Draget, K. I., et al., Effects of molecular weight and elastic segment flexibility on syneresis in Ca-alginate gels. Food Hydrocolloids 15:

84

VI. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Alvares, J. I. M., G. H. Carmona. 2007. Monomer composition and sequence of sodium alginate extracted at pilot plant scale from three commercially important seaweeds from mexico. Journal Applied Phycocolloid 19: 545-548. Angkasa, W. I., H. Susiyawan, J. Anggadiredja. 1996. Ekstraksi Natrium Alginat dari Sargassum sp. melalui Modifikasi Metode Green Cold. Prosiding Seminar nasional Industri Rumput Laut. Jakrta 31 Juli 1996. 233-235. Anonim. 2000. Laporan Hasil Penelitian Tahun Anggaran 1998/1999. Instalasi Penelitian Perikanan Laut Slipi. 108 hal. Anonim. 2007a. Algin, A Brown Seaweed Polysaccharide dalam Training Manual on Gracilaria Culture and Seaweed Processing in China. FAO Corporate Document Repository. http://www.fao.org/ docrep/ field/003/AB730E/ AB730E00.HTM [27 Nov 2007]. Anonim. 2007b. Alginates. Technical User Guide ISP Food Ingredien. htpp://www.ispcorp.com. 26 halaman [27 Nov 2007]. Anonim. 2007c. Internal programs on chemical safety. WHO Toxicological evaluation of some food colours, enzymes, flavour enhancers, thickening agents amd certain food additives. WHO food additives series 6. http://www.incem.org/documents/jecfa/ jecmono/ VO6jc44. htm. [10 Des 2007]. Anonim, 2008a. Glucono delta-lactone (GDL). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Glucono _delta-lactone [9 juni 2008]. Anonim, 2008b. Locus bean gum. http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Locust_ bean_gum [31 Des 2008]. AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 7th Edition, Ed. Dr. W. Horwitz. AOAC International. Geitherburgh. MD. USA. Bao, H. D., L. L. Hua, L. Qing, Y. X. Zhen. 2004. Synergistic interaction and gelation in cationic guar gum-sodium alginate system. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences. 9 (3) : 371-374. Basmal, J., Yunizal, Murtini, J.T. 1998 Pengaruh volume dan waktu ekstraksi natrium alginat dalam larutan natrium karbonat. Makalah pada Forum Komunikasi I. Ikatan Fikologi Indonesia, Serpong 8 September 1999. 119-126. Basmal, J. , T. Wikanta, Tazwir. 2002. Pengaruh kombinasi perlakuan kalium hidroksida dan natrium karbonat dalam ekstraksi natrium alginat terhadap kualitas produk yang dihasilkan. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia 8 (6): 45-52. Belitz, H.D, W. Grosch, 2004. Food Chemistry. Second Edition. Springer. 284-286. Branen, A. L., P. M. Davidson, S. Salminen, J. H. Thorngate III. 2001. Food Additives. Second Edition. Marcell Dekker Inc. New York. Bassel. 929 p. Broderick et al. 2006. The characterisation of a novel, covalently modified, amphiphilic alginate derivative, which retains gelling and non-toxic properties. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 298: 154-161. Cancela, M. A., E. Alvarez, R. Maceiras. 2003. Polymers in alimentary industrie: properties of the sodium alginate. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural & Food Chemistry 380 – 387. Draget, K. I. 2000. Alginates dalam Handbook of Hydrocolloids. edited by G. O. Philips dan P. A. Williams. CRC Press. 379-395.

85 Draget, K. I., et al., 2001. Effects of molecular weight and elastic segment flexibility on syneresis in Ca-alginate gels. Food Hydrocolloids 15: 485-490. Draget, K. I., G. Skjåk Braek, O. Smidsrød. 1994. Alginic acid gels, the effect of alginate chemicals composition and molekular weight. Carbohydrate Polymer 25: 31-38. Draget, K. I, K. Østgaard, O. Smidsrød. 1991. Homogenous alginate gels: A technical approach. Carbohydrate Polymers 14: 159-178. Draget, K. I., K. Steinsvåg, E. Onsøyen, O. Smidrød. 1998. Na- and K-alginate; Effect on Ca2+-gelation. Carbohydrate Polymer 35: 1-6. Draget, K. I., O. Smidsrøt, G. Skjåk-Braek. 2005. Alginat from algae dalam Polysaccharides and Polyamides in The Food Industry. Edited by A. Steinbűchel and S. K. Rhee. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & co. Eroglu, M., et al. 2006. Chitosan-Alginate coated mikrosphere for embolization and/or chemoembolization: in vivo studies. Journal of Microencapsulation. 23(4): 367-376. FAO, 2006. Combined Compendium of Food Additive Specification. Vol. 4. Analytical methods, test procedures and laboratory solution used by and referenced in the food additives specifications. FAO JECFA Monograph 1. FAO Rome. FAO, 2008. JECFA for food additives. http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/jecfa_ additives/details.html?id=679 [14/5/2008] Gacesa. 1988. Alginates. Carbohydrate Polymer 8: 161-182. Glicksman, M. 1983. Food Hydrocolloids. Volume II. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton Florida. Hoefler, A. C. 2004. Hydrocolloids. Eagan Press st. Pane. Minnesota. USA 111 hal. Istini, S., W Sujatmiko. 1995. Pengkajian Isolasi Alginat. Dit. Pengkajian Ilmu Kehidupan. Deputi Bid. Pengkajian ilmu Dasar dan Terapan. BPPT. 15 hal. Jothisaraswathi, S., B. Babu, R. Rengasamy. 2006. Seasonal studies on alginate and its composition II: Turbinaria conoides (J. Ag.) Kutz. (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) Journal Applied Phycocolloid 18: 161-166. Jork. A. et al. 2000. Biocompatible alginate from freshly collected Laminaria pallida for implantation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 53: 224-229. Kadi, A., W. S. Atmadja. 1988. Rumput Laut (algae): Jenis, reproduksi, produksi, budidaya dan pasca panen. Puslitbang Oceanologi-LIPI Jakarta. Kalangi, S. M. 2001. Pertumbuhan dan kandungan nutrisi rumput laut coklat Sargassum polycystum C. A. Agardh 1824 di Tasik Ria, Kabupaten Minahasa Sulawesi Utara. http://digilib.bi.itb.ac. id/go.php?id =saptunsrat-gdl-res-2001-kalangi2c1936-coklat [15 Jan 2008]. Mancini, M., M. Moresi, R. Rancini. 1999. Mechanical properties of alginate gels:empirical characterisation. Journal of Food Engineering 39:369-378. Marrs, W. M., P. Titoria. 2004. Third Generation Gels dalam Gums and Stabilisers for the Food Industry 12. edited by P. A. Williams and G. O. Philips. The Royal Society of Chemistry. UK p: 189-200. Mattjik, A. A ., I. M. Sumertajaya. 2006. Perancangan Percobaan dengan aplikasi SAS dan MINITAB. IPB Press. 276 hal. Mc. Hugh, D. J. 2008 Production, Properties and Uses of Alginates dalam Production and utilization of products from commercial seaweeds. FAO Corporate Document Repository. http://www.fao.org/ docrep/006/y4765e08.htm. 45 p. [15 Jan 2008]. Miller, I J. 1996. Alginate composition of some New Zealand brown seaweeds. Phytocemistry 41(5): 1315-1317.

86 Miura, K., N. Kimura, H. Suzuki, Y Miyashita, Y. Nishio. 1999. Thermal and viscoelastic properties of alginate/poly (vinyl alcohols) blends cross-linked with calsium tetraborate. Carbohydrate Polymers 39: 139-144. Murtini, J. T., N. Hak, Yunizal. 2000. Pengaruh perlakuan asam klorida dan formaldehid pada ekstraksi rumput laut coklat Sargassum ilicifolium terhadap sifat fisiko-kimia natrium alginat. dalam Suparno, et al., 2000. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Perikanan 1999/2000, Sukamandi 21-22 September 2000. 318-330. Naidu, B. V. K., M. Sairam, K. V. S. N. Raju, T. M. Aminabhavi. 2005. Thermal, viscoelastic, solution and membran properties of sodium alginate/hydroxyethylcellulose blends. Carbohydrate Polymer 61: 52-60. Outokesh, M., H. Mimura, Y. Niibori, K. Tanaka. 2006. Preparation of Stable Alginat Mikroenkapsules Coated with Chitosan or Polyetileneimine for Extraction of Heavy metal Ions. Journal of Microencapsulation. 23(3): 291-301. Paraskevopoulou, A., D. Boskou, V. Kiosseoglou. 2005. Stabilization of Olive Oil – lemon Juice Emulsion with Polysaccharides. Food Chemistry (90): 627-635. Pelletier, S., P. Hubert, F. Lapickue, E. Payan, E. Dellacherie. 2000. Amphiphilic derivatives of sodium alginate and hyaluronates: synthesis and physicochemical properties of aqueous dilute solution. Carbohydrate Polymer 43: 343-349. Purwoto, H. 1995. Pengaruh asam (H2SO4 & HCl) terhadap viskositas Na-alginat dari ekstraksi Turbinaria conoides. Deputi bidang pengkajian ilmu dasar dan terapan, BPPT. 4 hal. Ramsden, l. 2004. Plant and Algal Gums and Mucilages dalam Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Sachharides. CRS Press LLC : 247-248. Rasyid, A. 2003a. Turbinaria conoides as one of alternative raw materials of sodium alginate processing in Indonesia. Papers International Seminar on Marine and Fisheries IMFS. 210-212 Rashid, A. 2003b. Utilization of Turbinaria decurens as one of raw material of sodium alginate. Papers International Seminar on Marine and Fisheries IMFS. 213215. Reis, C. P., R. J. Neufeld, S. Vilela, A. J. Ribeiro, F. Veiga. 2006. Review and Current Status of Emulsion/Dispersion Technology using Internal Gelation Process for The Design of Alginate Particles. Journal of Microencapsulation. 23 :(3) 245257. Sakugawa, K., A. Ikeda, A. Takemura, H. Ono. 2004. Simplified method for estimation of composition of alginates by FTIR. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 93: 1372-1377. Siswati, J. 2002. Kajian ekstraksi alginat dari rumput laut Sargassum sp. serta aplikasinya sebagai penstabil es krim. Thesis program Pasca Sarjana IPB. 94 hal. SNI 01-2357-1991. Pengukuran Kandungan Arsenik dalam Produk Perikanan. Badan Standardisasi Nasional. Jakarta, Soegiarto, A. , Sulistijo, W. S. Atmadja, H. Mubarak. 1978. Rumput Laut (Alga) Manfaat, Potensi dan Usaha Budidayanya. LON-LIPI. Jakarta. hal 5-15. Steel, R. G. D, J. H. Torrie. 1995. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistik (Suatu Pendekatan Biometrik). edisi kedua PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta. Stokke, B. T., O. Smidsrǿd, F. Zanetti, W. Strand, G. Skjåk-Braek. 1993. Distribution of urnate residues in alginate chains en relation to algnate gelling properties 2:

87 Enrichment of β-D-mannruronic acid and depletion of α-L-guluroic acid in sol fraction. Carbohydrate Polymers 21:39-46. Sujatmiko, W. 1993. Prospek Industri Alginat di Indonesia. disampaikan pada Seminar Nasional Peluang dan Tantangan Ekspor Produk Perikanan Indonesia di Pasar Internasional pada Era PJPT II. UGM Yogyakarta, 25-26 Oktober 1993. Sujatmiko, W. 1994. Peluang Pengembangan Rumput Laut Jenis Sargassum dan Industri Alginat sebagai Upaya Pemanfaatan Potensi perairan Pantai. Seminar sehari tentang peluang-peluang usaha perikanan daerah pantai di Propinsi Lampung, tanggal 10 Agustus 1994. 14 hal. Syahrul. 2005. Penggunaan Fikokoloid Hasil Ekstraksi Rumput Laut sebagai Substitusi Gelatin pada Es Krim. Thesis Sekolah Pascasarjana IPB. Bogor 4-31. Taylor, C, J P. Pearson, K. I. Draget, P. W. Dettmar, O. Smidsrod. 2005. Rheological characterisation of mixed gels of mucin and alginate. Carbohydrate Polymers 59: 189-195. Tazwir, S. Nasran, Yunizal. 2000. Teknik ekstraksi asam alginat dari rumput laut coklat (Phaeophyceae). dalam Suparno, et al., 2000. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Perikanan 1999/2000, Sukamandi 21-22 September 2000. 310-318. Velez, G., M. A. Fernandez, J. Munoz. 2003. Role of Hydrocolloids in The Creaming of Oil in Water Emulsions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 265269. Wang, Y., H. Feng, H. Bin, L. Jingbao, Y. Wengong. 2006. In Vivo Prebiotic Properties of Alginate Oligosacharides Prepared through Enzimatic Hydrolysis of Alginate. Nutrition Research 26:597-603. Yabur, R., Y. Bashan, G. H. Carmona. 2007. Alginate from Sargassum sinicola as a Novel Source for Microbial Immobilization material in Wastewater Treatment and Plant Growth Promotion. J. Appl. Phycol. 19:43-53. Yunizal. 2004. Teknologi Pengolahan Alginat. Pusat Riset Pengolahan Produk dan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan. 66 hal. Yunizal, Tazwir, J. T. Murtini, T. Wikanta. 2000. Penelitian penanganan rumput laut coklat (Sargassum filipendula) setelah dipanen menggunakan larutan kalium hidroksida. Octopus 4 (1) 49-56. Wikanta, T., J. Basmal, Yunizal. 2000. Pengaruh perbedaan penggunaan bahan pengemas dan lama penyimpanan pada suhu kamar terhadap sifat fisiko-kimia produk natrium alginat. dalam Suparno, et al., 2000. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Perikanan 1999/2000, Sukamandi 21-22 September 2000. 301-310. Zheng, H., et al. 1998. Salt Effects on The Cross-linking Mechanism of Cupric-induced Sol-gel Transition in Alginate Solution. Carbohydrate Polymers 35:215-221.

88 Lampiran 1. Metode ekstraksi sodium alginat dari rumput laut.

Rumput laut kering

Perendaman dalam HCl 1% 1 jam (rumput laut: HCl 1: 30 b/v)

Pencucian dengan air bersih sampai pH netral

Ekstraksi dengan larutan Na2CO3 2% sebanyak 1:30 (w/v), pada suhu 600C - 700C, selama 60 menit, digiling dan ekstraksi dilanjutkan selama 60 menit

Penyaringan hasil ekstraksi disaring dengan vibrator 150- mesh

Pemucatan ditambahkan NaOCl 4% volume filtrat selama 30 menit

Pengendapan asam alginat filtrat di tambahkan HCl 10% sampai pH 2.8 – 3.2, endapan asam alginat dipisahkan dan dicuci bersih

Konversi menjadi natrium alginat dititrasi dengan Na2CO3 10% sampai pH 7 Pemisahan natrium alginat filtrat dituangkan sedikit demi sedikit ke dalam Isopropil alkohol (1:2 v/v) sambil diaduk dan dibiarkan selama 30 menit

Pengeringan dan penggilingan serat alginat dikeringkan dibawah sinar matahari selama + 12 jam, sampai kadar air 12%

digiling dengan ukuran 60 mesh

bubuk natrium alginat

89 Lampiran 2. Uji statistik bahan baku alginat ANOVA

Kadar air

Kadar Abu

Bahan Tdk larut air

Residu Pb

Residu Arsen

Kadar Ca

M/G

Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total

Sum of Squares 85.889 .921 86.810 2719.711 .625 2720.336 417.769 .687 418.456 1.337 .060 1.397 .445 .039 .484 .097 .042 .138 .665 .068 .733

df 3 8 11 3 8 11 3 8 11 3 8 11 3 8 11 3 8 11 3 8 11

Mean Square 28.630 .115

F 248.557

Sig. .000

906.570 .078

11607.815

.000

139.256 .086

1622.405

.000

.446 .008

59.208

.000

.148 .005

30.402

.000

.032 .005

6.175

.018

.222 .008

26.223

.000

Post Hoc Tests (0 = Sargassum sp, 1 = Turbinaria sp. 2 = Komersial Sigma 3 = komersial toko) Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Kadar air LSD

(I) Jenis Alginat .00

1.00

2.00

3.00

(J) Jenis Alginat 1.00 2.00 3.00 .00 2.00 3.00 .00 1.00 3.00 .00 1.00 2.00

Mean Difference Std. Error (I-J) -.5300 .27711 6.2200* .27711 2.6733* .27711 .5300 .27711 6.7500* .27711 3.2033* .27711 -6.2200* .27711 -6.7500* .27711 -3.5467* .27711 -2.6733* .27711 -3.2033* .27711 3.5467* .27711

*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Sig. .092 .000 .000 .092 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -1.1690 .1090 5.5810 6.8590 2.0343 3.3123 -.1090 1.1690 6.1110 7.3890 2.5643 3.8423 -6.8590 -5.5810 -7.3890 -6.1110 -4.1857 -2.9077 -3.3123 -2.0343 -3.8423 -2.5643 2.9077 4.1857

90

Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Kadar Abu LSD


1.00

2.00

3.00

(J) Jenis Alginat 1.00 2.00 3.00 .00 2.00 3.00 .00 1.00 3.00 .00 1.00 2.00

Mean Difference (I-J) -1.7867* -3.3567* -36.3733* 1.7867* -1.5700* -34.5867* 3.3567* 1.5700* -33.0167* 36.3733* 34.5867* 33.0167*

Std. Error .22818 .22818 .22818 .22818 .22818 .22818 .22818 .22818 .22818 .22818 .22818 .22818

Sig. .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -2.3129 -1.2605 -3.8829 -2.8305 -36.8995 -35.8471 1.2605 2.3129 -2.0962 -1.0438 -35.1129 -34.0605 2.8305 3.8829 1.0438 2.0962 -33.5429 -32.4905 35.8471 36.8995 34.0605 35.1129 32.4905 33.5429

Sig. .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .808 .000 .000 .808

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -2.7083 -1.6050 10.0417 11.1450 10.1017 11.2050 1.6050 2.7083 12.1984 13.3016 12.2584 13.3616 -11.1450 -10.0417 -13.3016 -12.1984 -.4916 .6116 -11.2050 -10.1017 -13.3616 -12.2584 -.6116 .4916


Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Bahan Tdk larut air LSD


1.00

2.00

3.00

(J) Jenis Alginat 1.00 2.00 3.00 .00 2.00 3.00 .00 1.00 3.00 .00 1.00 2.00

Mean Difference (I-J) -2.1567* 10.5933* 10.6533* 2.1567* 12.7500* 12.8100* -10.5933* -12.7500* .0600 -10.6533* -12.8100* -.0600

Std. Error .23921 .23921 .23921 .23921 .23921 .23921 .23921 .23921 .23921 .23921 .23921 .23921


91

Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Residu Pb LSD


1.00

2.00

3.00

(J) Jenis Alginat 1.00 2.00 3.00 .00 2.00 3.00 .00 1.00 3.00 .00 1.00 2.00

Mean Difference (I-J) -.2400* .5567* -.2800* .2400* .7967* -.0400 -.5567* -.7967* -.8367* .2800* .0400 .8367*

Std. Error .07083 .07083 .07083 .07083 .07083 .07083 .07083 .07083 .07083 .07083 .07083 .07083

Sig. .010 .000 .004 .010 .000 .588 .000 .000 .000 .004 .588 .000

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -.4033 -.0767 .3933 .7200 -.4433 -.1167 .0767 .4033 .6333 .9600 -.2033 .1233 -.7200 -.3933 -.9600 -.6333 -1.0000 -.6733 .1167 .4433 -.1233 .2033 .6733 1.0000

Sig. .000 .043 .002 .000 .000 .198 .043 .000 .000 .002 .198 .000

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -.4715 -.2085 .0052 .2681 -.3915 -.1285 .2085 .4715 .3452 .6081 -.0515 .2115 -.2681 -.0052 -.6081 -.3452 -.5281 -.2652 .1285 .3915 -.2115 .0515 .2652 .5281


Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Residu Arsen LSD


1.00

2.00

3.00

(J) Jenis Alginat 1.00 2.00 3.00 .00 2.00 3.00 .00 1.00 3.00 .00 1.00 2.00

Mean Difference (I-J) -.3400* .1367* -.2600* .3400* .4767* .0800 -.1367* -.4767* -.3967* .2600* -.0800 .3967*

Std. Error .05701 .05701 .05701 .05701 .05701 .05701 .05701 .05701 .05701 .05701 .05701 .05701


92

Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Kadar Ca LSD


1.00

2.00

3.00

(J) Jenis Alginat 1.00 2.00 3.00 .00 2.00 3.00 .00 1.00 3.00 .00 1.00 2.00

Mean Difference (I-J) .0533 .0733 .2400* -.0533 .0200 .1867* -.0733 -.0200 .1667* -.2400* -.1867* -.1667*

Std. Error .05897 .05897 .05897 .05897 .05897 .05897 .05897 .05897 .05897 .05897 .05897 .05897

Sig. .392 .249 .004 .392 .743 .013 .249 .743 .022 .004 .013 .022

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -.0827 .1893 -.0627 .2093 .1040 .3760 -.1893 .0827 -.1160 .1560 .0507 .3227 -.2093 .0627 -.1560 .1160 .0307 .3027 -.3760 -.1040 -.3227 -.0507 -.3027 -.0307

Sig. .014 .001 .093 .014 .000 .001 .001 .000 .007 .093 .001 .007

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound .0635 .4098 -.5865 -.2402 -.3165 .0298 -.4098 -.0635 -.8232 -.4768 -.5532 -.2068 .2402 .5865 .4768 .8232 .0968 .4432 -.0298 .3165 .2068 .5532 -.4432 -.0968


Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: M/G LSD


1.00

2.00

3.00

(J) Jenis Alginat 1.00 2.00 3.00 .00 2.00 3.00 .00 1.00 3.00 .00 1.00 2.00

Mean Difference (I-J) .2367* -.4133* -.1433 -.2367* -.6500* -.3800* .4133* .6500* .2700* .1433 .3800* -.2700*

Std. Error .07509 .07509 .07509 .07509 .07509 .07509 .07509 .07509 .07509 .07509 .07509 .07509


93

Lampiran 3. Statistik Pengaruh CaCO3 terhadap karakteristik gel alginat Between-Subjects Factors N jenis alginat

konsentrasi CaCO3

1.00 2.00 3.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

27 27 27 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: keteguhan gel Type I Sum Source of Squares Corrected Model 98881.105a Intercept 304754.295 VAR00005 501.722 VAR00001 96856.247 VAR00005 * VAR00001 1523.135 Error 102.722 Total 403738.122 Corrected Total 98983.826

df 26 1 2 8 16 54 81 80

Mean Square 3803.119 304754.295 250.861 12107.031 95.196 1.902

F 1999.270 160206.9 131.876 6364.570 50.044

a. R Squared = .999 (Adjusted R Squared = .998)

Post Hoc Tests keteguhan gel Duncan

a,b

jenis alginat 2.00 3.00 1.00 Sig.

N 27 27 27

Subset 1 2 59.4111 59.7515 64.8526 .369 1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type I Sum of Squares The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 1.902. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 27.000. b. Alpha = .05.

Keterangan: 1 = Sargassum sp. 2 = Turbinaria sp. 3 = Komersial Sigma

Sig. .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

94

jenis alginat * konsentrasi CaCO3 Dependent Variable: keteguhan gel jenis alginat 1.00

2.00

3.00

konsentrasi CaCO3 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

Mean .000 -1.78E-15 60.540 76.190 81.970 88.093 89.800 92.520 94.560 1.776E-15 1.776E-15 40.820 59.860 72.110 82.990 90.140 92.860 95.920 -1.42E-14 -1.42E-14 61.903 71.777 72.797 80.270 80.950 83.670 86.397

Std. Error .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796 .796

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -1.596 1.596 -1.596 1.596 58.944 62.136 74.594 77.786 80.374 83.566 86.497 89.690 88.204 91.396 90.924 94.116 92.964 96.156 -1.596 1.596 -1.596 1.596 39.224 42.416 58.264 61.456 70.514 73.706 81.394 84.586 88.544 91.736 91.264 94.456 94.324 97.516 -1.596 1.596 -1.596 1.596 60.307 63.500 70.180 73.373 71.200 74.393 78.674 81.866 79.354 82.546 82.074 85.266 84.800 87.993

82 keteguhan gel Duncan

a,b

Subset konsentrasi CaCO3 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Sig.

N 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

1 .0000 .0000

2

3

4

5

8

69.2756 75.6256 83.7844 86.9633 89.6833 1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

b. Alpha = .05.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: kekuatan gel Type I Sum of Squares 1237975.5a 1369888.2 1405.342 1192779.2 43790.949 5242.067 2613105.7 1243217.6

7

54.4211

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type I Sum of Squares The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 1.902. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.000.

Source Corrected Model Intercept VAR00005 VAR00001 VAR00005 * VAR00001 Error Total Corrected Total

6

df 26 1 2 8 16 54 81 80


Mean Square 47614.442 1369888.178 702.671 149097.400 2736.934 97.075

F 490.490 14111.603 7.238 1535.894 28.194

Sig. .000 .000 .002 .000 .000

1.000

1.000

92.2922 1.000

82

jenis alginat * konsentrasi CaCO3 Dependent Variable: kekuatan gel jenis alginat 1.00

2.00

3.00


Mean -9.95E-14 -4.26E-14 -2.84E-14 53.367 77.000 151.333 223.800 289.533 349.500 -4.26E-14 .000 4.263E-14 38.900 47.233 111.533 263.033 315.300 367.300 -5.68E-14 .000 39.267 104.333 130.467 172.500 228.900 266.400 281.567

Std. Error 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688 5.688

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -11.405 11.405 -11.405 11.405 -11.405 11.405 41.962 64.771 65.595 88.405 139.929 162.738 212.395 235.205 278.129 300.938 338.095 360.905 -11.405 11.405 -11.405 11.405 -11.405 11.405 27.495 50.305 35.829 58.638 100.129 122.938 251.629 274.438 303.895 326.705 355.895 378.705 -11.405 11.405 -11.405 11.405 27.862 50.671 92.929 115.738 119.062 141.871 161.095 183.905 217.495 240.305 254.995 277.805 270.162 292.971

kekuatan gel Duncan

a,b


N 27 27 27

Subset 1 2 127.0333 127.1704 135.9370 .959 1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type I Sum of Squares The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 97.075. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 27.000. b. Alpha = .05.


82 kekuatan gel Duncan

a,b


N 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

1 .0000 .0000

2

3

4

5

8

65.5333 84.9000 145.1222 238.5778 290.4111 1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

b. Alpha = .05. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: elastis Type I Sum of Squares 1927.660a 2707.930 96.761 1766.963 63.936 15.288 4650.879 1942.948

7

13.0889

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type I Sum of Squares The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 97.075. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.000.


6

df 26 1 2 8 16 54 81 80


Mean Square 74.141 2707.930 48.381 220.870 3.996 .283

F 261.872 9564.653 170.884 780.134 14.114

Sig. .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

1.000

1.000

332.7889 1.000

82

jenis alginat * konsentrasi CaCO3 Dependent Variable: elastis jenis alginat 1.00

2.00

3.00


Mean -1.33E-15 4.441E-16 1.832E-15 3.677 4.733 8.207 9.760 10.957 11.557 -4.44E-15 -2.22E-15 -1.80E-15 1.310 2.110 6.070 10.450 11.000 10.937 .000 1.776E-15 2.313 6.970 8.107 10.260 11.610 12.677 13.410

Std. Error .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307 .307

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -.616 .616 -.616 .616 -.616 .616 3.061 4.293 4.117 5.349 7.591 8.823 9.144 10.376 10.341 11.573 10.941 12.173 -.616 .616 -.616 .616 -.616 .616 .694 1.926 1.494 2.726 5.454 6.686 9.834 11.066 10.384 11.616 10.321 11.553 -.616 .616 -.616 .616 1.697 2.929 6.354 7.586 7.491 8.723 9.644 10.876 10.994 12.226 12.061 13.293 12.794 14.026

elastis Duncan

a,b


N 27 27 27

1 4.6530

Subset 2

3

5.4322 1.000

1.000

7.2607 1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type I Sum of Squares The error term is Mean Square(Error) = .283. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 27.000. b. Alpha = .05.


82 elastis Duncan

a,b

konsentrasi CaCO3 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 Sig.

N 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

1 .0000 .0000

2

Subset 4

3

5

3.9856 4.9833 8.1789 10.6067

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

b. Alpha = .05. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: mod rig Type I Sum of Squares 7567.160a 10665.840 55.021 7118.798 393.341 35.179 18268.179 7602.338

7

.7711

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type I Sum of Squares The error term is Mean Square(Error) = .283. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.000.


6

df 26 1 2 8 16 54 81 80


Mean Square 291.045 10665.840 27.511 889.850 24.584 .651

F 446.760 16372.291 42.229 1365.938 37.737

Sig. .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

1.000

11.5444 11.9678 .097

82

jenis alginat * konsentrasi CaCO3 Dependent Variable: mod rig jenis alginat 1.00

2.00

3.00


Mean 5.329E-15 -3.55E-15 -5.33E-15 6.550 9.667 14.683 19.773 23.727 27.610 1.066E-14 1.776E-15 5.329E-15 8.087 11.380 13.310 22.270 27.137 30.743 3.553E-15 -7.11E-15 3.643 10.590 12.367 13.833 17.097 18.607 18.753

Std. Error .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466 .466

mod rig Duncan

a,b


N 27 27 27

1 10.5433

Subset 2

3

11.3344 1.000

1.000

12.5474 1.000


95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -.934 .934 -.934 .934 -.934 .934 5.616 7.484 8.732 10.601 13.749 15.618 18.839 20.708 22.792 24.661 26.676 28.544 -.934 .934 -.934 .934 -.934 .934 7.152 9.021 10.446 12.314 12.376 14.244 21.336 23.204 26.202 28.071 29.809 31.678 -.934 .934 -.934 .934 2.709 4.578 9.656 11.524 11.432 13.301 12.899 14.768 16.162 18.031 17.672 19.541 17.819 19.688

82 mod rig Duncan

a,b


N 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

1 .0000 .0000

2

3

4

5

8

8.4089 11.1378 13.9422 19.7133 23.1567 1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

b. Alpha = .05. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: sineresis Type I Sum of Squares 922.910a 1783.345 164.737 663.106 95.066 19.711 2725.966 942.621

7

1.2144

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on Type I Sum of Squares The error term is Mean Square(Error) = .651. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 9.000.


6

df 26 1 2 8 16 54 81 80


Mean Square 35.497 1783.345 82.369 82.888 5.942 .365

F 97.244 4885.539 225.652 227.075 16.277

Sig. .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

1.000

1.000

25.7022 1.000

182

jenis alginat * konsentrasi CaCO3 Dependent Variable: sineresis jenis alginat 1.00

2.00

3.00


Mean .000 1.776E-15 4.962 4.897 5.667 6.180 7.950 8.400 8.523 3.553E-15 3.553E-15 4.100 5.233 5.683 8.443 10.170 10.763 10.923 -8.88E-16 -8.88E-16 2.663 3.053 3.173 3.447 3.870 3.997 4.590

Std. Error .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349 .349

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound -.699 .699 -.699 .699 4.263 5.662 4.197 5.596 4.967 6.366 5.481 6.879 7.251 8.649 7.701 9.099 7.824 9.223 -.699 .699 -.699 .699 3.401 4.799 4.534 5.933 4.984 6.383 7.744 9.143 9.471 10.869 10.064 11.463 10.224 11.623 -.699 .699 -.699 .699 1.964 3.363 2.354 3.753 2.474 3.873 2.747 4.146 3.171 4.569 3.297 4.696 3.891 5.289

sineresis Duncan

a,b


N 27 27 27

1 2.7548

Subset 2

3

5.1754 1.000

1.000

6.1463 1.000



183

sineresis Duncan

a,b


N 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

1 .0000 .0000

2

3.9086 4.3944

4

5

6

4.3944 4.8411 6.0233 7.3300 7.7200

1.000

.094


3

.123

1.000

.177

7.7200 8.0122 .309

184

Lampiran 4. Uji statistik pengaruh penambaha CaCO3 terhadap karakteristik Viskositas

4.1 Pengaruh penambaha CaCO3 terhadap peningkatan viskositas laruan alginat ANOVA

Sargassum sp

Turbinaria sp

Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total

Sum of Squares 159228.3 643.333 159871.7 39547.583 423.333 39970.917

df 3 8 11 3 8 11

Mean Square 53076.111 80.417

F 660.014

Sig. .000

13182.528 52.917

249.119

.000

Post Hoc Tests Sargassum sp

Duncana

konsentrasi karbonat .00 2.50 3.50 4.50 Sig.

N

1 102.6667

3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 2 3 229.6667 274.0000

1.000

1.000

1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

Turbinaria sp

Duncana

konsentrasi karbonat .00 2.50 3.50 4.50 Sig.

Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 3 66.3333 102.0000 111.3333 220.0000 1.000 .155 1.000

N 3 3 3 3


ANOVA Komersial Sigma

Between Groups Within Groups Total

Sum of Squares 1141154 1978.000 1143132

df 2 6 8

4

Mean Square 570577.000 329.667

F 1730.769

Sig. .000

425.0000 1.000

185

Post Hoc Tests Komersial Sigma

Duncana

konsentrasi karbonat .00 2.50 3.50 Sig.

Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 3 334.0000 617.0000 1190.0000 1.000 1.000 1.000

N 3 3 3


4.2 Pengaruh penambahan CaCO3 terhadap stabilitas viskositas alginat ANOVA Penurunan Viskositas Sum of Squares 1596.271 18.226 1614.497


df

Mean Square 319.254 1.519

5 12 17

F 210.198

Sig. .000

Post Hoc Tests Penurunan Viskositas Duncan

a

Perlakuan 4.00 2.00 6.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 Sig.

N 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 52.6838

2

Subset for alpha = .05 3 4

5

63.2326 71.7768 75.6095 77.3266 1.000

1.000

1.000

.114


Keterangan: 1 = Sargassum sp tanpa Ca, 2 = Sargassum sp dengan Ca, 3 = Turbinaria sp tanpa Ca, 4 = Turbinaria sp dengan Ca, 5 = Komersial Sigma tanpa Ca, 6 = Komersial Sigma dengan Ca

79.9090 1.000

186

Lampiran 5. Uji statistik penambahan LBG terhadap karakteristik gel alginat

9.1 keteguhan gel ANOVA

Sargassum sp

Turbinaria sp

Komersial Sigma

Sum of Squares 49.991 25.017 75.008 44.715 24.295 69.011 6.016 149.938 155.954

Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total Between Groups Within Groups Total

df 5 12 17 5 12 17 5 12 17


F 4.796

Sig. .012

8.943 2.025

4.417

.016

1.203 12.495

.096

.991

Post Hoc Tests Sargassum sp

Duncana

Konsentrasi LBG .00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 Sig.

N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 85.7143 88.4354 88.4354 88.7075 90.4762 90.8163 1.000 .090


Turbinaria sp

Duncana


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 89.1156 92.5170 92.5170 93.1973 93.5374 93.8776 1.000 .305


187

Komersial Sigma

Duncan a

Konsentrasi LBG 40.00 50.00 20.00 .00 10.00 30.00 Sig.

N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 85.0340 85.0340 85.3741 85.7143 85.7143 86.7347 .601


9.2 kekuatan gel ANOVA

Sargassum sp

Turbinaria sp

Komersial Sigma


Sum of Squares 817.036 5452.440 6269.476 5574.964 9977.360 15552.324 15857.876 1816.127 17674.003

Sargassum sp

Duncan a

Konsentrasi LBG 50.00 40.00 .00 20.00 10.00 30.00 Sig.

N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 223.2000 225.9667 234.5000 234.7667 238.2000 242.7333 .328


df 5 12 17 5 12 17 5 12 17

Mean Square 163.407 454.370

F .360

Sig. .866

1114.993 831.447

1.341

.312

3171.575 151.344

20.956

.000

188

Turbinaria sp

Duncana


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 162.0000 175.1000 175.1000 179.4333 179.4333 182.2333 182.2333 190.7000 190.7000 219.0667 .287 .114

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000. Komersial Sigma

Duncana

Konsentrasi LBG 50.00 40.00 20.00 30.00 10.00 .00 Sig.

N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 3 93.5667 106.0333 106.0333 107.4000 107.4000 110.2667 110.2667 126.7000 184.0667 .149 .080 1.000


9.3 elastisitas ANOVA

Sargassum sp

Turbinaria sp

Komersial Sigma


Sum of Squares .558 .995 1.553 4.703 2.268 6.971 31.682 4.132 35.814

df 5 12 17 5 12 17 5 12 17

Mean Square .112 .083

F 1.345

Sig. .311

.941 .189

4.976

.011

6.336 .344

18.401

.000

189

Sargassum sp

Duncan a


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 9.9693 10.0943 10.1057 10.2777 10.2813 10.5167 .057

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000. Turbinaria sp

Duncana


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 3 7.3997 8.2553 8.3163 8.3163 8.3993 8.3993 8.5677 8.5677 9.1277 1.000 .430 .055

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000. Komersial Sigma

Duncana


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 3 6.8053 7.1490 7.1490 7.2017 7.2017 7.4087 7.4087 8.1380 10.7307 .266 .079 1.000


190

9.4 Modulus rigidity ANOVA

Sargassum sp

Turbinaria sp

Komersial Sigma

Sum of Squares 3.689 42.546 46.235 37.297 106.191 143.488 42.383 5.706 48.089


df

Sargassum sp

Duncan a

Konsentrasi LBG 40.00 20.00 50.00 .00 10.00 30.00 Sig.

N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 19.3327 19.8783 20.3610 20.4323 20.4983 20.6533 .449


Turbinaria sp

Duncana


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 16.1343 16.9477 18.2153 18.3273 18.9020 20.6673 .117


5 12 17 5 12 17 5 12 17

Mean Square .738 3.545

F .208

Sig. .953

7.459 8.849

.843

.545

8.477 .475

17.828

.000

191

Komersial Sigma

Duncana


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 3 9.2660 10.5897 10.6870 10.7873 11.8007 14.2373 1.000 .069 1.000


9.5 Sineresis ANOVA

Sargassum sp

Turbinaria sp

Komersial Sigma

Sum of Squares 15.130 .913 16.042 34.461 .878 35.338 4.289 4.285 8.574


df 5 12 17 5 12 17 5 12 17

Mean Square 3.026 .076

F 39.780

Sig. .000

6.892 .073

94.226

.000

.858 .357

2.402

.099

Sargassum sp

Duncana

Konsentrasi LBG 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 .00 10.00 Sig.

N 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 5.4000


4

6.1233 6.6967

1.000


1.000

1.000

7.4167 7.8700 7.8700 .079

192

Turbinaria sp

Duncana


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 6.2099 6.5023

Subset for alpha = .05 2 3 4

7.1209 7.8024 8.4925 .210

1.000


Komersial Sigma

Duncana


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

5

Subset for alpha = .05 1 2 3.0033 3.0567 3.3767 3.3767 3.4433 3.4433 3.6833 3.6833 4.4667 .227 .060


1.000

1.000

10.3208 1.000

193

Lampiran 6. Uji statistik pengaruh penambahan LBG terhadap karakteristik viskositas alginat 6.1 Uji statistik pengaruh penambahan LBG terhadap peningkatan viskositas ANOVA

Sargassum sp

Turbinaria sp

Komersial Sigma


Sum of Squares 1509994 7054.000 1517048 337476.0 2096.000 339572.0 4615827 18395.333 4634222

df 5 12 17 5 12 17 5 12 17

Mean Square 301998.856 587.833

F 513.749

Sig. .000

67495.200 174.667

386.423

.000

923165.422 1532.944

602.217

.000

Post Hoc Tests Sargassum sp Duncan

a


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 456.3333

2


5

603.0000 743.3333 901.0000 1008.0000 1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000. Turbinaria sp Duncan

a


N 3 3 3 3 3 3

6

1 109.6667 126.6667

Subset for alpha = .05 2 3 4

5

180.0000 238.0000 367.0000 .141

1.000


1.000

1.000

492.6667 1.000

1348.6667 1.000

194

Komersial Sigma a

Duncan


N 3 3 3 3 3 3


1 1190.6667 1236.6667

4

1633.3333 2295.6667 2306.3333 .176

1.000

.744

2306.3333 2374.0000 .056


6.2 Uji statistik pengaruh penambahan LBG terhadap stabilitas viskositas ANOVA Penurunan Viskositas Sum of Squares 2018.483 68.113 2086.595


df


5 12 17

F 71.123

Sig. .000

Post Hoc Tests Penurunan Viskositas Duncan

a

Perlakuan 4.00 3.00 2.00 6.00 1.00 5.00 Sig.

N 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 37.2667

2


5

52.6833 57.5633 59.6867

1.000

1.000

.296

59.6867 63.2300 .094

71.7800 1.000


keterangan : 1 = Sargassum sp tanpa LBG, 2 = Sargassum sp dengan LBG, 3 = Turbinaria sp tanpa LBG, 4 = Turbinaria sp dengan LBG, 5 = Komersial Sigma tanpa LBG, 6 = Komersial Sigma dengan LBG

195

6.3 Uji statistik pengaruh penambahan LBG terhadap recovery viskositas ANOVA Recovery viskositas Sum of Squares 11571.943 13.196 11585.138


df

Mean Square 2314.389 1.100

5 12 17

F 2104.691

Sig. .000

Post Hoc Tests Recovery viskositas Duncan

a

Perlakuan 5.00 1.00 3.00 2.00 6.00 4.00 Sig.

N 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 56.1700

2


5

6

62.1700 64.6667 80.4567 88.5933 1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000


keterangan : 1 = Sargassum sp tanpa LBG, 2 = Sargassum sp dengan LBG, 3 = Turbinaria sp tanpa LBG, 4 = Turbinaria sp dengan LBG, 5 = Komersial Sigma tanpa LBG, 6 = Komersial Sigma dengan LBG

1.000

131.6200 1.000

Draget, K. I., et al., Effects of molecular weight and elastic segment flexibility on syneresis in Ca-alginate gels. Food Hydrocolloids 15:

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