Diversifikasi Usaha Pe(Tani) & Konsumsi Pangan Benyamin Lakitan
FGD Diversifikasi Pangan Palembang, 1 Oktober 2013
Deskripsi Diversifikasi Usaha Pe(Tani)
Diversifikasi Konsumsi Pangan
• On Farm (usaha tani): menambah ragam jenis komoditas • Off Farm: tambahan usaha di luar usaha tani
• Alternatif pangan pokok • Tambahan porsi dan ragam pangan nonpokok (lauk)
Alasan / Tujuan Diversifikasi Usaha Pe(Tani) •
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Memperkecil resiko gagal usaha tani Meningkatkan pendapatan Memanfaatkan waktu luang dan/atau aset yang dimiliki Menjaga keberlanjutan usaha tani keluarga Menjaga kelestarian alam
Diversifikasi Konsumsi Pangan •
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Mengurangi ketergantungan pada pangan pokok tertentu (beras) Memperbaiki komposisi gizi pangan yang dikonsumsi Mengikuti trend gaya hidup
Diversifikasi Usaha Pe(Tani)
• Proximity and accessibility to urban consumer markets encourages farm holders to continue farming activity. • Farmers with diversification activities are 39.5 percent. Of those diversifying, 34.3 percent on direct marketing of own products, 31.3 percent on contract work, 25.4 percent on tourism, and 9.0 percent on food processing. • survey on 147 farms in Eastern Germany
Lange et al. (2013)
• Two underlying motives for starting a venture outside conventional agriculture, namely ‘business development for reasons to reduce risk and to use idle resources’ and ‘business development for social and lifestyle reasons’ • Motives for starting new ventures were dependent on the situation of the farm family • From 309 Swedish farmers who self-reported
Hansson et al. (2013)
• Sahelian farmers tend to diversify their activities to reduce their vulnerability to external shocks. • Main factors of discrimination (for diversification) were family size, access to small irrigation plots and number of animals. • Surveys in northern Burkina Faso.
Zorom et al. (2013)
• Of total agricultural land, 86.29 percent were cultivated with rice (mono-cropping) and average acreage per household was 19.26 rai or 3.08 hectares. (1 rai = 0.16 ha) • Limited impact of the crop diversification program is attributed primarily to the variation in land and labor resources available at the farmers’ disposal as well as soil suitability. • 245 farm households in Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand Kasem and Thapa (2011)
• To diversify farm incomes in an effort to retain farmers in business, attract new entrants to agriculture and promote regional development. • The generation of additional income, the continuance of farming and ranching, and the enhancement of quality of life are among the most important diversification goals in Texas.
Barbieri and Mahoney (2009)
• Crop diversification should be a desired strategy for agricultural growth in Bangladesh
Rahman (2009)
• Horticulture can offer good opportunities for poverty reduction because it increases income and generates employment, care must be taken that small and poor farmers are not excluded from the opportunities.
Weinberger and Lumpkin (2007)
• There is evidence of acceleration in intensification and diversification in the past decade in New Zealand. • Diversification into forestry and deer farming.
MacLeod and Moller (2006)
• Off-farm employment is often the most accessible strategy, not only for the survival of the household, but also for supplementing the income necessary to maintain the farm activities among Belgian farmers.
Meert et al. (2005)
PENINGKATAN STATUS SOSIAL INVESTASI NON-USAHA TANI DIVERSIFIKASI USAHA
TAMBAHAN PENDAPATAN
PENDAPATAN PETANI KONVENSIONAL
USAHA TANI KONVENSIONAL
DIVERSIFIKASI KOMODITAS
TAMBAHAN PENDAPATAN
KELANJUTAN USAHA TANI
KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI
KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN
KEUNTUNGAN EKOLOGIS
GREEN ECONOMY
Diversifikasi Konsumsi Pangan
• Tepung ‘mocaf’ dan tepung umbi gadung (Dioscorea hispida) dapat digunakan sebagai bahan campuran (20 - 40 persen) tepung gandum dalam pembuatan mie basah, mie kering maupun mie instan.
Rosmeri dan Monica (2013)
• Ubi jalar dapat berperan sebagai alternatif sumber karbohidrat sehingga mempunyai peranan penting dalam upaya diversifikasi pangan dan dapat mengurangi konsumsi beras.
Zuraida dan Supriati (2001)
• Selain sebagai tanaman sumber karbohidrat yang produktif, ubi jalar juga butuh pasokan pupuk dan air yang lebih rendah, serta mempunyai daya adaptasi yang luas dibandingkan dengan padi, jagung, maupun kentang.
Zuraida (2003)
• Kacang tunggak mempunyai potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai pengganti kedelai, misalnya untuk pembuatan tempe.
Haliza et al. (2010)
• Diversification of diets away from the traditional dominance of rice with rising incomes is expected and observed, current food consumption patterns are showing signs of convergence towards a Western diet. • Rapid spread of global supermarket chains and fast food restaurants is reinforcing the above trends. • Asian agriculture is on an irreversible path leading away from its traditional pre-occupation with cereal crop production, especially rice, towards a production system that is becoming increasingly commercialized and diversified. • “linking the consumers’ plate to the farmers’ plow” Pingali (2006)
SAGU
UBI JALAR SINGKONG
BERAS
JAGUNG
DIVERSIFIKASI
GANDUM KENTANG
• Diversification is done for different reasons and in different ways, depending on the initial resource-base of the household. • There is no simple relation of diversification to poverty or wealth. Income diversification is not just the doubtful prerogative of the poor but seems to be a pervading inclination of all income groups, least of the middle groups (Ushaped pattern).
Niehof (2004)
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