DEMOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGE WHERE IT SHOULD BE DIRECTED?

DEMOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGE WHERE IT SHOULD BE DIRECTED? Djoko Suharto and Zainal Abidin Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung

ABSTRACT Indonesia is known as a country rich in natural resources. This understanding or perception was implanted and taught in formal school as well as in public discussion. The question is, do we really have a lot of natural resources? Perhaps in a certain level, Indonesia has adequate natural resources but if it is divided by its huge population or expressed per capita, the natural resources will not be sufficient to support the planned economic growth. For example, let us calculate our crude oil reserves which already declining at this time and compare it with oil-rich countries in middle-east. Crude oil consumption, if it is not treated immediately, will evoke crisis in the future. On the other hand, Indonesia has big population of around 240 millions people. This human resources asset, particularly young people, represents potential for future development. Experts in demography call it as demographic advantage or bonus which will occur in 10 to 20 years from now. How to direct this asset to make sure that it will become a support for the development of Indonesia and not as burden for our society. The authors note that the key point is good education for them. Not only education for character building so that they have strong Indonesian identity, but also endeavor for preparing them to obtain appropriate skills in order to enter employment or industries.

Nowadays, the product of 9 years basic education starting to appear. The next effort is to ensure that all citizens of Republic of Indonesia can complete 9 years of basic education or junior high school. The quality of the basic education should also be improved and guaranteed. The total number of young generation is about 24 million people and not all of them should continue their study to higher or tertiary education. Around 70% of them, or more, had better continue to relevant vocational schools. For that reason, it is important to provide a lot of vocational schools which support industrial development, local employment or even prepare to enter global market. The vocational schools should have Indonesian character or even we may design a hybrid-vocational school with academic studies so the young graduates have strong intelectual basic and are ready to work This presentation describes a challenge to create a comprehensive educational architecture for Indonesia, its argumentation, funding and the relation with the development of higher or tertiary education. Bandung, 6 August 2012 Dr Djoko Suharto and Dr Zainal Abidin Professor and Assoc Professor Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

KEUNTUNGAN DEMOGRAFI KEMANA HARUS DIARAHKAN ? Djoko Suharto dan Zainal Abidin Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara Institut Teknologi Bandung

ABSTRAK Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara yang kaya dengan sumber daya alam (SDA). Pengertian ini ditanamkan dan diajarkan di sekolah sekolah maupun dalam diskusi di ranah publik. Pertanyaannya, apakah benar kita kaya dengan sumber daya alam ? Mungkin sampai dengan level tertentu Indonesia mempunyai sumber daya alam yang memadai, namun bila dibagi dengan jumlah penduduk atau dinyatakan dalam ukuran sumber daya alam per kapita, maka SDA tersebut tidak akan cukup untuk mendukung perkembangan pembangunan yang dicita-citakan. Salah satu contoh, hitung saja persediaan minyak bumi yang sudah menurun produksinya saat ini, bandingkan dengan negara negara yang kaya minyak di Timur Tengah. Penyediaan minyak bumi, bila tidak ditangani segera, akan menimbulkan krisis dimasa mendatang. Sebaliknya kita kaya dengan aset penduduk yang jumlahnya sekitar 240 juta orang. Aset SDM ini, terutama yang berusia muda, merupakan potensi yang sangat besar untuk pembangunan masa depan. Para ahli kependudukan menyebutnya sebagai keuntungan atau bonus demografi yang akan terjadi dalam waktu 10 sd 20 tahun yang akan datang. Bagaimana mengarahkan aset ini agar benar benar terjadi bonus untuk pembangunan dan bukan sebaliknya, menjadi beban. Penulis melihat bahwa kuncinya adalah pendidikan yang tepat untuk mereka, bukan hanya pendidikan karakter untuk membangun jati diri sebagai insan bangsa, tetapi juga usaha keras guna menyiapkan mereka agar mempunyai keahlian yang tepat untuk memasuki lapangan kerja atau industri yang akan dibuka.

Saat ini sudah mulai kelihatan hasil pendidikan dasar 9 tahun. Usaha selanjutnya adalah supaya semua warga NKRI bisa menyelesaikan pendidikan dasar 9 tahun atau sampai ke taraf Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Kualitas pendidikan dasar ini juga harus diperbaiki dan dijamin. Jumlah total generasi muda ini sekitar 24 juta orang dan tidak semuanya akan bisa melanjutkan ke pendidikan tinggi. Sekitar 70% bahkan lebih, sebaiknya meneruskan ke Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) yang relevan. Untuk itu perlu disiapkan SMK SMK yang mendukung perkembangan industri atau lapangan kerja di daerah atau bahkan disiapkan untuk mengisi pasar global. SMK yang mempunyai karakter Indonesia dan bahkan dikembangkan SMK hibrida yang dicampur dengan pendidikan akademik yang memadai untuk menyiapkan generasi yang siap kerja namun mempunyai dasar intelektual yang kuat. Presentasi ini menggambarkan tantangan untuk membuat arsitektur pendidikan secara menyeluruh, argumentasinya, kaitan dengan penyediaan dana dan hubungannya dengan perkembangan pendidikan tinggi. Bandung 6 Agustus 2012 Dr Djoko Suharto and Dr Zainal Abidin Guru Besar dan Lektor Kepala Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara

DEMOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGE WHERE IT SHOULD BE DIRECTED?

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INDONESIA IS KNOWN AS RICH IN NATURAL RESOURCES

Do we really have a lot of natural resources? •!Perhaps in certain level, Indonesia has adequate natural resources but if it is divided by its huge population or expressed per capita, the natural resources will not be sufficient to support the plan economic growth. •!Let us calculate our crude oil reserves which already declining at this time and compare it with oil-rich countries in middle-east.

Indonesia produces around Extreme Environment – Off Shore Deep-Sea 900,000 BARRELS of crude oil per Drilling day. For comparison Saudi Arabia produces 9 MILLIONS BARRELS. Personnel quarter, material warehouse and control room

Drilling platform

Unocal (2003) deep sea (1000 m) oil platform in Sulawesi Straits Source : UNOCAL 2003

Please make COMPARISON in terms of RESERVES and PRODUCTION per CAPITA

Most Agro-based products are still for export. However, it is better if the products is processed in Indonesia to create value added and employment

Palm Oil Industry No. 1 in the WORLD. Malaysia is No.2, but Indonesia has APPROXIMATELY 10 times Malaysian population. Malaysia uses the MARGIN from the palm oil industry to DEVELOP OTHER ECONOMIC SECTORS

Natural Rubber - Latex Thailand is No. 1 in the world and INDONESIA No.2. Indonesia appoximately has 3 TIMES population than Thailand

INDONESIA HAS HUGE POTENTIAL ASSET IN YOUNG HUMAN RESOURCES

DEMOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGE or BONUS

Source : Ministry of Coordinating Economy

Elementary and Secondary School

High School

Tertiary Education and Universities

Source : BPS 2010

Improve the QUALITY of tertiary education to produce future leaders and thinkers Concentrate to take care of this school age groups. Invest additional FUND Elementary and Secondary School Age, should be minimized to ZERO

Source : BPS 2010

Demographic Advantage or Burden ? Improve the QUALITY of tertiary education to produce future leaders and thinkers

Remarks

Millions

Indonesian Population 2010 Population of 19-24 years of age Tertiary Ed. and Universities Students

Young Population 19-24 of Concentrate toof take careyears of age groups. age whothis areschool not entering Tertiary and Invest additional FUND for Universities Education Vocational Schools Source : BPS 2010 and Mayling Oey-Gardiner presentation

237,6 23,9 4,9 19,0

CREATE APPROPRIATE MODEL FOR INDONESIA

Basic Education 10 years Prepartion for University 2 years

Institute of Technical Education (ITE) Vocational School – 2 years Polytechnic 3 years

University

Basic Education 9 years

Vocational School (SMK) 3 years

Polytechnic 1-3 years

High School (SMA) 3 years

Tertiary Education ( Univ, Institute, Academy etc)

MOEC Providers Academic Education Stream

Technical and Vocational Stream

Other providers

World of Work

Industrial Training Stream

Industry Competency Standard

continuum of competence S3

SP2

S2

SP1

S1

Managerial Courses

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C

Univ. Inst. S. T.

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B

F I T C

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Note : SD - Sekolah Dasar, SLP - Sekolah Lanjutan Pertama, SMU - Sekolah Menengah Umum, SMK - Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, VC - Vocational Courses, VTC - Vocational Training Center, ITC - Industrial Training Center, FITC - Further Industrial Training Center, SP - Specialist 9 year compulsory study

academic permeability through bridging courses professional permeability

SD

formal/eligible pathway

A

B

C

bridging

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CHALLENGE TO PRODUCE DEMOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGE VOCATIONAL SCHOOL WITH STRONG INDONESIAN CHARACTERS

To be considered, Singapore DOE “Desired Outcomes of Education” In sum, he or she is a confident person, self-directed learner, an active contributor as well as a concerned citizen for our society

Create Future Leaders and Thinkers

First Generation Universities Mostly concentrated in teaching activities Second Generation Universities Research activities and research-based teaching 4th Generation Universities “Cutting Edge” research and research-based teaching Third Generation Universities Second Generation + activities for creating “entrepreuner/ commercial values” 5th Generation Universities 4th Generation Universities + very strong activities for creating “entrepreuner/commercial values”

J.G Wissema, Towards The Third Generation University

Improving the Quality !!The real issue for tertiary education is how to improve the quality of the education. Independent accreditation process should be established and implemented. !!For improving the quality, conscientious work culture + “good work” motivation should be introduced.

Improving the Quality !!Start with 60 to 90 national Universities (state and private) to be selected as First and Second Generation Universities. !!The number of well qualified universities can be increased to 240- 300 in 10 years time. !!In the mean time, select few universities to be the Third and Fourth Generation Universities

Improving the Quality !!Polytechnic with spesific trade should also be improved and used as continuing education for vocational education !!Other tertiary education should be encouraged as a mean of improving high school education (SMA or SMK +1) !!Invesment for improving the tertiary education approximately 8 to 12 billions dollars per year

Illustrations from our Experiences +%E%+%6"%0)M)) =?)D. Suharto and A. I. Mahyuddin, 1995, “HOW SHOULD WE EDUCATE OUR ENGINEERS?”, SEAMEO Colloquium on Engineering and Technology Education, 9-11 January, 1995, Jakarta, Indonesia.) L?),?)0CV-K;D)/-.)!?)$?)1-VNC//8.G)L>>\G)!"#$#%&'(#)%*')+,+,-#)%.'-),-% "'$,)%+,%/)+0)'$,#1G)5BN.D;B)7-YBKG))0BS8.-K)6-98D.-X)2-VC.-.)2BT.8T) 1B98.)&$$G)])6DWBSABK)L>>\G)1-.-/D

Lab Based Education

Class Based Education

Team Work Ability

Project Based Class

Project Based Research

Generality

Specialty

Class Lecture Based on Textbook

Thesis Based Education

Individual Ability

Industrial practice of Tokyo Tech students at AMADA (Machine Tools Company, June 9 2007)

Speak little of what you know and not at all of what you don’t know. Nicholas Leonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832)

Thank you for your attention

DEMOGRAPHIC ADVANTAGE WHERE IT SHOULD BE DIRECTED?

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