penelitian. Persamaan keaslian dengan penelitian yang penulis lakukan yaitu janis penelitian dengan metode deskriptif kuantitatif.

F. Sistematika Penelitian Penulisan Laporan Karya Tulis Ilmiah Penelitian ini terdiri dari 5 bab adalah sebagai berikut: BAB I

PENDAHULUAN Bab ini berisi tentang Latar Belakang, Perumusan Masalah, Tujuan Penelian, Manfaat Penelitian, Keaslian penelitian, dan Sistematika Penelitian.

BAB II

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Bab ini berisi tentang Teori dari masalah yang diteliti, yaitu Pengetahuan yang meliputi definisi, tingkat, pengukuran, dan factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengetahuan, teori tentang kehamilan yang meliputi definisi, klasifikasi kehamilan, tanda-tanda kehamilan, pemeriksaan kehamilan, Imunisasi Tetanus Toksoid yang meliputi definisi, manfaat, waktu pemberian, cara pemberian dan dosis, efek samping,

7

dan tempat pelayanan, Tetanus Neonaturum, Kerangka Teori dan Kerangka Konsep Penilitian. BAB III

METODE PENELITIAN Bab ini berisi tentang Jenis Penelitian, Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian, Populasi, Sampel, dan Teknik Pengambilan Sampel,

Instrumen

Penelitian,

Definisi

Operasional,

Metode Pengolahan Data, Etika Penelitian dan Jadwal Penelitian. BAB IV

HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN Bab ini berisi tentang Gambaran Umum yang meliputi gambaran umum lokasi penelitian, Hasil Penelitian, Pembahasan dan Keterbatasan.

BAB V

PENUTUP Bab ini berisi Kesimpulan hasil penelitian dan Saran.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN.

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BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

A. Jenis dan Rancangan Penelitian Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Metode penelitian deskriftif adalah penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap sekumpulan objek yang biasanya bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran fenomena (termasuk kesehatan) yang terjadi didalam suatu populasi tertentu (Notoatmodjo, 2010). Kuantitatif adalah data yang berbentuk angka (Arikunto, 2010). B. Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian 1.

Lokasi Penelitian Lokasi penelitian merupakan tempat yang akan dilakukan oleh peneliti dalam melaksanakan kegiatan penelitiannya (Hidayat, 2007). Lokasi penelitian yang digunakan oleh peneliti adalah BPM Finulia Sri Surjati Banjarsari.

2.

Waktu Penelitian Waktu penelitian merupakan rentang waktu yang digunakan untuk melaksanakan penelitian (Notoatmodjo, 2010). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Februari 2013.

27

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