Jaringan Komputer Intoduction By : Eko Prasetyo Teknik Informatika Univ. Muhammadiyah Gresik 2011
KONSEP DASAR • Stand alone • Network
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Kendala Standalone? • • • • • •
Upgrade peralatan berlebihan. Tidak bisa berbagi data karena peralatan tidak Kompatibel? Biaya dukungan dan pelatihan membengkak ? Hilangnya data karena sebagian individu tidak membuat backup di samping sebab –sebab lainnya. Komunikasi bisnis dilakukan serampangan. Pesan penting hilang.
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JARINGAN KOMPUTER • Sekelompok komputer otonom yang saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lain menggunakan protokol komunikasi tertentu melalui media komunikasi sehingga dapat berbagi informasi, program penggunaan bersama perangkat keras seperti printer, hardisk, dll.
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TUJUAN JARINGAN KOMPUTER • Membawa informasi secara tepat dan tanpa adanya kesalahan dari sisi pengirim (transmitter) menuju ke sisi penerima (receiver) melalui media komunikasi
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Kelebihan Jaringan?
Sumber daya lebih efisien Mempertahankan informasi tetap handal dan terbaru Mempercepat Sharing data Memungkinkan Kelompok kerja berkomunikasi efisien Membantu melayani klien lebih efektif Lebih hemat 6
Kerugian Jaringan • Keamanan Data • Virus
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Kebutuhan Jaringan Komputer • Apa yang diperlukan dalam Komunikasi? – Setidaknya satu device jaringan (biasanya) • contoh switch, hub, router, dll
– Medium yang digunakan • contoh. Udara- wireless, Tembaga – Kabel, Fiber optics
– Protokol umum yang biasanya dipakai • Contoh. TCP, IP, IPX, NetBEUI, AppleTalk
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Contoh skema desain jaringan
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Network Device pendukung
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TOPOLOGI Cara menghubungkan komputer yang satu dengan komputer lainnya sehingga membentuk jaringan
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Topologi bus
Keuntungan :
Hemat kabel Lay out sederhana Mudah dikembangkan
Kerugian :
Deteksi dan isolasi kesalahan sangat kecil Kepadatan lalu lintas pada jalur utama Bila salah satu klien rusak, maka jarigan tidak berfungsi Diperlukan repeater untuk jarak jauh 12
Topologi ring
Keuntungan :
Hemat kabel
Kerugian :
Peka terhadap kesalahan Pengembangan jaringan lebih kaku/sulit
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Topologi star
Keuntungan :
Paling fleksibel Penambahan/pemutusan stasiun dapat dilakukan dengan mudah, tanpa mengganggu bagian jaringan yang lain Kontrol terpusat Kemudahan deteksi dan isolasi kesalahan/kerusakan
Kerugian :
Boros kabel Perlu penanganan khusus pada kabel Kontrol pusat (hub) menjadi titik kritis
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MEMILIH TOPOLOGI JARINGAN • • • • •
Biaya Kecepatan Lingkungan Ukuran Konektivitas
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Jenis Jaringan Peer to peer
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Client server
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UNTUK APA JARINGAN KOMPUTER?
Business Applications
Home Applications
Etc.
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Business Applications
Resource sharing Communication medium among employees Doing business electronically with other companies, especially suppliers and customers e-commerce (electronic commerce)
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Jaringan dengan dua client dan satu server
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Model client-server
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Home Network Applications
Access to remote information. Person-to-person communication. Interactive entertainment. Electronic commerce.
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Peer-to-peer (client dan server tidak ada yang tetap)
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Beberapa bentuk e-commerce
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Macam Jaringan • • • • • •
Local Area Networks Metropolitan Area Networks Wide Area Networks Wireless Networks Home Networks Internetworks
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Transmission Technology Types of transmission technology • Broadcast links • Point-to-point links
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Broadcast Networks
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Local Area Networks
Two broadcast networks (a) Bus (b) Ring 28
Metropolitan Area Networks A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.
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Wide Area Networks Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet.
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Wide Area Networks (2) A stream of packets from sender to receiver.
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KECEPATAN DAN JARAK JARINGAN KOMUNIKASI
Perbandingan Sistem Multiprosesor, LAN, MAN dan WAN
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Wireless Networks Categories of wireless networks: • System interconnection • Wireless LANs • Wireless WANs
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Wireless Networks (2) (a) Bluetooth configuration (b) Wireless LAN
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Home Network Categories • • • • •
Computers (desktop PC, PDA, shared peripherals Entertainment (TV, DVD, VCR, camera, stereo, MP3) Telecomm (telephone, cell phone, intercom, fax) Appliances (microwave, fridge, clock, furnace, airco) Telemetry (utility meter, burglar alarm, babycam).
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Network Software • • • • •
Protocol Hierarchies Design Issues for the Layers Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services Service Primitives The Relationship of Services to Protocols
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What is a protocol? • Communications between computers requires very specific unambiguous rules • A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more communicating parties are to interact – – – –
Internet Protocol (IP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• The purpose of a protocol is to provide a service to the layer above 37
Network Software Protocol Hierarchies
Layers, protocols, and interfaces. 38
Protocol Hierarchies (2) Location B
Location A
I like rabbits
Message
Philosopher
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2
1
J'aime bien les lapins 3
L: Dutch Ik vind konijnen leuk
Fax #--L: Dutch Ik vind konijnen leuk
Information for the remote translator
Information for the remote secretary
Translator
Secretary
L: Dutch Ik vind konijnen leuk
Fax #--L: Dutch Ik vind konijnen leuk
2
1
• The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture. 39
Protocol Hierarchies
Example information flow supporting virtual communication in layer 5. 40
Mengapa perlu Layering?
Aplikasi
Media Transmisi
Telnet
FTP
Coaxial cable
NFS
Fiber optic
HTTP
Packet radio
• Tanpa layering: setiap aplikasi baru harus diimplementasi kembali untuk setiap teknologi jaringan
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Mengapa perlu Layering? • Solusi: diberi layer antara yang menyediakan abstraksi unik untuk bermacam-macam teknologi jaringan
Aplikasi
Telnet
FTP
NFS
HTTP
Layer antara
Media Transmisi
Coaxial cable
Fiber optic
Packet radio
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Design Issues for the Layers • • • • •
Addressing Error Control Flow Control Multiplexing Routing
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Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services • Six different types of service.
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Service Primitives
• Five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-oriented service. 45
Service Primitives (2)
• Packets sent in a simple client-server interaction on a connection-oriented network. 46
OSI Reference Model
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TCP/IP Reference Model
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TCP/IP Reference Model (2)
Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially. 49
Hybrid Model
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Example Networks • • •
The Internet Ethernet Wireless LANs: 802:11
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Growth of the Internet • Number of Hosts on the Internet: Aug. 1981 213 Oct. 1984 1,024 Dec. 1987 28,174 Oct. 1990 313,000 Oct. 1993 2,056,000 Apr. 1995 5,706,000 Jul. 1997 19,540,000 Jul. 1999 56,218,000 Jul. 2001 125,888,197 Jul. 2002 162,128,493
1000000000 100000000 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002
Growth of the Internet
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Growth of the Internet
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The Internet • Different network types emerged for data transfer between computers • ARPA also explored packet switching using satellite and packet radio networks • Each network has its protocols and is possibly built on different technologies • Internetworking protocols required to enable communications between computers attached to different networks • Internet: a network of networks 57
Architecture of the Internet
Overview of the Internet.
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Internet Protocol (IP) • Routers (gateways) interconnect different networks • Host computers prepare IP packets and transmit them over their attached network • Routers forward IP packets across networks • Best-effort IP transfer service, no retransmission
Net 1
Net 2
Router
Addressing & Routing • Hierarchical address: Net ID + Host ID • IP packets routed according to Net ID • Routers compute routing tables using distributed algorithm H
H Net 3 G
Net 1
G
G
G H
Net 2
Net 5 G
Net 4
G
H
Transport Protocols • Host computers run two transport protocols on top of IP to enable process-to-process communications • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) enables best-effort transfer of individual block of information • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) enables reliable transfer of a stream of bytes
Transport Protocol Internet
Internet Usage Traditional applications (1970 – 1990) • E-mail • News • Remote login • File transfer
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Ethernet Local Area Network • In 1980s, affordable workstations available • Need for low-cost, high-speed networks – To interconnect local workstations – To access local shared resources (printers, storage, servers)
• Low cost, high-speed communications with low error rate possible using coaxial cable • Ethernet is the standard for high-speed wired access to computer networks 63
Ethernet Medium Access Control • • • • •
Network interface card (NIC) connects workstation to LAN Each NIC has globally unique address Frames are broadcast into coaxial cable NICs listen to medium for frames with their address Transmitting NICs listen for collisions with other stations, and abort and reschedule retransmissions Transceivers
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Wireless LANs
(a) Wireless networking with a base station. (b) Ad hoc networking. 65
Wireless LANs (2) The range of a single radio may not cover the entire system.
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Wireless LANs (3) A multicell 802.11 network.
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IEEE 802 Standards
The 802 working groups. The important ones are marked with *. The ones marked with are hibernating. The one marked with † gave up.
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Pekerjaan Rumah • • • • •
Baca Tanenbaum Chapter 1 & 2 Kerjakan soal Chapter 1 Nomor: 3,4,9, dan 11 Tugas di kirim ke
[email protected] paling lambat 29 Maret 2011 pukul 24:00 Format nama file : tugas-intro-noreg-nama.doc Format subject email : tugas-intro-noreg-nama
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