A CÉLHATÁROZÓI MELLÉKMONDAT Mi a célhatározói mellékmondat? ● A célhatározói mellékmondat a „mi célból? / miért? (WHY?)” kérdésre válaszol (azaz meghatározza az adott cselekvés célját). pl. Táncoltam, hogy jól érezzem magam. (Miért táncoltam? Azért, hogy jól érezzem magam. → ez volt tehát a cél) A célhatározói mellékmondat formája 1) Ha a két tagmondat alanya megegyezik azaz: a főmondat alanya saját maga érdekében végez valamit pl. Táncoltam, hogy jól érezzem magam. ↓ ↓ ÉN táncoltam ÉN éreztem jól magam A két tagmondat alanya megegyezik ● Az angol célhatározói mellékmondatban ilyenkor nem szerepel alany! ● Lehetséges kifejezési módok: A) TO + infinitive pl. I was dancing to feel good. -
Ez a szerkezet nem használható negatív cél kifejezésére! (pl. nem mondható:* I was dancing not to be bored!)
B) SO AS TO + infinitive -
Kissé választékosabb szerkezet. pl. I was dancing so as to feel good.
-
Ez a szerkezet használható negatív cél kifejezésére is. Ilyenkor a „not‟ tagadószó a to + infinitive elé kerül. pl. I was dancing so as NOT to be bored. (Táncoltam, hogy ne unatkozzak.)
C) IN ORDER TO + infinitive -
Ez is választékosabb szerkezet. pl. I was dancing in order to feel good.
-
Ez a szerkezet is használható negatív cél kifejezésére is. pl. I was dancing in order NOT to be bored.
2) Ha a két tagmondat alanya más azaz: a főmondat alanya más valaki érdekében végez valamit pl. Táncoltam, hogy a barátom jól érezze magát. ↓ ↓ ÉN táncoltam A BARÁTOM érezte jól magát A két tagmondat alanya más ● Az angol célhatározói mellékmondatban ilyenkor a kötőszó után szerepel az alany (aki nem ugyanaz, mint a főmondatban) ● Lehetséges kifejezési módok: A) SO THAT -
A mellékmondatban az ige alakja többféle lehet:
a) jelen idejű kötőmód (present subjunctive) (≈ infinitive) pl. I always dance so that my friend feel good. Ha a cél (Mindig táncolok, hogy a barátom jól érezze magát.) a jelenre I will dance so that my friend feel good. vagy jövőre (Táncolni fogok, hogy a barátom jól érezze magát.) vonatkozik. b) will/can/may + infinitive pl. I always dance so that my friend can feel good. I always dance so that my friend may feel good. I will dance so that my friend will feel good. Ha múltbeli célról beszélünk.
c) múlt idejű kötőmód (past subjunctive) (≈ az ige 2. alakja) pl. I was dancing so that my friend felt good. (Táncoltam, hogy a barátom jól érezze magát.) d) would/could/might/should + infinitive pl. I was dancing so that my friend would feel good. I was dancing so that my friend could feel good. I was dancing so that my friend might feel good. I was dancing so that my friend should feel good.
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Használható negatív cél kifejezésére is. pl. I always dance so that my friend don’t feel bored. (Mindig táncolok, hogy a barátom ne unatkozzon.) I will dance so that my friend can’t feel bored. (Táncolni fogok, hogy a barátom jól érezze magát.) etc.
B) IN ORDER THAT -
Ugyanúgy használható, mint a “so that” kötőszóval. pl. I always dance in order that my friend feel good.
Megjegyzés: Használható olyankor is, ha nem különbözik a két tagmondat alanya, de valamilyen plusz jelentésárnyalatot szeretnénk hozzáadni az igéhez a mellékmondatban (ált.-ban –hat/het) pl. Let's leave earlier so that we can have coffee at the airport before the plane leaves. (Induljunk korábban, hogy legyen időnk kávézni a reptéren, mielőtt a gép indulna!) Get out any documents you may need so that you don't forget them. (Készíts elő minden dokumentumot, amire csak szükséged lehet, hogy nehogy otthon felejtsd őket!) Put it in a separate bank account so that you won't spend it. (Tedd be egy külön bankszámlára, hogy el ne költsd!) Schools need money so that they can help people with learning. (Az iskoláknak pénzre van szüksége ahhoz, hogy segíthessenek a tanulásban.) We left earlier so that we could have coffee. (Korábban indultunk, hogy legyen időnk kávézni.) I made a list so that I didn't forget what to do. (Készítettem egy listát, nehogy elfelejtsem, mit kell csinálnom.)
1) Make a clause of purpose from the pairs of sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Dora went to the post office. She wanted to send a parcel. I told you a lie. I did not want to hurt your feelings. David invited Elizabeth for dinner. He wanted her to enjoy herself. Paul introduced Joan to his father. He needed his father‟s permission to marry her. The night porter switched off the light. He wanted to see what was happening outside. Daniel keeps two dogs. He wants to feel safe. Grandma cut the cake into 12 pieces. She wanted everyone to have a piece. I‟ve bought my wife a dishwasher. I want her to have more free time.
2) Read the story and answer the questions with a clause of purpose Mr and Mrs Brown were preparing to go on holiday to Greece. They wanted to relax, swim in the sea and visit some places of interest. They didn‟t want to watch TV during their holiday so they bought a lot of books and magazines. Before leaving they gave their keys to Mrs Brown‟s sister Elizabeth, because they wanted her to water the potted plants. They gave their dog, Tom to their daughter, Emily, to look after him while they were away. Mrs Brown bought the Lonely Plane guidebook because she wanted to plan the trips in Greece. Mr Brown bought an English-Greek dictionary because he wanted to learn some words. They cancelled the newspaper subscription because they didn‟t want to pay for them while on holiday. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Why did they go on holiday to Greece? Why did they buy a lot of books and magazines? Why did they give the keys to Elizabeth? Why did they give the dog to their daughter, Emily? Why did Mrs Brown buy the Lonely Planet guidebook? Why did Mr Brown buy a dictionary? Why did they cancel the newspapers?
3) Join the sentences using to+ infinitive or ’so as not to’ as in the examples below. e.g. He came here. He wants to study English. → He came here to study English. He walked in to the room tiptoed. He did not want to wake the baby up. → He walked in to the room tiptoed so as not to wake the baby up. 1. Helen borrowed a dictionary from the library. She wanted to look up the spelling of Tycoon. 2. The teacher opened a window. He wanted to ventilate the classroom. 3. The staff are working at weekends. They don‟t want to delay the project any further. 4. Alex was hurrying. He didn‟t want to miss his train. 5. He is going to study books on business. He wants to be successful. 6. I got to work earlier. I wanted to impress the boss. 7. He does not eat so much. He doesn‟t want to get weight. 8. You should take regular exercises if you want to keep fit. 9. I recorded all my documents on my computer. I don‟t want to lose them. 10. You should study regularly if you want to learn a foreign language. 11. I usually drink a cup of coffee because I don‟t want to sleep. 12. Dave has put on the kettle. He wants to make some coffee. 4) Use the words in the brackets to tell your purpose. e.g. Why is your hand up? (ask, question) My hand is up to ask a question. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Why did you buy a car? (save, petrol) Why did you go to the market? (buy, ice-cream) Why did you leave work early? (go, trip) Why did you carry a cell phone? (keep in touch, my family) Why do you watch television? (relax, after work) Why do you eat such a big breakfast? (have energy, in the morning) Why are you selling your violin? (get, new one)
5) Make sentences in which the second half expresses a purpose. Use the Past Simple. e.g. We, look, the map – find our way We looked at the map to find our way. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
I, turn on the radio – listen to some music They, go, airport – meet Ben‟s sister Tom, use the computer – send an e-mail Jack and Carol, go, cinema – watch a film They, go, Natural History Museum – learn about the natural world
KEY: 1) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Dora went to the post office to send a parcel. I told you a lie in order not to hurt your feelings. David invited Elizabeth so that she could enjoy herself. Paul introduced Joan to his father in order to get his permission to marry her. The night porter switched off the light to see what was happening outside. Daniel keeps two dogs to feel safe. Grandma cut the cake into 12 pieces so that everyone could have a piece. I‟ve bought my wife a dishwasher so that she can have more free time.
2) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
They went on holiday to Greece to relax, swim and visit some places of interest. They bought a lot of books and magazines so as not to watch TV. They gave the keys to Elizabeth so that she would water the potted plants. They give the dog to Emily so that she would look after him while they were away. Mrs Brown bought the Lonely Planet guidebook in order to plan the trips. Mr Brown bought a dictionary to learn some words. They cancelled the newspapers in order not to pay for them while they were on holiday.
3) 1. Helen borrowed a dictionary from the library to look up the spelling of Tycoon. 2. The teacher opened a window to ventilate the classroom. 3. The staff are working at weekends so as not to delay the project any further. 4. Alex was hurrying so as not to miss his train. 5. He is going to study books on business to be successful. 6. I got to work earlier to impress the boss. 7. He does not eat so much so as not to get weight. 8. You should take regular exercises to keep fit. 9. I recorded all my documents on my computer so as not to lose them. 10. You should study regularly to learn a foreign language. 11. I usually drink a cup of coffee so as not to sleep. 12. Dave has put on the kettle to make some coffee. 4) We bought a car to save petrol. We went to the market to buy ice-cream. I left work early to go on a trip. I carried a cell phone to keep in touch with my family. I watch television to relax after work. I eat such a big breakfast to have energy in the morning. I am selling my violin to get a new one. 5) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
I turned on the radio to listen to some music. They went to the airport to meet Ben‟s sister. Tom is using the computer to send an e-mail. Jack and Carol are going to the cinema to watch a film. They went to the Natural History Museum to learn about the natural world.
