SPOKEN BAHASA INDONESIA BY GERMAN STUDENTS I Nengah SUDIPA Fakultas Sastra & Budaya, Universitas Udayana
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Abstract This article investigates the spoken ability for German students using Bahasa Indonesia (BI). They have studied it for six weeks in IBSN Program at Udayana University, Bali-Indonesia. The data was collected at the time the students sat for the mid-term oral test and was further analyzed with reference to the standard usage of BI. The result suggests that most students managed to express several concepts related to (1) LOCATION; (2) TIME; (3) TRANSPORT; (4) PURPOSE; (5) TRANSACTION; (6) IMPRESSION; (7) REASON; (8) FOOD AND BEVERAGE, and (9) NUMBER AND PERSON. The only problem few students might encounter is due to the influence from their own language system called interference, especially in word order. Keywords: word order, interference, IBSN
I
INTRODUCTION
International Business Studies Network (IBSN) has been established since 1998. It is divided into batch lasting respectively for twelve weeks. One year consists of two batches: (1) April-July and (2) September-December. The core programs are business studies, including Marketing, Finance, Business Management, and Cross-culture Management. Apart from these subjects, the students are entitled to study Bahasa Indonesia for five hours a week. The materials for Bahasa Indonesia (BI) are designed in such a way that they can communicate with Indonesian speaking people during their stay in Bali, Indonesia. In order to assess their competency in Bahasa Indonesia, they must sit for three kinds of examination, namely, Middle written test, Oral Test, and Final Written test. The middle test is conducted when they have completed their six-week materials, which is then followed by Mid-term break for two weeks. The Oral test is given soon after they come back from two-week holiday, i.e. at the seventh week. In order to know further about their ability in spoken BI, the oral test result can be reckoned.
II
MATERIALS AND METHOD
The materials for this article were taken from the utterances spoken by the students who have been studying BI for six weeks. The methods used to collect data were direct interview and observation toward every student’s performance (Sudaryanto, 1993:12). The data was collected on Wednesday, 6 of November 2013 on the oral test situation. The students were asked to tell story about their experience during having two-week break. The students’ information uttered using BI was note-taken before being classified. All utterances were qualitatively analyzed, the correct BI was approached by the Standard BI (Kentjono, et. al. 2010) the sub-standard ones, however were discussed through the Error Analysis (Richards, 1974).
III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1
MONOLOGUE
Each student was asked to tell what he or she experienced during holiday. All utterances were note-taken and classified accordingly. The relevant sentences were analyzed based upon the standard and error usages. The followings are the result of the analysis arranged accordingly.
3.1.1 EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO LOCATION In Bahasa Indonesia lesson-plan, the location is introduced by there prepositions, namely, di ‘in/on’, ke ‘to’, and dari ‘from’. From the data, it turns out that most students managed to use appropriate prepositions to indicate the location.
(3-1)
A1.
Saya keliling Bali naik sepeda motor selama lima hari. Saya pergi ke Tulamben ‘I (went) round Bali by bike for five days. I went to Tulamben’
B2.
Dua hari saya pergi di Singapora, Hongkong lima hari ‘Two days I went to Singapore, Hongkong five days’
B6.
Kami pergi di Menara Kembar ‘I went to Menara Kembar (Twin Towers)’
C1.
Saya makan makanan tradisional di Bangkok ‘I ate traditional food in Bangkok’
C5.
Minggu pertama ke Lombok dengan ferry dan mendaki Gunung Rinjani ‘The first week to Lombok by ferry and climbed up to Rinjani Mountain’
D8.
Di Barat Jerman dekat di Colombia ‘In west Germany close to Colombia’
The sub-standard uses, however were found on the data B2, Dua hari saya pergi ke Singapore instead of Dua hari saya pergi di Singapore; data B6 Kami pergi ke Menara Kembar instead of Kami pergi di Menara Kembar; and data D8, di Barat Jerman dekat Colombia instead of di Barat Jerman dekat di Colombia because no preposition is required. The students who used the inappropriate prepositions argued that they are still influenced by their own language system (Interview result)
3.1.2 EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO TIME DURATION This section mainly presents the answers to the question related to duration, i.e. “How long…?” ‘Berapa lama...?’ The expected response is selama ‘for the duration of’. It is exemplified with the question “Berapa lama anda tinggal di Bali?” ‘How long have you stayed in Bali?’. The expected response should be ‘I have stayed in Bali for three months’, “Saya tinggal di Bali selama tiga bulan”.
(3-2)
A2.
Kami ke Gili dengan adik saya …. lima hari. ‘we went to Gili with my little sister five days’
B2.
…. satu malam menginap di Ubud ‘One night I spent in Ubud
C1.
Minggu pertama ke Bangkok, Kamboja, sewa hotel selama beberapa hari ‘The first week to Bangkok, Cambodia, rented a hotel for several days’
The students seemed to omit the use of selama under their consideration that this is spoken language, as can be seen in data A2 (“Kami ke Gili dengan adik saya [selama] lima hari”) and B2 (“[Selama] satu malam, menginap di Ubud”). Without the presence of selama in these two cases, hence, the hearer is assumed to understand the utterance. The only standard response is found under the data C1 “Minggu pertama ke Bangkok, Kamboja, sewa hotel selama beberapa hari”.
3.1.3 EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION How do you go somewhere or what transport used to go to some places can be expressed in Bahasa Indonesia “Naik/dengan apa…… ke ….?”. The respond must be “naik” or “dengan”.
(3-3)
A4
Kami pergi di /dengan sepeda motor, ferry, mobil ‘We went in/with motorcycle, ferry, car.’
B4.
Liburan saya bagus, naik pesawat ke Medan, Danao Toba ‘My holiday (was) good, by plane to Medan, Danau Toba’
C3.
Tiga hari ke Komodo, naik kapal ‘Three days to Komodo by ship’
D1.
Ke Flores naik perahu, lalu pesawat ‘to Flores by canoe’
D2.
Kami terbang dari Ende ke Denpasar ‘we flew from Ende to Denpasar’
D6.
Berlayar selama 5 hari, berhenti di pulau-pulau kecil, seperti Komodo, Flores dan Rinca ‘sailed for 5 days, stopped in the small islands : Komodo, Flores and Rinca’
The above data show that most students managed to express the means of transportation in Bahasa Indonesia, look at data B4 : …. naik pesawat; C3 …. naik kapal; D1 …. naik perahu; only data A4, the student seemed to have slip of the tongue (Sudipa, 2012:10), when the answer was repeated and confirmed by : …. Pergi di sepeda motor….?; the student automatically self-revised by saying ……dengan sepeda motor. It is also important to note that some students have elaborated their knowledge in Bahasa Indonesia, not using naik or dengan, however they used inherent transportation meaning (Koentjono, 2010:) such as : data D2 : “terbang dari Ende ke Denpasar” ‘by plane from Ende to Denpasar’; data D6 : “berlayar selama lima hari” ‘by ship for five days’. The lexicons terbang and berlayar in Bahasa Indonesia can simply express the meaning of transportation without using naik or dengan. The former suggests that the activity is using plane, helicopter, and the later implies the meaning of using ship, ferry, canoe, boat and the likes.
3.1.4 EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO PURPOSES In order to express the purposes, a number of expressions in Bahasa Indonesia can be used, among others: untuk, dengan maksud, dengan tujuan, etc.
(3-4)
A6.
Kami akan pergi ke Lembongan untuk berselancar ‘We will go to Lembongan to surfing’
B3.
Selama satu hari dengan sepupu, bibi saya datang ke Bali, lalu ke Batubelig, ke Ubud untuk beli oleh-oleh tiga sarong ‘For one day with my cousin, aunt who came to Bali, then to Batubelig, to Ubud to buy three sarongs for souvenirs’
B4.
Kami ke Kalimantan …. lihat orangutan ‘To Kalimantan (for) seeing orangutan’
C2.
Kami menyewa boat untuk pergi ke Kuta ‘We rent boat to go to Kuta’
The above data show that nearly all the students managed to express the purposes in Bahasa Indonesia in appropriate ways. The only data, B4 however shows that the student missed using untuk since he thinks that this is spoken, quick and short sentence. Without úntuk he considered that the meaning of this sentence is already understandable (interview result on Wednesday, 13/11/2013).
3.1.5 EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO TRANSACTION AND SOUVENIR Their everyday life is full of transactions, buying food and beverage, electronic cellular pulses, hiring taxi, surfingboard and so forth. They are prepared to do such activity by introducing some lexicons namely: (mem)beli ‘buy’; (me) nyewa ‘rent, hire’; makan ‘have something to eat; minum ‘have something to drink’,etc. Since this activity is done every day, especially for their holiday, they seemed not to have difficulty in expressing these in Bahasa Indonesia. The students might utter : membeli, beli (for shorter form); makan, minum, etc. the sentences : membeli oleh-oleh ‘buying souvenirs’; sewa sepeda motor’ rent motorbike’; makan di warung ‘having lunch in warung’, etc. are proofs that they are successful in learning Bahasa Indonesia within a relatively short time, approximately two months.
(3-5)
A6.
Kami ke Ubud, membeli oleh-oleh, dua kipas ‘We went to Ubud to buy souvenir and fans’
A3.
Menonton Tari Kecak, beli oleh-oleh, satu buku, satu sarong dan sambal ‘looked on Kecak Dance, bought souvenir, one book, one sarong and chili sauce’
B2.
Beli Camera di Hongkong
‘buy camerra’ C2.
Setiap hari saya makan di warung ‘Every day I have meal in warung’
C3
sewa sepeda motor di Lombok ‘Rent motorbike in Lombok’
3.1.6 EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO IMPRESSION No one will forget about his direct experiences having holiday in Indonesia. The IBSN students are expected to remember them always. The following are data how they express their impressions during having two-week holiday. The relevant lexicons learned during the lecture in the classroom are baik, enak, bagus, menarik, indah. The words baik and bagus are very general to show and indicate ‘good’; the word enak is usually referring to food or comfortable manner; menarik means interesting and indah for view, scenery, panorama, landscape; cantik ‘beautiful’; santai ‘relax’; ramah ‘friendly’; murah ‘cheap’. The following data show that the students managed to use and practice the concept of impressions using appropriate Bahasa Indonesia. The most interesting finding should be well recognized on data C5, because the word melelahkan was acquired during his holiday. This is a sign that apart from studying in the classroom, the students seemed to acquire language knowledge and skill from the environment (Menyuk, 1971).
(3-6)
B1
Liburan saya bagus ke Lombok, Jawa ‘My holiday is good to Lombok, Java’
B1.
Oleh-oleh sangat menarik, saya beli satu sarong ‘The souvenirs are very attractive, I bought one sarong’
B3.
Sewa sepeda motor, santai di Lombok bagus ‘Rent motorbike, relax in Lombok good’
B5.
Makanan tradisional, nasi campur enak ‘Traditional food, mixed rice are delicious’
B6.
Di Kuala Lumpur ada ikan indah ‘In Kuala Lumpur there is good fish’
C1
Saya dapat harga murah di Bangkok ‘I can get cheap price in Bangkok’
C4
Orang-orangnya ramah ‘The people are friendly’
C5
pemandangan sangat bagus, jalan melelahkan ‘The view is very good, the road is tiring’’
3.1.7 EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO REASON Reasons in Bahasa Indonesia cannot only be expressed by karena, but also by sebab as well. The students seemed to manage to express reason in appropriate way. Karena is mostly used, sebab is however very rare.
(3-7)
A1
Saya pergi ke Tulamben karena saya suka menyelam, ke Kuta untuk berselancar dan berbelanja ‘I went to Tulamben because I like diving, to Kuta for surfing and shopping’
A2
Saya suka Gili Trawangan karena pantai-pantai bagus. Saya tidak beli oleh-oleh karena tidak suka ‘I like Gili Trawangan because good beaches. I did not buy souvenirs because I don’t like’
B5.
Kami suka Bali karena menarik dan ramah ‘We like Bali because interesting and friendly’
B5.
Tidak beli oleh-oleh karena tidak menarik ‘I didn’t buy souvenir because not interesting’
D2.
Tidak beli oleh-oleh karena mahal ‘Not buying souvenir because (it is) expensive’
D3.
Saya suka Banjarmasin karena belanja murah ‘I like Banjarmasin because cheap shopping’
D4.
Saya suka Gili Menjangan karena pantai putih, air biru. ‘I like Gili Menjangan because white beach, blue ocean’ Jalan-jalan ke Flores --- lihat Gunung Kalimuntu ‘Go for a walk to Flores, ….(because) …see Kalimutu Mount’
D5.
D6.
Saya suka berlayar karena pemandangan. Saya tidak beli oleh-oleh karena tidak ada waktu ‘I like sailing because the view, I didn’t buy souvenir because (I have) no time
The only omission found is in the data D5, which should be Jalan-jalan ke Flores karena lihat Kalimutu. This might happen because the student made a short pause when he uttered this sentence. Pause is considered as one of the devices to reflect certain meaning, in this case for implying karena or sebab.
3.1.8 EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO NUMBER AND PERSON The striking point for this section is showing people who participate in certain activity. This can be related to their knowledge about number : satu ‘satu’, dua ‘two’, tiga ’three’, etc. with combination with the concept showing the person : satu orang or seorang ‘ a person’; dua orang’ two persons’; tiga orang ‘three people’, etc. The following data show that most students managed to put together between satu + orang, or becomes seorang; dua orang.
(3-8)
A2
Minggu pertama ke Nusa Lembongan dengan satu teman (seorang) naik sepeda motor ‘First week I went to Nusa Lembongan with one friend, by motorbike
A2
Ibu dan ayah saya dan satu--- teman sewa ….. ‘My Mum and Dad and one friend … rent …
A3
Saya ke Gili Trawangna dengan seorang teman, menyelam, jalan-jalan, santai ke Ubud, makanan tradisional ‘I to Gili Trawangan with a friend, dive, walked, relaxed to Ubud, traditional food
B3.
Ke Yogya dan Jawa jalan-jalan dengan satu --- teman ‘To Yogya and Java went for a walk with one friend’
B5.
Ke Lombok dengan teman-teman, keliling Lombok dengan sepeda motor, sewa homestay ‘To Lombok with friends, round Lombok with motorbike, rent homestay’
C5.
Naik Ferry dengan banyak teman ‘By Ferry with many friends
D1.
Pergi ke Flores dengan teman-teman juga mahasiswa di IBSN ‘Went to Flores with friends also IBSN students’
D3.
Ke Lombok untuk mendaki Gunung Rinjani selama 3 hari dengan satu pemandu dan empat kuli ‘To Lombok to climb Gunung Rinjani for three days with one guide and four labours’
From the above data, however, data A2 and B3 seem to omit orang. Therefore, the sentences are not completed. The complete one is “…. dengan satu orang teman”. The reason why they omitted orang because they are influenced by their language, they usually simply say one friend instead of one-person friend. This case shows the interference from European language system (Sudipa, et. al, 2010)
3.1.9 EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO FOOD AND BEVERAGE Many local terms for food and beverage have been mastered by the students. This is not surprising since they already get used with the terms. They use them for everyday life and no wonder that most students managed to express them appropriately.
(3-9)
3.2
A5.
Kami berhenti di sebuah pulau, makan malam, pesta, di kafe minum dua bir kaleng, di kapal makan nasi, mi, ayam, tahu, tempe, semangka, telor mata sapi ‘We stopped in an island, had dinner, party in a café, drank two tins of ‘bintang’ beer; in a ship ate rice, noodle, chicken, tofu, soy-cut, water melon, local egg’
A3.
Ke Ubud, disana beli makanan tradisional, martabak, terang bulan ‘To Ubud, there bought traditional food, martabak, terang bulan’
B1.
Saya makan ola-ola, makanan Sasak ‘I ate ola-ola Sasak traditional food’
B6.
Saya makan, sate ayam, ikan laut, babi guling ‘I ate, chicken satay, sea-fish, cycling pig’
C3.
Makan ikan tuna enak ‘I ate tuna fish, delicious!
DIALOGUE
Apart from telling his or her experience individually, in the test they are also designed to performance dialogues. The free topics are mainly intended to give the students more freedom to express themselves using spoken Bahasa Indonesia.
3.2.1 PERSONAL TOPIC (3-10)
B3: B4:
Siapa pergi ke Bali? ‘Who went to Bali’ Ada keluarga dari Jerman ke Bali ‘There was a family from German to Bali’
A1:
Siapa nama Anda? ‘What’s your name?’
A2:
Saya dari orang Jerman ‘I am from a German person’
A5:
Kamu turis di Bali ‘Are you tourist in Bali?’
A6:
Bukan, saya mahasiswa, saya orang local ‘No, I am a student, I am local person’
From the above monologue, it turns out that only A1 miss-responded. The respond must be nama saya ……… ‘My name is ……..’. This is due to the Question in Bahasa Indonesia is preceded by siapa as the Question word which is literarily translated into WHO. Siapa nama Anda ‘what’s your name’ not ‘apa nama Anda?’ WHO - according to the only informant Karen Jones - is usually answered by ‘I am ……’ describing oneself.
3.2.2 GENERAL TOPIC (3-11)
B1:
Kamu dari mana? ‘Where are you from?’
B2:
dari Jerman ‘From Germany’
B6:
Suka Bali? ‘do you like Bali’
B5:
Karena menarik, orangnya ramah ‘Because interesting, people is friendly’
D1:
Anda dari mana ‘Where are from?’
D2:
Jerman orang, saya umur 22 ‘German person, I am 22 years’
D3:
Beli oleh-oleh ‘buy souvenirs?’
D4:
Saya suka sarung sekali, ‘I like sarung very much’
D3:
Bagaimana liburan anda? ‘how’s your holiday?’
D4:
Saya naik dengan boat, bagus makan ‘I went by boat, good eating’
D5:
Kamu suka Bali? Mengapa ‘You like Bali? Why?’
D6:
Karena saya suka pantai, ‘Because I like beach’
C1:
Apa membuat kemarin? ‘What did you do yesterday?’ ke rumah sakit ‘To hospital’
C2:
C1:
Mengapa ‘Why?’
C2:
Perut sakit ‘Stomach-ache’
A3:
Berapa lama liburan semester ‘How long was your semester holiday?’
A4:
4 bulan eh 2 minggu ‘4 months, eh 2 weeks’
A3 : Anda suka Bali
“You like Bali?’ A4:
suka di Bali sekali ‘I like very much’
A5:
Apa makanan kamu hari ini ‘What is today menu?’
A6:
saya makan telor dan keju ‘I ate egg and cheese’
The above dialogue suggests that the problem only happens on the phrase structure in Bahasa Indonesia using the formula suka Bali sekali, however the correct one is suka sekali Bali, because suka is a verb, sekali is an adverb. The special data C1 indicates that the student is totally influenced by English concept. The interrogative sentence ‘what did you do yesterday?’ is directly translated into Bahasa Indonesia ‘apa (anda) membuat kemarin?’ instead of saying ‘Anda membuat APA kemarin?’ or ‘APA yang anda buat kemarin?’
IV
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that most students did manage to use oral Bahasa Indonesia in terms of expressing their experience about their holiday. The students having problem might be influenced by their own language system, using direct translation without taking account of the contextual meaning. The other problems are caused by their lack of knowledge how to choose the appropriate prepositions: di, ke and dari.
REFERENCES Hornby, AS . 1999. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Kentjono, Djoko. Frans Asisi Datang. Totok Suhardiyantto. Amalia Candrayani. 2010. Tata Bahasa Acuan Bahasa Indonesia Untuk Penutur Asing. Jakarta : Wedatama Widya Sastra Menyuk, Paula. 1971. The Acquisition and Development of Language. Englandwood. PrenticeHall Richards, JC (ed). 1974. Error Analysis: Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition. London: Longman Simanjuntak, Herpinus. 1996. Menguasai Bahasa Jerman : Sistem HERTAK. Jakarta : Cv. Ovidherci. Sudaryanto. 1993. Metoda dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Duta Wacana Sudipa, I Nengah. I Made Rajeg. Luh Putu Laksminy. 2011. Interferensi: Pengaruh Bahasa Indonesia dalam Bahasa Inggris. Denpasar : Udayana University Press. Sudipa, I Nengah. 2012. Kemampuan Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris ke Bahasa Indonesia Mahasiswa China QuangXi, peserta Program BIPAS Universitas Udayana Sudipa, I Nengah. 2014. Bila Mahasiswa Jerman Berbahasa Indonesia. Majalah WAHANA
INFORMANT Name: Karen Jones, born and lives in Marburg Germany, the present volunteer in Udayana University was interviewed on Friday, 29 Nopember 2013
LIST OF STUDENTS’ NAMES Class A 1. Katharina Hilker 2. Aileen Julia Illi 3. Nicolai Kirstatter 4. Alexander Kuster 5. Christoph Mangler 6. Simona Einsle Class B
1. Anne Holbing 2. Timon Kehrl 3. Stefan Kirzinger 4. Tobias Kober 5. Lisa Kutteruf 6. Cornelius Lungershausen 7. Karina Meilinger 8. Fredrerik Mues Class C 1. Lisa Heizmann 2. Jan Hermes 3. Niklas Jendrny 4. Ronny Kisse 5. Angke Evelyn Lang
Class D 1. Christian Lichtner 2. Sina Lippert 3. Pascal Mach 4. Aurelia Maria Martin 5. Jubin Molai 6. Sarah Polzer 7. Julian Sbikowski 8. Melissa Gabert
