Biographical note The author is a student of PhD study at the Institute of Historical Sciences on Faculty of Philosophy and Science, Silesian University in Opava. His current research focuses on cultural transfer on a long-distance road between Moravia and Prussia in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period and especially it’s effect on urban society and its role in communication networks. Current work concentrates on the history of city Opava and Opava region in context of the road network of the Central Europe.
Keywords: Opava region, cultural transfer, archaeology, Middle Ages, road network
Abstrakt Between Moravia and Prussia there was medieval road passing through the economical and political centres (Olomouc, Opava, Raciborz, Kraków and Toruń). A very important medieval road existed between Moravia and Prussia, passing through the economical and political centres (Olomouc, Opava, Raciborz, Kraków and Toruń). Situations on this road allowed a research on a continuous material and ideological transfer, which is evident from the archaeological sources of Opava region. We have compiled three thematic groups of artefacts which include utility ceramics, numismatic material, and sacral artefacts of pilgrims. We could detect the majority of the groups of travellers including merchants, artisans, diplomats and pilgrims with this system.
Summary Moravia and Prussia have always been connected by a road, which is better known as Amber Road, named after the luxurious article, which was transported from the coast of the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean. A lot of new cities functioning as economical and political centres were formed in the Middle Ages. The Opava city belongs to these centres. It was connected on the north-south road and important west-east road called, “Hohe Strasse”. Merchants, artisans and pilgrims formed the main groups of travellers, which used this road to travel between cities. We can identify these groups on the basis of archaeological source and the location where the foreign material and ideological elements were found. We have
compiled three thematic groups of artefacts which include utility ceramics, numismatic material, and sacral artefacts of pilgrims. It is evident, that the material culture documents transformation of medieval society in Opava in related to the north-south connection. We can see a significant breaking point of transformation of material culture in the 13th century, when the cities was built on the basis of the Emphyteusis’s Law of and the stratification of medieval society started to form. Opava wasn´t one of the most important economical centres on this long-distance road, but we documented connection of burgess of Opava with such large significant cities like Olomouc, Kraków, Wrocław and Toruń. Predominant influence of regional centres is evident in the regions of the findings (Olomouc, Opava, Toruń and Kraków), which probably weren’t identical with the cities market circuit.
Opava on the Medieval Road between Moravia and Prussia in the Archaeological Sources.1
Moravia and Prussia have always been connected by a road, which is better known as Amber Road, named after the luxurious article, which was transported from the coast of the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean. One of the major changes of landscape around the road came in the 13th century, when cities started to grow as centres of trade and crafts, which regulated the communication network in their surroundings. Such a centre was the Opava city, which was founded at the beginning of the 13th century at the roots of an older settlement on the right bank of the Opava river. During one century it managed to dominate the whole region, which is known as Opavsko since the mid of 13th century. The city subsequently, became a centre of a communication network, through which it was connected with the east-west long distance road, “Hohe Strasse” (through Leipzig, Görlitz, Wrocław and Kraków), and northsouth long distance road (through Olomouc or Uherské Hradiště, Opava, Kraków or Opole and Toruń). It is impossible to track the exact communication of roads on such a large area, mainly because the lack of dependable sources. Nevertheless, the research of Jana Nowakowa, who studied the course of the roads in Silesia through customs stations (,by which she indirectly confirmed the continuous existence of this connection), can serve as a rough guide. 2 We can
1
This article is a part of the project OP VK 2.3 „Historizace střední Evropy“ č. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0031. NOWAKOVA, J. Rozmieszczenie komór celnych i przebieg dróg handlowych na Śląsku do końca XIV wieku. Wrocław: Nakladem Wrocławskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego, 1951. 226 p. 2
also follow the users of the road, who became it’s creators, instead of the actual road. The road was charted this way on the basis of written sources by Martin Čapský, Dalibor Prix or Martin Wihoda, who researched the movement of Opava merchants between Olomouc, Krakow or Wroclaw.3 A book “Čechy a Prusy ve středověku” that is until now unsurpassed comes from Jarosalv Goll, who in his instroduction outlined the main groups of travellers, which included merchants, artisans and pilgrims.4 A lack of archaeological works that could enrich our image of roads network in the Opava region and the connection of the city of Opava with the surrounding politicaleconomical centres is apparent from the aforementioned literature. The only exeption being the work of Zdeněk Měřinský, who pointed out the long-term character of the roads in Moravian and Opava region based on the interdisciplinary research methods. He didn’t study the individual travelers, who were the direct bearers of the ideological and material transfer.5 When researching the material culture we also encounter the problem of diversity of artefacts and the objects, on which many authors have found traces of local and foreign cultural influences. We focused primarily on artefacts that meet the criterion of frequency and simple recognisability because of this. From this standpoint, we have created three groups of artefacts. The first group consisted mainly of ceramic vessels and commercial goods, which were successfully distinguished by the archaeologists based on their individual manufacture circuit and imported cultural influences, which were usually associated with the effects of economic and political transformations in Central Europe. The second group consisted of numismatic material (single coins and depots), that should be easily recognized by the place of it’s origin. As a third group we researched the artefacts associated with the pilgrimage, which we have successfully found in the researched area. The chronological outline is formed by the actual basis of sources, which comprises mainly the secondary literature. The most important researches for us?, are the researches of the medieval archaeologists, who researched the transformation of material culture between the 10th and 16th century. The highest peak occurs at the beginning of the 13th century, when new cities were formed, changing the nature of craft production and business activities in the
3
ČAPSKÝ, M. Hospodářský obraz Moravsko-Slezského pomezí v době vlády Jana Lucemburského. In Kral, ktery letal Moravsko-slezske pomezi v kontextu středoevropskeho prostoru doby Jana Lucemburskeho. Ostrava: Ostravské muzeum, 2011. ISBN 978-80-904326-1-4. 301–312 p. KOUŘIL, P. - PRIX, D. - WIHODA, M. Hrady českeho Slezska. Brno-Opava: Archeologický ústav ČSAV Brno, 2000. 645 s. ISBN 80-86032-22-2. 4 GOLL, J. Čechy a Prusy ve středověku. Praha: Bursík a Kohout. 1897. 314 p. 5 MĚŘINSKÝ, Z. Středověké cesty na Moravě a ve Slezsku. In Morava ve středověku. Brno: Moravské zemské muzeum. 1999. 125-131 p.
regions. The beginning of the 17th century is a period of further significant changes on the north-south long distance road, so we determined it as a boundary point of our work. Due to the lack of quantity of the processed archaeological resources it is not possible to research just the area of the Opava city, but the scope needs to be widened onto the whole Opava region. During the Early Middle Ages until the 13th century analogous ceramics with addition of graphite were produced here as well as in Olomouc,6 but these traditions have survived here extended periods of time especially in Hlubčice and Raciborz region. Archaeologists managed to distinguish between different developmental phases in the area of Opava city and at several locations in the region (see map). The earliest phase of ceramics with addition of graphite was found in a settlement area of a pole construction in OpavaKaterinky by Jiří Juchelka, who determined it came from the Early Middle Ages.7 The typical artefacts with addition of graphite dated back to the end of 12th and early 13th century were found mainly in the area of Opava city, where the older settlement near the ford that was leading across the river Opava was formed, after Premyslids dynasty gained ground of Holasicko region. During the 13th century, after the new city was founded, the earlier tradition of ceramics manufacturing was replaced by a new ceramics of better quality similary as in the cities of Olomouc, Opole, Kraków and Toruń. Vlasta Šikulová found such archaeological situation by an archaeological research conducted in Janáčkovy sady next to an archive in the year 1967, which made it possible to demonstrate this transformation of material culture in the Middle Ages. She uncovered two pits with integral collections of ceramics. She dated older collection of artefacts, represented by integrated ceramics with addition of graphite, to the second half of the 12th and early 13th century. The pit No. 2. consisted mainly of Shards of gray with a silver sheen and with thick cannelur. This collection of artefacts was dated to the later 13th and 14th century.8 We found a similar situation representing the technological transformation of the late 12th and 14th century in another research of Vlasta Šikulová, especially in the archaeological research of the area of the Dominican monastery and on the 1. Máje square (now Horní náměstí) in Opava city9 or in the Moravian border at the church of St. Wenceslas in Ostrava.10 6
BLÁHA, J. Otázka kontinuity osídlení Olomouckého kopce a několik poznámek ke hmotné kultuře olomouckých Slovanů. In Vlastivědný věstník moravský. 1980, 32, 3. 301-311 p. 7 JUCHELKA, J. Objekt z pozdní doby hradištní v Opavě-Kateřinkách. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 2007-2008. 2010. 109-112 p. 8 ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Záchranné akce v areálu středověké Opavy. In Přehledy výzkumů 1967. 1968. 107-108 p. 9 ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Záchranné akce v areálu středověké Opavy. In Přehledy výzkumů 1967. 1968. 108-110 p. Same. Pokračování záchranných akcí v areálu středověké Opavy (okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 1970. 1971. 69-80 p. Same. Záchranné akce v areálu středověké Opavy (okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 1971. 1972. 121123 p.
From the later research, it is necessary to mention the location in Opava on Ostrožná street, where the archaeological research by Hana Teryngerová and Pavel Kouřil was conducted.11 An older tradition of graphite vessels in the form of thick-walled storage containers analogous to exemplar from Olomouc, was discovered here. The ceramics were found not only in the excavations in Janáčkovy sady,12 but also on the street Mezi trhy, where a waste pit containing several complete vessels dated back to the 14th century was uncovered.13 An older tradition of manufacturing ceramics with addition of graphite appeared in Raciborz and Hlubčice region throughout the Middle Ages. Paweł Rzeźnik already pointed out this common cultural area on an example of decoration of ceramic vessels. In his work, this area included the cities of Opava, Opole, Cieszyn, Raciborz and Hlubčice and it outlined integral manufacture circuit.14 It certainly wouldn’t be a mistake to determine the eastern boundary of the manufacture circuit in the area on the border of Silesia and Malopolsko, where a sphere of Kraków’s influence was present. Here domestic manufacture of ceramics from ferruginous potter´s clays, that were of a brick red colour after burning, has dominated. Alina Wałowy found the proof of transformation of this old manufacture tradition, in which graphite was used as a non-plastic material, in Kraków. Like in the previous manufacture circuits centred in Olomouc and Opava city she marked this to be a turning point in the manufacture to the beginning of the 14th century, when the occurrence of graphite ceramic artefacts in a collection dropped to 1%. Most of the high and late medieval pottery with an addition of graphite from Krakow should come from Silesia and Moravia according to the author.15 Vladimír Goš includes the whole ceramics collection with addition of graphite to the "North Moravian Manufacture Circuit." During the research in Šumperk he identified the examples of pots with ledge lip made from potter´s clay with addition of graphite and of
10
Same. Pokračování výzkumu v kostele sv. Václava v Ostravě. In Přehledy výzkumů 1968. 1970. 57 p. KOUŘIL, P. - TERYNGEROVÁ, H. Středověký poutní odznak z historického jádra města Opavy. In Civitas & villa. Miasto i wieś w średniowiecznej Europie środkowej. Wrocław-Praha: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej akademii nauk-Archeologický ústav AV ČR. 2002. 227-233 p. 12 ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Záchranné akce v areálu středověké Opavy. In Přehledy výzkumů 1967. 1968. 107-108 p. 13 KIECOŇ, M. - KOLÁŘ, F. Opava (k. ú. Opava-město, okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 50. 2009. 420-422 p. 14 RZEŹNIK, P. Ślad oddziaływań garncarstwa morawskiego na ceramikę średniowiecznego Śląska u progu i w czasie lokacyjnych przemian osadnicích. In Civitas & villa. Miasto i wieś w średniowiecznej Europie środkowej. Wrocław-Praha: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Poskiej akademii nauk-Archeologický ústav AV ČR. 2002. 439-446 p. 15 WAŁOWY, A. Późnośredniowieczne garncarstwo krakowskie w świetle źródeł archeologicznych. In Materialy archeologiczne. XIX, 1979. 5-151 p. 11
greyish-brown colour.16 He also found an analogous collection of ceramic vessels in Nový hrad near Kopřivnice, where he found several vessels glazed with lead glaze.17 Paweł Rzeźnik identified similar collection of artefacts, which he dated back to 14th century, similar to one found in Šumperk.18 Another interesting collection of artefacts can be found in the small castle Rýmařov found near the city of Šternberk. This castle holds a mixed collection of ceramic artefacts, which were distinguishable ceramic vessels from “Olomouc´s Manufacture Circuit” with a typical red painted pottery blending and artefacts from “North Moravian Manufacture Circuit”. We can assume, that the border between the two manufacture circuits went through the Jeseniky Mountains near Rýmařov. This border probably also represented the line of economical influence of Olomouc and Opava city.19 Cultural and material influence of Opava city on the way to a Hlubčice and Raciborz was documented on the basis of material culture from Oldřišov, which was researched by Michal Zezula and Tereza Krasnokutská. They found several vessels with addition of graphite, which were dated on the basis of analogy from Opava to the turn of the 12th and 13th century, and reductive burnt pottery from the 13th and 14th century.20 Younger reductive burnt ceramics from the 15th century was also found in the castle of Sovinec, but without any comparison between other artefacts from the region.21 Glazed ceramics fall under a specific category in archaeological research in the Opava region. Vlasta Šikulová estimated the number of these artefacts found in Opava at 800 pieces, mostly fragments. If we put aside the older tradition of glazed green glaze, which appears in Opava city in the 13th century (artefacts from Ostrožná street and Masařská street),22 we are
16
GOŠ, V. Šumperk (okr. Šumperk). In Přehledy výzkumů 1993-1994. 1997. 238 p. Cf. ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Záchranné akce v areálu středověké Opavy. In Přehledy výzkumů 1967. 1968. 108-110 p. 17 GOŠ, V. Kopřivná (okr. Šumperk). In Přehledy výzkumů 43. 2002. 260-261 p. 18 KOZŁOWSKA, K. Sprawozdanie z ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych na Rynku w Raciborzu, województwo katowickie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w 1996 roku. 2000. 147-151 p. 19 NOVÁK, J. - KAREL, J. Rýmařov-Hrádek (okr. Bruntál). In Přehledy výzkumů 1971. 1972. 103-105 p. Same. Rýmařov-Hrádek (okr. Bruntál). In Přehledy výzkumů 1972. 1973. 76-78 p. Same. Zaniklé středověké sídliště v Rýmařově /okr. Bruntál/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1974. 1975, s. 85-86. Same. Zaniklé středověké sídliště /okr. Bruntál/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1976. 1978. 93 p. 20 KRASNOKUTSKÁ, K. - ZEZULA, M. Oldřišov (okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 48. 2007. 488-489 p. Technology of the burnt of reducting atmosphere see: CHUDZIAKOWA, J. Średniowieczny Toruń (w świetle źródel archeologicznych). In: BISKUP, M. Historia Torunia. Tom 1. Toruń. 1999. ISBN 83-87639-25-7. 58-99 p. POLIŃSKI, D. Przemiany w wytwórczości garncarskiej na ziemi chełmińskiej u schyłku wczesnego i na początku późnego średniowiecza. In Archaelogia historica polona. Tom 4. 1996. 187-222 p. 21 KOHOUTEK, J. První etapa výzkumu v areálu hradu Sovince (okr. Bruntál). In Přehledy výzkumů 1991. 1993. 90 p. 22 TERYNGEROVÁ, H. Opava (okr. Opava). In Pehledy výzkumů 39 (1995-1996). 1999. 447-448 p. KOUŘIL, P. - TERYNGEROVÁ, H. Středověký poutní odznak z historického jádra města Opavy. In Civitas & villa.
left with a collection of artefacts glazed from red to brownish-red glaze. The Manufacture centre was located in the area of the Dominican monastery. Artisans probably came with the Dominicans to the city in the second half of the 13th century. They could skilfully use the technique of red glazed and it remained there until the Late Middle Ages.23 Yet it seems that it didn´t expand in the surrounding area. The tradition of green glazed pottery in the Opava region expanded in relation to the increasing mining of lead in the region and the economic growth of the city. Merchants from Opava travelled to Kraków, where glazed pottery existed in the 11th century and in the 14th to 15th century it consisted of predominantly green and translucent glazes in up to 30-40% of findings.24 Interesting artefact from Opava, connecting the city with the northern areas (for example city Raciborz) in terms of material culture, was crock with glaze decorated under the mouth by masks alternating with motifs of rider and bird. Chronologically it was dated to 13th to 14th century.25 Pavel Kouřil already hinted of such a possibility of material and ideological import for the example of pitch decorated by series of masks under the mouth, which were found in Opava as well.26 Another crock with glace decorated impressed motifs of deer, which was alternated by rosette motif, was found in the Raciobórz-Rzeźnicza street. Krystyna Kozlowska dated it to the 13th to 14th century and assumed its origins in Moravia or in Germany.27 From Germany it could have travelled by the "Hohe Strasse ", which went through Raciborz and Kraków. Activities of the merchants on the east-west road confirms unique artefact from Raciborz-Stare Miasto from the second half of the 13th to 14th century. It was a small zoomorphic vessel glazed with green glaze, which has its analogy in the
Miasto i wieś w średniowiecznej Europie środkowej. Wrocław-Praha: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej akademii nauk-Archeologický ústav AV ČR. 2002. 227-233 p. 23 ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Záchranné akce v areálu středověké Opavy. In Přehledy výzkumů 1967. 1968. 108-110 p. Same. Pokračování záchranných akcí v areálu středověké Opavy (okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 1970. 1971. 69-80 p. Same. Záchranný výzkum v bývalém dominikánském kostele sv. Václava v Opavě /okr. Opava/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1987. 1990. 77-78 p. Same. Středověká polévaná keramika z Opavy. In Archaeologia historica 10/1985. Olomouc: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, Archeologický ústav SAV v Nitře. 1985. 230-233 p. 24 About consequences of mining of lead and technique of glazed see: AUCH, M. Wczesnośedniowieczne naczynia szkliwione z terenu zachodniej Małopolski. In Archeologia Polski LVII. Zeszyt 1-2. 2012. 199-246 p. WAŁOWY, A. Ratownicze badania na terenie arsenału w Krakowie. In Materiały archeologiczne XXIX. 1996. 39-62 p. 25 ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Záchranné akce v areálu středověké Opavy (okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 1971. 1972. 121-123 p. 26 KOUŘIL, P. Středověká kolonizace na severovýchodní Moravě a ve Slezsku a její odraz v archeologických pramenech. In Archaeologia historica 18/93. Brno-Levoča: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, Spišský dejepisný spolok v Levoči, 1993. 141-150 p. 27 KOZŁOWSKA, K. Sprawozdanie z ratowniczych badań archeologicznych przy ulicy Rzeżniczej w Raciborzu, województwo katowickie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w 1995 roku. 1998. 102-107 p.
Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany and is known as "Lavabokessel".28 The ideological and material transfer transmitted by merchants and craftsmen on the road "Hohe Strasse" was has veered probably somewhere by Raciborz to the south through Opava to Olomouc. These ceramic vessels were dated to 13th and 14th century.29 Typical ceramics from Loštice (luxury beaker) was penetrating from the south through the Šumperk and Opava region to Raciborz from the 13th to the 15th century. At that time urban agglomerations were formed on the German, respectively Magdeburg, law and their economic position in the region strengthened. Earliest dated findings reported in the literature are dated to the second half of the 13th century (for example castle in Bruntál and Raciborz-Rzeznicza street).30 The other later artefacts from the 15th century came from this region, for example: one small beaker with handles around the circumference.31 Import of Loštice beakers also appears of course in "Olomouc Manufacture Circuit" and in Malopolsko, especially in Kraków.32 In the second part of our article we would like to research numismatic material, that is impossible to be distinguished from various cultural influences on the basis of researched sources, but which provenance is easier to be documented. These artefacts are witnesses of business transactions. Numerous and most discussed collections of artefacts are depots. It is still not known, whether they are a money stash relic of a merchant or a robber or just a storage space within the settlement. Coins of domestic provenance were found by archaeologists in all examined areas on the road between Moravia and Prussia. In Opava region with overlap to Ostrava we were finding mostly the Opava-Raciborz pennies from the 15th century, which were uncovered during researches in the Dominican monastery in Opava city33 and in the Kostelní street in
28
TURAKIEWICZ, R. Ratownicze badania na Starym mieście w Raciborzu, województwo Śląskie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 2007-2008. 2010. 142-156 p. 29 About transport of goods from Germany on the road „Hohe Strasse“ through Opava region to Moravia see: BLÁHA, J. Komunikace topografie a importy ve středověku a raném novověku (7.-17. století) na území města Olomouce. In Archaeologia historica 23/98. Brno: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, Archeologický ústav Akademie věd ČR v Praze. 1998. 133-157 p. BLÁHA, J.-DROBNÝ, T. Olomouc (okr. Olomouc). In Přehledy výzkumů 1993-1994. 1997. 222-223 p. 30 BŘÍZA, S. Záchranný výzkum Bruntál-zámek 1976 /okr. Bruntál/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1976. 1978. 111 p. KOUŘIL, P. Středověké nálezy ze zámku Bruntál /okr. Bruntál/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1979. 1981. 48 p. KOZŁOWSKA, K. - TURAKIEWICZ, R. Sprawozdanie z ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych średniowiecznych działek mieszczańskich przy ul. Rzeźniczej 8 w Raciborzu, województwo Śląskie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 2003-2004. 2006. 166-172 p. 31 GOŠ, V. Šumperk (okr. Šumperk). In Přehledy výzkumů 49. 2008. 443-445 p. 32 Same. Loštice. Město středověkých hrnčířů. Vyd. 1. Opava: Slezská univerzita v Opavě. 2007. 126 p. ISBN 978-80-7248-434-8 33 ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Pokračování výzkumu dominikánského kláštera v Opavě /okr. Opava/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1976. 1978. 87-88 p.
Ostrava.34 Findings of coins from Ostrava was similar to the research on Dómský hillock in Olomouc part of sepulchre equipment from the 16th century. In the collection of artefacts there were also two Gdansk denarii of Sigismund III. (1590) and one penny of Otto Kyrburk (1548-1607) as obolus of the dead. This tradition of Charons´ coins appeared again in the 16th century.35 Business connections Opava city on the road “Hohe Strasse” could demonstrate individual coins, found on Dolní náměstí in the ramp of the house from Early Modern Period that came from Germany and Swidnice.36 We found proofs of transfer of economical capital at this long distance road also in the castle Chudow, where over 100 coins were found, among which bracteates from Swidnice and Opole from the time of Nicholas I. from Opole (2nd half of the 15th century) were also recognized.37 Interconnection of the cities in Lower Silesian with areas in the Opava region continued even in the 17th century, when another large depot from this time was found in Baborów. The ceramic vessel there were mostly occupied by coins of Wrocław and Swidnice mintage.38 The findings probably documenting the transportation of capital from Olomouc to the north within the business or diplomatic route belong among the most numerous of researched collection of coins. There were two depots of Prague raps from the time of Charles IV. and Wenceslas IV., stored in a cup, which was found in Dalov. Both depots contained a total of 1072 coins, with the majority being the mintage from the time of Wenceslas IV.39 Archaeologists discovered the third elderly depot of bracteates from the second half of the 13th to 14th century, stored in a pot, in the area of the destroyed castle Rešov (3 km southwest of Rýmařova).40 These coins are not a significant proof of local contacts as the pot, which analogy was found by Vlasta Šikulová in Dominican monastery in Opava city.41 Economical and political influence of Czech monarchs in Upper Silesia is evident in examples of numismatic material from Niemodlin (west of Opole) and Raciborz, where other 34
Same. Předběžná zpráva o výzkumu v kostele sv. Václava v Ostravě. In Přehledy výzkumů 1967. 1968. 101102 p. 35 Same. Předběžná zpráva o výzkumu v kostele sv. Václava v Ostravě. In Přehledy výzkumů 1967. 1968. 102 p. 36 TERYNGEROVÁ, H. Opava (okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 39 (1995-1996). 1999. 449 p. 37 TARASIŃSKI, A. - NOCUŃ, P. Badania na zamku w Chudowie, województwo śląskie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 2005-2006. 2007. 192-199 p. 38 SPYCHAŁA, K. - KUÓW, P. Niemodlin, gm. loco, Stan B. In Opolski Informator Konserwatorski. Nr. 2, 1983. 76-79 p. MACEWICZ. K. - WUSZKAN, S. Baborów, gm. loco, ul. Głubczycka. In Opolski Informator Konserwatorski. Nr. 5, 1987-88. 6-9 p. 39 BURIAN, V. Nálezy středověké keramiky datované mincemi z Dalova (okr. Olomouc). In Přehledy výzkumů 1968. 1970. 60-61 p. 40 PLAČEK, M. Povrchový průzkum hrádku u Rešova a revize Strálku, k. ú. Ondřejov /okr. Bruntál/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1985. 1987. 55 p. 41 ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Středověká polévaná keramika z Opavy. In Archaeologia historica 10/1985. Olomouc: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, Archeologický ústav SAV v Nitře. 1985. 230-233 p.
depots containing the Prague raps were found.42 Other coins were picked up during archaeological research in Raciborz-Stare Miasto and Raciborz-Ostrog, which included mintage from the period of the reign of Wenceslas II., Charles IV. and Ferdinand I. 43 Obvious proof of a contact between Olomouc and Raciborz is found only in a single example of discovering of silver denarii coin from Olomouc, which archaeologists have dated from the 15th to 16th century.44 Of course it is still necessary to keep in mind the ambiguity of findings coins, which even though they documented business activities, we still don´t know the exact road, where they travelled to the place of finding. At the end of our journey we would like to have study a group of people, who used the road for religious purposes, pilgrimages. They left a scarce, but easily distinguishable trace in the form of pilgrims, pilgrim badges and material of sacred significance. The place of origin is known for most of the discovered artefacts, which were easily localized by the researchers amongst many analogous artefacts from Europe. Tomáš Velímský already wrote a summary of medieval pilgrim badges found in the Czech Republic. He noted the concentration of pilgrim badges of St. Stanislav from Kraków on the territory of Czech kingdom. The author explained this growing convergence of Premyslides with Poland, which made an easier access to the nearby place of pilgrimage in Kraków.45 From researched Opava region we of course know relatively numerous proofs of pilgrimage, but mainly from the long-distance road “Hohe Strasse”. Our next steps lead directly to the Opava city on the Ostrožná street, where an important discovery was made by Hana Teryngerová and Pavel Kouřil in the year 1999. One pilgrim badge was undecked during the research with figural depicting of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child. They identified the origin in the German-Dutch language area of the
42
KOZŁOWSKA, K. Skarb srebrnych groszy praskich z Raciborza-Ostroga, województwo katowickie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 1991-1992. 1994. 108-109 p. 43 NEJOWA, H. Sprawozdanie z badań w Raciborzu na Ostrogu w latach 1961-1962 prowadzonych przez Muzeum w Raciborzu. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 19611962. 1964. 39-42 p. KOZŁOWSKA, K. Sprawozdanie z ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych na rynku w Raciborzu, województwo katowickie. Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w 1996 roku. 2000. 146-150 p. Same. Sprawozdanie z ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych na rynku w Raciborzu, województwo katowickie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w 1997 roku. 2000. 184-191 p. TURAKIEWICZ, R. Ratownicze badania na Starym mieście w Raciborzu, województwo Śląskie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 20072008. 2010. 142-156 p. 44
TURAKIEWICZ, R. Ratownicze badania na Starym mieście w Raciborzu, województwo Śląskie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 2007-2008. 2010. 142-156 p. 45 VELIMSKÝ, T. K nálezům středověkých poutních odznaků v českých zemích. In Archaeologia historica 23/98. Brno: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, Archeologický ústav Akademie věd ČR v Praze. 1998. 435-455 p.
Rhine and Maas and dated it to the 13th to 14th century.46 Another discovery of a pilgrim badge from the half of 15th century was made on the corner of Masaryk and Holubí street in the year 2005. Two figures by a tree, probably depicting Adam and Eve by the Tree of knowledge, were shown on this piece. It was situated into the foundation walls of the house to protect the building and its inhabitants. Last found pilgrim badge in Opava region also comes from the area of the city from the researched area between the Horní náměstí, Ostrožná and Popska street. Portrayal on the artefact looks like earlier findings from Opava from the year 1999 and it was dated in the 13th to 14th century. Collective of authors, who worked on problematic of manifestations of religiosity in Opava, defined its place of origin on the basis of historic-artistic analysis in Aachen and confirmed earlier assumption of Pavel Kouřil and Hana Teryngerová.47 It is evident, that the material culture documents the transformation of medieval society in Opava in relation to the north-south connection. We can see significant breaking point of transformation of material culture in the 13th century, when the cities was built on the basis of the Emphyteusis’s Law of and the stratification of medieval society started to form. Opava wasn´t one of the most important economical centres on this long-distance road, but we documented connection of burgess of Opava with such large significant cities like Olomouc, Kraków, Wrocław and Toruń. Predominant influence of regional centres is evident from the findings of utility ceramics (Olomouc, Opava, Toruń and Kraków), which probably wasn´t identical with the market circuit of cities. Proofs of foreign ideological and material transfer in Opava region can be seen on the examples of the imported luxury goods (Loštice beaker, pottery decorated with plastic elements, German earthenware etc.) and techniques of burnt glazed red glaze or of reducing atmosphere. Numismatic material, which represented transfer of capital, may or may not have been used for business purposes, as seen in the obolus of the dead. It could be interpreted as a consequence of political influence over the territories (see Opava-Raciborz pennies). We found also the spiritual level of meaning of the road in the material culture, but the quantity of
46
KOUŘIL, P. - TERYNGEROVÁ, H. Středověký poutní odznak z historického jádra města Opavy. In Civitas & villa. Miasto i wieś w średniowiecznej Europie środkowej. Wrocław-Praha: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej akademii nauk-Archeologický ústav AV ČR. 2002. 227-233 p. – Authors identified the origins of the pilgrim badge in Aachen. 47 HRDINA, J. et al. Neue Pilgerzeichenfunde aus Opava (Troppau) und die Typologie der älteren Aachener Pilgerzeichen im Kontext der Zeugnisse zur Aachenfahrt aus den böhmischen Ländern im 14. Jahrhundert. In Wallfahrer aus dem Ostenmittelalterliche Pilgerzeichen zwischen Ostsee, Donau und Seine. Frankfurt am Main: Europäische Wallfahrtstudien. 2013. 321-360 p.
artefacts and their provenance does not corespond with written sources, where we found information about pilgrimage on the north-south road.48
List of the used literature - AUCH, M. Wczesnośedniowieczne naczynia szkliwione z terenu zachodniej Małopolski. In Archeologia Polski LVII. Zeszyt 1-2. 2012. 199-246 p. - BLÁHA, J. Komunikace topografie a importy ve středověku a raném novověku (7.-17. století) na území města Olomouce. In Archaeologia historica 23/98. Brno: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, Archeologický ústav Akademie věd ČR v Praze. 1998. 133157 p. - BLÁHA, J. Otázka kontinuity osídlení Olomouckého kopce a několik poznámek ke hmotné kultuře olomouckých Slovanů. In Vlastivědný věstník moravský. 1980, 32, 3. 301-311 p. - BLÁHA, J. - DROBNÝ, T. Olomouc (okr. Olomouc). In Přehledy výzkumů 1993-1994. 1997. 222-223 p. - BŘÍZA, S. Záchranný výzkum Bruntál-zámek 1976 /okr. Bruntál/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1976. 1978. 111 p. - BURIAN, V. Nálezy středověké keramiky datované mincemi z Dalova (okr. Olomouc). In Přehledy výzkumů 1968. 1970. 60-61 p. - ČAPSKÝ, M. Hospodářský obraz Moravsko-Slezského pomezí v době vlády Jana Lucemburského. In Kral, ktery letal Moravsko-slezske pomezi v kontextu středoevropskeho prostoru doby Jana Lucemburskeho. Ostrava: Ostravské muzeum, 2011. ISBN 978-80904326-1-4. 301–312 p. 48
BLÁHA, J. Komunikace topografie a importy ve středověku a raném novověku (7.-17. století) na území města Olomouce. In Archaeologia historica 23/98. Brno: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, Archeologický ústav Akademie věd ČR v Praze. 1998. 133-157 p.
- GOLL, J. Čechy a Prusy ve středověku. Praha: Bursík a Kohout. 1897. 314 p. - GOŠ, V. Kopřivná (okr. Šumperk). In Přehledy výzkumů 43. 2002. 260-261 p. - GOŠ, V. Loštice. Město středověkých hrnčířů. Vyd. 1. Opava: Slezská univerzita v Opavě. 2007. 126 p. ISBN 978-80-7248-434-8 - GOŠ, V. Šumperk (okr. Šumperk). In Přehledy výzkumů 1993-1994. 1997. 238 p. - GOŠ, V. Šumperk (okr. Šumperk). In Přehledy výzkumů 49. 2008. 443-445 p. - HRDINA, J. et al. Neue Pilgerzeichenfunde aus Opava (Troppau) und die Typologie der älteren Aachener Pilgerzeichen im Kontext der Zeugnisse zur Aachenfahrt aus den böhmischen Ländern im 14. Jahrhundert. In Wallfahrer aus dem Ostenmittelalterliche Pilgerzeichen zwischen Ostsee, Donau und Seine. Frankfurt am Main: Europäische Wallfahrtstudien. 2013. 321-360 p. - CHUDZIAKOWA, J. Średniowieczny Toruń (w świetle źródel archeologicznych). In: BISKUP, M. Historia Torunia. Tom 1. Toruń. 1999. ISBN 83-87639-25-7. 58-99 p. - JUCHELKA, J. Objekt z pozdní doby hradištní v Opavě-Kateřinkách. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 2007-2008. 2010. 109112 p. - KIECOŇ, M. - KOLÁŘ, F. Opava (k. ú. Opava-město, okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 50. 2009. 420-422 p. - KOHOUTEK, J. První etapa výzkumu v areálu hradu Sovince (okr. Bruntál). In Přehledy výzkumů 1991. 1993. 90 p. - KOUŘIL, P. Středověká kolonizace na severovýchodní Moravě a ve Slezsku a její odraz v archeologických pramenech. In Archaeologia historica 18/93. Brno-Levoča: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, Spišský dejepisný spolok v Levoči, 1993. 141-150 p. - KOUŘIL, P. Středověké nálezy ze zámku Bruntál /okr. Bruntál/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1979. 1981. 48 p. - KOUŘIL, P. - PRIX, D. - WIHODA, M. Hrady českeho Slezska. Brno-Opava: Archeologický ústav ČSAV Brno, 2000. 645 s. ISBN 80-86032-22-2. - KOUŘIL, P. - TERYNGEROVÁ, H. Středověký poutní odznak z historického jádra města Opavy. In Civitas & villa. Miasto i wieś w średniowiecznej Europie środkowej. WrocławPraha: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej akademii nauk-Archeologický ústav AV ČR. 2002. 227-233 p. - KOZŁOWSKA, K. Skarb srebrnych groszy praskich z Raciborza-Ostroga, województwo katowickie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 1991-1992. 1994. 108-109 p.
- KOZŁOWSKA, K. Sprawozdanie z ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych na rynku w Raciborzu, województwo katowickie. Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w 1996 roku. 2000. 146-150 p. - KOZŁOWSKA, K. Sprawozdanie z ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych na rynku w Raciborzu, województwo katowickie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w 1997 roku. 2000. 184-191 p. - KOZŁOWSKA, K. Sprawozdanie z ratowniczych badań archeologicznych przy ulicy Rzeżniczej w Raciborzu, województwo katowickie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w 1995 roku. 1998. 102-107 p. - KOZŁOWSKA, K. - TURAKIEWICZ, R. Sprawozdanie z ratowniczych badań wykopaliskowych średniowiecznych działek mieszczańskich przy ul. Rzeźniczej 8 w Raciborzu, województwo Śląskie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 2003-2004. 2006. 166-172 p. - KRASNOKUTSKÁ, K. - ZEZULA, M. Oldřišov (okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 48. 2007. 488-489 p. - MACEWICZ. K. - WUSZKAN, S. Baborów, gm. loco, ul. Głubczycka. In Opolski Informator Konserwatorski. Nr. 5, 1987-88. 6-9 p. - MĚŘINSKÝ, Z. Středověké cesty na Moravě a ve Slezsku. In Morava ve středověku. Brno: Moravské zemské muzeum. 1999. 125-131 p. - NEJOWA, H. Sprawozdanie z badań w Raciborzu na Ostrogu w latach 1961-1962 prowadzonych przez Muzeum w Raciborzu. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 1961-1962. 1964. 39-42 p. - NOVÁK, J. - KAREL, J. Rýmařov-Hrádek (okr. Bruntál). In Přehledy výzkumů 1971. 1972. 103-105 p. Same. Rýmařov-Hrádek (okr. Bruntál). In Přehledy výzkumů 1972. 1973. 76-78 p. - NOVÁK, J. - KAREL, J. Zaniklé středověké sídliště v Rýmařově /okr. Bruntál/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1974. 1975, s. 85-86. - NOVÁK, J. - KAREL, J. Zaniklé středověké sídliště /okr. Bruntál/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1976. 1978. 93 p. - NOWAKOVA, J. Rozmieszczenie komór celnych i przebieg dróg handlowych na Śląsku do końca XIV wieku. Wrocław: Nakladem Wrocławskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego, 1951. 226 p. - PLAČEK, M. Povrchový průzkum hrádku u Rešova a revize Strálku, k. ú. Ondřejov /okr. Bruntál/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1985. 1987. 55 p.
- POLIŃSKI, D. Przemiany w wytwórczości garncarskiej na ziemi chełmińskiej u schyłku wczesnego i na początku późnego średniowiecza. In Archaelogia historica polona. Tom 4. 1996. 187-222 p. - RZEŹNIK, P. Ślad oddziaływań garncarstwa morawskiego na ceramikę średniowiecznego Śląska u progu i w czasie lokacyjnych przemian osadnicích. In Civitas & villa. Miasto i wieś w średniowiecznej Europie środkowej. Wrocław-Praha: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Poskiej akademii nauk-Archeologický ústav AV ČR. 2002. 439-446 p. - SPYCHAŁA, K. - KUÓW, P. Niemodlin, gm. loco, Stan B. In Opolski Informator Konserwatorski. Nr. 2, 1983. 76-79 p. - ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Pokračování záchranných akcí v areálu středověké Opavy (okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 1970. 1971. 69-80 p. - ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Pokračování výzkumu dominikánského kláštera v Opavě /okr. Opava/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1976. 1978. 87-88 p. - ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Pokračování výzkumu v kostele sv. Václava v Ostravě. In Přehledy výzkumů 1968. 1970. 57 p. - ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Předběžná zpráva o výzkumu v kostele sv. Václava v Ostravě. In Přehledy výzkumů 1967. 1968. 101-102 p. - ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Středověká polévaná keramika z Opavy. In Archaeologia historica 10/1985. Olomouc: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, Archeologický ústav SAV v Nitře. 1985. 230-233 p. - ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Záchranné akce v areálu středověké Opavy. In Přehledy výzkumů 1967. 1968. 108-110 p. - ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Záchranné akce v areálu středověké Opavy (okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 1971. 1972. 121-123 p. - ŠIKULOVÁ, V. Záchranný výzkum v bývalém dominikánském kostele sv. Václava v Opavě /okr. Opava/. In Přehledy výzkumů 1987. 1990. 77-78 p. - TARASIŃSKI, A. - NOCUŃ, P. Badania na zamku w Chudowie, województwo śląskie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 2005-2006. 2007. 192-199 p. - TERYNGEROVÁ, H. Opava (okr. Opava). In Přehledy výzkumů 39 (1995-1996). 1999. 449 p. - TURAKIEWICZ, R. Ratownicze badania na Starym mieście w Raciborzu, województwo Śląskie. In Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 2007-2008. 2010. 142-156 p.
- VELIMSKÝ, T. K nálezům středověkých poutních odznaků v českých zemích. In Archaeologia historica 23/98. Brno: Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně, Archeologický ústav Akademie věd ČR v Praze. 1998. 435-455 p. - WAŁOWY, A. Ratownicze badania na terenie arsenału w Krakowie. In Materiały archeologiczne XXIX. 1996. 39-62 p. - WAŁOWY, A. Późnośredniowieczne garncarstwo krakowskie w świetle źródeł archeologicznych. In Materialy archeologiczne XIX. 1979. 5-151 p.
Supplement
Map 1.: Opava city in the road network in the 14th cent
Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že tato práce je mým vlastním autorským dílem a nebyla doposud nikde publikována. V Opavě dne 23. 4. 2014 Mgr. Petr Chlebec
