ABSTRAK PENGARUH BUDAYA MENGINANG TERHADAP KARIES GIGI PADA MASYARAKAT TALAGA PACA, KECAMATAN TOBELO SELATAN, HALMAHERA UTARA Adrian Waery, 2012. Pembimbing I : July Ivone dr., MKK., M.Pd., Ked. Pembimbing II: Vinna Kurniawati S., drg., M.Kes. Masyarakat Talaga Paca percaya bahwa budaya menginang dapat mencegah karies gigi. Diketahui daun sirih (Piper betle Linn), mengandung kandungan minyak atsiri yang berfungsi sebagai zat antibakteri yang dapat mencegah gigi berlubang, bau mulut dan radang pada gusi. Pinang juga memiliki kandungan flavanoid senyawa polifenol yang dapat menghambat pembentukan karies gigi. Maksud dari penelitian ini untuk memanfaatkan kebudayaan menginang masyarakat Tobelo sebagai pencegahan terhadap karies gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh budaya menginang terhadap kejadian karies gigi masyarakat Talaga Paca dan mengetahui efek daun sirih (Piper betle Linn) serta bahan menginang lainnya dalam mencegah karies gigi. Penulisan karya tulis ilmiah ini menggunakan metode analitik observasional dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional. Penelitian ini menyangkut pengujian hipotesis terhadap perbandingan kejadian karies gigi pada masyarakat yang melakukan budaya menginang terhadap yang tidak menginang. Analisis data menggunakan uji-T tidak berpasangan dengan α = 0,05 Hasil penelitian menunjukan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok masyarakat yang melakukan budaya menginang terhadap kelompok masyarakat yang tidak melakukan budaya menginang. Rerata jumlah karies gigi kelompok masyarakat yang menginang 1,6 yaitu lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan yang tidak menginang 8,65. Dari uji-T tidak berpasangan didapatkan p = 0,000 menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara kedua kelompok. Simpulan hasil penelitian yaitu terdapat pengaruh kebudayaan menginang terhadap karies gigi. Kata kunci: budaya menginang, karies gigi, Talaga Paca.
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ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF THE CULTURE OF BETEL CHEWING ON CARIES IN ON THE CITIZENS OF TALAGA PACA IN THE SUB-DISTRICT OF SOUTH TOBELO, NORTH HALMAHERA Adrian Waery, 2012. Tutor I : July Ivone, dr., MKK., M.Pd., Ked. Tutor II: Vinna Kurniawati S., drg., M.Kes. People of Talaga Paca, believe that the culture of betel chewing can prevent dental caries. Piper Betle Linn is known contains essential oils that function as an antibacterial agent to prevent cavities, bad breath and gums inflamed. Nut also contains flavanoids that can inhibit dental caries.
The purpose of this study is to use the betel nut culture of the people of Tobelo as a preventative for tooth decay. The aim of this study is to discover the effect of the betel nut culture on the tooth cavities of the citizens of Talaga Paca and also to discover the effect of the leaf of the betel nut vine (Piper betle Linn) on prevention of tooth decay there. The writing used the scientific method of observational analysis together with a cross sectional method. This study tested the hypothesis by comparing the incidence of tooth cavities in the population that have the culture of chewing betel nut against the population that does not use betel nut. The analysis of the data will be T-test not paired with α = 0.05 The results of the study showed that there is a difference between the group that did the culture of betel chewing and the group that did not. The average incidence of tooth decay in the group that did betel chewing is 1.6 and lower than those who did not used betel nut which has an incidence of 8.65. From this T-test not paired results in p = 0.000 which shows a significant difference between the two groups. In summary the result of the study is that the betel nut culture on tooth decay and the source of phenol in the betel nut plant has an anti-bacterial effect which results in the prevention of tooth decay. Keywords: betel nut culture, tooth decay, Talaga Paca
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DAFTAR ISI Halaman JUDUL .......................................................................................................................... i LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN... .................................................................................... ii SURAT PERNYATAAN ........................................................................................... iii ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. v KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................ vi DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................. viii DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................. xi DAFTAR TABEL...................................................................................................... xii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................ xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1
Latar Belakang ................................................................................................. 1
1.2
Identifikasi Masalah .......................................................................................... 3
1.3
Maksud dan Tujuan ........................................................................................... 3
1.4
Manfaat Karya Tulis Ilmiah ............................................................................. 3 1.4.1 Manfaat Akademis ................................................................................... 3 1.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ........................................................................................ 4
1.5
Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis ................................................................... 4 1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran ............................................................................... 4 1.5.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ................................................................................ 6
1.6
Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian............................................................................. 6
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Kebudayaan ............................................................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Budaya Menginang ............................................................................................. 7 2.2 Histologi dan Anatomi Gigi .................................................................................. 11 2.2.1 Histologi gigi ...................................................................................................... 11 2.2.2 Anatomi Gigi ...................................................................................................... 15 2.2.2.1 Permukaan – permukaan Gigi ................................................................. 17 2.2.2.2 Jenis – jenis Gigi Permanen .................................................................... 19 2.3 Karies Gigi ............................................................................................................ 26 2.3.1 Etiologi Karies Gigi ........................................................................................... 27 2.3.1.1. Faktor Penjamu ............................................................................................. 28 2.3.1.2 Faktor Agen .................................................................................................... 29 2.3.1.3 Faktor Substrat atau Diet................................................................................ 30 2.3.1.4 Faktor Waktu .................................................................................................. 31 2.3.2 Klasifikasi Karies Gigi ....................................................................................... 32 2.3.3 Patogenesis Karies ............................................................................................. 33 2.3.4 Prevalensi Karies Gigi........................................................................................ 36 2.3.5 Pencegahan Karies Gigi ..................................................................................... 37 2.4 Efek Tradisi Menginang Terhadap Karies Gigi .................................................... 40 2.4.1 Sirih ................................................................................................................... 41 2.4.1.1 Taksonomi Sirih ............................................................................................. 41 2.4.1.2 Kandungan Kimia Sirih.................................................................................. 43 2.4.2 Pinang................................................................................................................ 46 2.4.2.1 Taksonomi Pinang.......................................................................................... 46 2.4.2.2 Kandungan Kimia Pinang .............................................................................. 47 2.4.3 Kapur Sirih ........................................................................................................ 49
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BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Subjek Penelitian................................................................................................... 50 3.1.1 Kriteria Sampel Penelitian ................................................................................. 50 3.1.2 Besar Sampel Penelitian51 3.1.3 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................................... 51 3.2 Desain Penelitian................................................................................................... 51 3.2.1 Metode Penelitian ............................................................................................ 51 3.2.2 Variabel Penelitian........................................................................................... 52 3.2.2.1 Variabel Independen ....................................................................................... 52 3.2.2.2 Variabel Dependen .......................................................................................... 52 3.2.3 Definisi Operasional Variabel ........................................................................... 52 3.3. Instrumen Penelitian............................................................................................. 52 3.4 Pengumpulan Data ................................................................................................ 53 3.5 Teknik Analisis Data. ............................................................................................ 53 3.5.1 Identitas Responden ........................................................................................... 53 3.5.2 Pemeriksaan Intra Oral....................................................................................... 54 3.5.2.1 Alat dan Bahan yang Digunakan ..................................................... 54 3.5.2.2 Cara Kerja Penelitian ....................................................................... 54 3.6 Prosedur Penelitian................................................................................................ 56 3.7 Metode Analisis .................................................................................................... 56 3.8 Hipotesis Statik .................................................................................................... 56 BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil Penelitian ..................................................................................................... 57 4.2 Pembahasan .......................................................................................................... 58 4.3 Uji Hipotesis Penelitian......................................................................................... 59 4.3.1 Hipotesis Penelitian............................................................................................ 59 4.3.2 Hal – hal yang Mendukung .............................................................................. 59 4.3.3 Hal – hal yang Tidak Mendukung..................................................................... 59 iv Universitas Kristen Maranatha
4.3.4 Uji Hipotesis...................................................................................................... 60 4.3.5 Simpulan ........................................................................................................... 60 BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Simpulan ............................................................................................................... 61 5.2 Saran...................................................................................................................... 61 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................ 62 LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................................... 66 RIWAYAT HIDUP ................................................................................................... 75
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DAFTAR GAMBAR 2.1.1 Upacara Menginang pada Prosesi Pernikahan Adat .................................... 10 2.2.1 Histologi Gigi dengan Tubulus Dentin .........................................................16 2.2.2 Permukaan Gigi .............................................................................................18 2.2.3 Bentuk dan Posisi Gigi Permanen .................................................................26 2.2.4 Gigi yang Mengalami Karies ........................................................................27 2.2.5 Etiologi Karies Gigi ......................................................................................28 2.2.6 Patogenesis Terjadinya Karies ......................................................................36 2.3.1 Seorang Wanita yang Sedang Menginang ....................................................41 2.3.2 Tanaman Sirih ...............................................................................................45 2.3.3 Pohon Pinang ..............................................................................................48 2.3.4 Buah Pinang .....................................................................................48 2.3.5 Kapur Sirih .......................................................................................49
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DAFTAR TABEL 4.1 Rerata Karies Gigi pada Kelompok Masyarakat Menginang dan Tidak....56
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN LAMPIRAN 1 ( Form Pemerikasaan Fisik Gigi) ................................................. 69 LAMPIRAN 2 ( Format Pemeriksaan Intra Oral) .................................................71 LAMPIRAN 3 ( Informed Consent) .....................................................................72 LAMPIRAN 4 ( Gambar Penelitian) ....................................................................73 LAMPIRAN 5 (Data Tabel Statistik) ...................................................................74 LAMPIRAN 6 ( Lampiran Hasil Olah Data SPSS) .............................................. 76 LAMPIRAN 7 (Surat Keterangan Selesai Penelitian) ...........................................77
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