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Ana, Tince, 2004, Hubungan Mekanisme Corporate Governance dan Kinerja Perusahaan: Studi Empirik pada Perusahaan Go Publik di Indonesia. Skripsi yang tidak dipublikasikan, Sarjana Akuntansi, Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta Baysinger, B., Kosnik, R. D., & Turk, T. A. 1991. Effects of board and ownership structure on corporate R&D strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 205-214 Beasley, Mark S., 1996. An Empirical Analysis of The Relation Between The Board of Director Composition and Financial Statement Fraud. The Accounting Review Volume 71, No 4, Oktober: 443-465 Beaver, H. William, and Ellen E. Engel. 1996. Discretionary Behavior with Respect to Allowances for Loan Losses and the Behavior of Security Prices. Journal of Accounting & Economics Volume 22. AgustusDesember: 177-206 Boeker, W., Goodstein, J., Stephan, J., & Murmann, J. P. 1997. Competition in a multi-market environment: The case of market exit. Organization Science, 8: 126-142. Bowen, R., Rajgopal, S., Venkatachalam, M., 2004, “Accounting Discretion, Corporate Governance and Firm Performance”, SSRN Working Paper, March Bugshan, Turki, 2005, Corporate Governance, Earing Management and the Information Content of Accounting Earnings, Theoritical Model and Empirical Tests, A Dissertation, Bond University Quensland, Australia Bushee, B., 1998, “The Influence of institutional investors on myopic R&D investment behaviour”, The Accounting Review, Vol. 73, pp. 305-333. Black, B. S., H. Jang, dan W. Kim. 2003. Does Corporate governance Affect Firms’ Market Values? Evidence from Korea. Working Paper (April). Bradbury, M. E., Mak, Y. T. dan Tan, S. M., 2004 “Board Characteristics, Audit Committee Characteristics and Abnormal Accruals”, Working Paper, Unitec New Zealand dan National University of Singapore, Bryshaw, R. E dan Ahmed Eldin.(1989). The Smoothing Hipothesisand The Role of Exchange Differences. Journal of Business, Finance and Accounting, hal. 621-633.
Carcello, Joseph V., Carl W. Hollingsworth, April Klein, and Terry L. Neal. 2006. Audit Committee Financial Expertise, Competing Corporate Governance Mechanisms, and Earnings Management. Available on-line at www.ssrn.com Chtourous. Marrakachi, Jean Bedard and Louucie Courteau, 2001, Corporate Governanca and earning management, Working paper, http:/papers,ssrn.com. Cornett M. M, J. Marcuss, Saunders dan Tehranian H. (2006). Earnings Management, Corporate Governance, and True Financial Performance. http://papers.ssrn.com/ Daily, C., Dalton, D., 1994 “Board of directors leadership and structure: Control andperformance implications”, Entrepreneurship theory and practice, Vol. 17, pp. 65-81. ________, 1992 “The relationship between governance structure and corporate performance in entrepreneurship firms”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 7, 1992, pp. 375-386. ________, 1993, “Board of directors leadership and structure: Control and performance implications”, Entrepreneurship theory and practice, Vol. 17, 1993, pp. 65-81. Daniri, Mas Ahmad, 2005, Good Corporate Governance, Ray Indonesia, Jakarta. ______ , 2008, Menyongsong Tahun 2008 Dengan Berbekal Good Governance, Komite Nasional Kebijakan Governance, Jakarta Darmawati, Khomsyiah dan Rika Gelar Rahayu. 2004. Hubungan Corporate Governance dan Kinerja Perusahaan, Simposium Nasional Akuntansi VII. Dita Paradita dan Nurzaimah. 2009. Pengaruh Good Corporate Governance Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Pada Perusahaan Yang Termasuk Kelompok Sepuluh Besar Menurut Corporate Governance Perception Index (CGPI), Jurnal Akuntansi 40. Durnev, A. dan E. H. Kim. 2003. To steal or Not to Steal: Firm Attributes, Legal Environment, and Valuation. Working Paper. Effendi, M. Arief, 2005, “Peranan Komite Audit dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Perusahaan,” Jurnal Akuntansi Pemerintah, Volume 1, No. 1, Jakarta. Eisenhardt, Kathleem. M. (1989). Agency Theory: An Assesment and Review. Academy of management Review, 14, hal 57-74
Erna Hidayah. 2007. Pengaruh Kualitas Pengungkapan Informasi Tehadap Hubungan Antara Penerapan Corporate Governance dengan Kinerja Perusahaan Di Bursa Efek Jakarta, JAAI Vol 12 No.1 (Juni 2008). Forum For Corporate Governance In Indonesia. 2002. Tata Kelola Perusahaan (Corporate Governance) dalam Good Corporate Governance Konsep dan Implementasi Perusahaan Publik dan Korporasi Indonesia, Jakarta. Imam Ghozali. 2006. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program SPSS, cet 4, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. Iman Sjahputra Tunggal dan Amin Widjaja Tunggal. 2002. Membangun Good Corporate Governance (GCG), cet.1, Harvarindo, Jakarta. Indra Surya dan Ivan Yustiavandana. 2006. Penerapan Good Corporate Governance: Mengesampingkan Hak-Hak Istimewa Demi Kelangsungan Usaha, Cetakan Pertama, Edisi Pertama, Kencana, Jakarta. King, R, Levina, R. 1993, Finance and Growth: Schumpeer Might be Right, Quarterly Journal of Economic 108, 717 -738 Klapper, L.F. and Love, I. 2002. “Corporate Governance, Investor Protection and Performance in Emerging Markets”. Journal of Corporate Finance. Vol. 195. Komite Kebijakan Corporate Governance. 2006. Pedoman Good Corporate Governance Indonesia, Jakarta. www.governance-Indonesia.com Muh. Arief Ujiyantho dan Bambang. 2007. Mekanisme Corporate Governance, Manajemen Laba dan Kinerja Keuangan, Simposium Nasional Akuntansi X. Ndaruningpuri Wulandari. 2006. Pengaruh Indikator Mekanisme Corporate Governance Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan Publik Di Indonesia, Fokus Ekonomi Vol 1 No. 2. Nuryanah, S. 2004. Analisis Hubungan Board Governance dengan Penciptaan Nilai Perusahaan: Studi Kasus Perusahaan-perusahaan Tercatat di BEJ. Tesis Pascasarjana FEUI. Siallagan dan Mas’ud Machfoedz. Mekanisme Corporate Governance, Kualitas Laba dan Nilai Perusahaan, Simposium Nasional Akuntansi IX. Sony Warsono, Fitri Amalia dan Dian Kartika Rahajeng. 2009. Corporate Governance Concept And Model (Preserving True Organization Welfare), Center For Good Corporate Governance Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis UGM, Yogyakarta.
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69
Lampiran 1 Daftar Nama Sampel No
Nama Perusahaan
Klasifikasi
1
PT.Charoen Pokphand Indonesia.Tbk
ANIMAL FEED
2
PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia.Tbk
3
PT. Astra Internasional.Tbk
4
PT. Astra Otoparts.Tbk
5
PT. Gajah Tunggal.Tbk
ANIMAL FEED AUTOMOTIVE AND COMPONENTS AUTOMOTIVE AND COMPONENTS AUTOMOTIVE AND COMPONENTS
6
PT. Adhi Karya.Tbk
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
7
PT. Wijaya Karya.Tbk
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
8
PT. Holcim Indonesia.Tbk
CEMENT
9
PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakasa.Tbk
CEMENT
10
PT. Semen Gresik.Tbk
CEMENT
11
PT. Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk
CONSTRUCTION
12
PT. Darma Henwa.Tbk
13
PT. Unilever Indonesia.Tbk
CONSTRUCTION COSMETICS AND HOUSEHOLD
14
PT. Adaro Energi
COAL MINING
15
PT. Bumi Resources.Tbk
COAL MINING
16
PT. Indo Tambangraya Megah.Tbk
COAL MINING
17
PT.Resource Alam Indonesia.Tbk
COAL MINING
18
PT. Tambang Batu Bara Bukit Asam.Tbk
19
PT. Elnusa.Tbk
20
PT. Energi Mega Persada.Tbk
COAL MINING CRUDE PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS PROD CRUDE PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS PROD
70
Lampiran 2 Data Komisaris Independen, Komite Audit, dan Jumlah Dewan Direksi Periode 2008 2008 No
Nama Perusahaan
Komisaris Independen
Komite Audit
Jumlah Dewan Direksi
Animal Feed
2 orang
2 orang
4 orang
1 orang
2 orang
2 orang
6 orang
2 orang
7 orang
3 orang
3 orang
6 orang
3 orang
2 orang
5 orang
Klasifikasi
1
PT.Charoen Pokphand Indonesia.Tbk
2
PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia.Tbk
3
PT. Astra Internasional.Tbk
4
PT. Astra Otoparts.Tbk
5
PT. Gajah Tunggal.Tbk
Animal Feed Automotive & Components Automotive & Components Automotive & Components
6
PT. Adhi Karya.Tbk
Building Construction
3 orang
2 orang
2 orang
7
PT. Wijaya Karya.Tbk
Building Construction
2 orang
3 orang
4 orang
8
PT. Holcim Indonesia.Tbk PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakasa.Tbk
Cement
2 orang
2 orang
8 orang
Cement
3 orang
2 orang
6 orang
Cement
3 orang
2 orang
4 orang
11
PT. Semen Gresik.Tbk PT. Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk
Construction
1 orang
2 orang
4 orang
12
PT. Darma Henwa.Tbk
1 orang
2 orang
1 orang
13
PT. Unilever Indonesia.Tbk
Construction Cosmetics & Household
3 orang
2 orang
6 orang
14
PT. Adaro Energi
Coal Mining
2 orang
2 orang
5 orang
15
PT. Bumi Resources.Tbk
Coal Mining
2 orang
3 orang
2 orang
16
PT. Indo Tambangraya Megah.Tbk
Coal Mining
2 orang
2 orang
3 orang
17
Coal Mining
1 orang
1 orang
2 orang
18
PT.Resource Alam Indonesia.Tbk PT. Tambang Batu Bara Bukit Asam.Tbk
2 orang
2 orang
5 orang
19
PT. Elnusa.Tbk
2 orang
4 orang
3 orang
20
PT. Energi Mega Persada.Tbk
Coal Mining Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas Prod Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas Prod
2 orang
2 orang
2 orang
9 10
71
Lampiran 3 Data Komisaris Independen, Komite Audit, dan Jumlah Dewan Direksi Periode 2009 2009 No
Nama Perusahaan
Komisaris Independen
Komite Audit
Jumlah Dewan Direksi
Klasifikasi
1
PT.Charoen Pokphand Indonesia.Tbk
Animal Feed
3 orang
2 orang
4 orang
2
PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia.Tbk
1 orang
2 orang
2 orang
3
PT. Astra Internasional.Tbk
6 orang
2 orang
7 orang
4
PT. Astra Otoparts.Tbk
3 orang
3 orang
7 orang
5
PT. Gajah Tunggal.Tbk
3 orang
2 orang
6 orang
6
PT. Adhi Karya.Tbk
1 orang
1 orang
3 orang
7
PT. Wijaya Karya.Tbk
Animal Feed Automotive & Components Automotive & Components Automotive & Components Building Construction Building Construction
2 orang
3 orang
4 orang
8
PT. Holcim Indonesia.Tbk PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakasa.Tbk
Cement
2 orang
2 orang
6 orang
Cement
3 orang
2 orang
6 orang
Cement
3 orang
2 orang
4 orang
11
PT. Semen Gresik.Tbk PT. Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk
Construction
1 orang
2 orang
4 orang
12
PT. Darma Henwa.Tbk
1 orang
2 orang
1 orang
13
PT. Unilever Indonesia.Tbk
Construction Cosmetics & Household
5 orang
2 orang
8 orang
14
PT. Adaro Energi
Coal Mining
1 orang
2 orang
5 orang
15
PT. Bumi Resources.Tbk
Coal Mining
2 orang
3 orang
2 orang
16
PT. Indo Tambangraya Megah.Tbk
Coal Mining
2 orang
2 orang
3 orang
17
Coal Mining
2 orang
1 orang
2 0rang
18
PT.Resource Alam Indonesia.Tbk PT. Tambang Batu Bara Bukit Asam.Tbk
2 orang
2 orang
5 orang
19
PT. Elnusa.Tbk
2 orang
4 orang
5 orang
20
PT. Energi Mega Persada.Tbk
Coal Mining Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas Prod Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas Prod
2 orang
2 orang
2 orang
9 10
72
Lampiran 4 Data Komisaris Independen, Komite Audit, dan Jumlah Dewan Direksi Periode 2010 2010 Komisaris Independen
Komite Audit
Jumlah Dewan Direksi
Animal Feed
3 orang
2 orang
4 orang
Animal Feed Automotive & Components Automotive & Components Automotive & Components Building Construction Building Construction
2 0rang
2 orang
2 orang
6 orang
2 orang
7 orang
3 orang
3 orang
7 orang
3 orang
2 orang
7 orang
2 orang
1 orang
4 orang
2 orang
2 orang
4 orang
Cement
2 orang
2 orang
7 orang
Cement
3 orang
2 orang
6 orang
Cement
2 orang
2 orang
4 orang
11
PT. Semen Gresik.Tbk PT. Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk
Construction
1 orang
2 orang
3 orang
12
PT. Darma Henwa.Tbk
1 orang
2 orang
1 orang
13
PT. Unilever Indonesia.Tbk
Construction Cosmetics & Household
3 orang
2 orang
7 orang
14
PT. Adaro Energi
Coal Mining
2 orang
2 orang
5 orang
15
PT. Bumi Resources.Tbk
Coal Mining
2 orang
3 orang
4 orang
16
PT. Indo Tambangraya Megah.Tbk
Coal Mining
2 orang
2 orang
3 orang
17
Coal Mining
2 orang
1 orang
2 orang
18
PT.Resource Alam Indonesia.Tbk PT. Tambang Batu Bara Bukit Asam.Tbk
2 orang
2 orang
5 orang
19
PT. Elnusa.Tbk
2 orang
4 orang
5 orang
20
PT. Energi Mega Persada.Tbk
Coal Mining Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas Prod Crude Petroleum & Natural Gas Prod
2 orang
2 orang
2 orang
No
Nama Perusahaan
1
PT.Charoen Pokphand Indonesia.Tbk
2
PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia.Tbk
3
PT. Astra Internasional.Tbk
4
PT. Astra Otoparts.Tbk
5
PT. Gajah Tunggal.Tbk
6
PT. Adhi Karya.Tbk
7
PT. Wijaya Karya.Tbk
8
PT. Holcim Indonesia.Tbk PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakasa.Tbk
9 10
Klasifikasi
73
Lampiran 5 Data Tobins’Q Periode 2008 No
Nama Perusahaan
Tobins'q 2008
Tobins'q 2009
Tobins'q 2010
2
PT.Charoen Pokphand Indonesia.Tbk PT. Japfa Comfeed Indonesia.Tbk
3
PT. Astra Internasional.Tbk
Rp.10550
Rp.-140477929395800
Rp. -220837782378700
4
PT. Astra Otoparts.Tbk
Rp. 3500
Rp. 4434154360000
Rp. -10757644056000
5
PT. Gajah Tunggal.Tbk
Rp. 200
Rp. 1481040000000
Rp. 8015040000000
6
PT. Adhi Karya.Tbk
Rp. 270
Rp. 2230400000001
Rp. 495040000000
7
PT. Wijaya Karya.Tbk
Rp. 220
Rp. 1900069437500
Rp. 3975529900000
8
PT. Holcim Indonesia.Tbk PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakasa.Tbk
Rp. 630
Rp. -11877495000000
Rp. -17241525000000
Rp.4600
Rp.-50432874276300
Rp. -58715645599050
Rp.4175
Rp. -44782976000000
Rp. -56052864000000
11
PT. Semen Gresik.Tbk PT. Truba Alam Manunggal Engineering.Tbk
Rp.50
Rp. -1990731489642
Rp. -1248157945093
12
PT. Darma Henwa.Tbk
Rp.50
Rp. 2122934135520
Rp. 1108296497220
13
PT. Unilever Indonesia.Tbk
Rp.7800
Rp. 84311500000000
Rp. 125895000000000
14
PT. Adaro Energi
Rp.485
Rp. 55335714260000
Rp. 81564203100000
15
Rp.910
Rp. 47054700000000
Rp. 62839535000000
Rp.10500
Rp.35931615000000
Rp. 57343693750000
Rp. 1750
Rp. 550000000000
Rp. 370000000000
18
PT. Bumi Resources.Tbk PT. Indo Tambangraya Megah.Tbk PT.Resource Alam Indonesia.Tbk PT. Tambang Batu Bara Bukit Asam.Tbk
Rp. 6899
Rp. 39746274395249
Rp. 52879825934549
19
PT. Elnusa.Tbk
Rp. 117
Rp. 2590967500000
Rp. 2372012500000
20
PT. Energi Mega Persada.Tbk
Rp. 84
Rp. -2779356980795
Rp.-5032429691088
1
9 10
16 17
Rp. 435
Rp. -7390263168000
Rp. -30172320000000
Rp. 365
Rp. 815245200000
Rp. 1834301700000
74
Lampiran 6 Data Penelitian NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
X1 2 1 6 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 1 6 3 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 5 1 2 2 2 2
X2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 2
X3 4 2 7 6 5 2 4 8 6 4 4 6 5 2 5 3 2 4 8 3 4 2 7 7 6 3 4 6 6 4 4 8 5 2 5 5 2
Y1 435 365 10550 3500 200 270 220 630 4600 4175 50 7800 485 1750 6899 117 84 1860 930 1140 -7390 815 -140477 -4434 1481 2230 1900 -11877 -50432 -44782 -1990 84311 55335 550 39746 2590 -2779
75 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
2 3 1 3 2 6 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1
5 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 1
3 8 3 4 2 7 7 7 4 4 7 6 4 3 7 5 2 5 5 2 3 8 4
9541 -31170 3449 -30172 1834 -220837 -10757 8015 495 3975 -17241 -58715 -56052 -1248 125895 81564 370 52879 2372 -5032 107268 -42804 8240
76
Lampiran 7 Statistik Deskriptif Descriptive Statistics N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
komisaris independen
60
1
6
2.38
1.151
komite audit
60
1
5
2.17
.827
jumlah dewan direksi
60
2
8
4.67
1.884
tobins'q
60
-220837
125895
-1621.23
47474.902
Valid N (listwise)
60
Lampiran 8 Asumsi Klasik Uji Normalitas Data
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Unstandardized Residual N
60 a,b
Normal Parameters
Mean Std. Deviation
Most Extreme Differences
.0000000 1.76172189
Absolute
.062
Positive
.059
Negative
-.062
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z
.478
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
.976
a. Test distribution is Normal. b. Calculated from data.
77
Lampiran 9 Uji Autokorelasi Model
1
R
R Square
a
.431
Adjusted R
Std. Error of the
Square
Estimate
.186
.121
Durbin-Watson
1.89448
1.607
a. Predictors: (Constant), X3, X2,X1 a. Dependent Variable: Y
Lampiran 10
Uji Multikolinearitas a
Coefficients Model
Unstandardized
Standardized
Coefficients
Coefficients
B 1 (Constant)
Std. Error
5.006
1.027
XI
-.150
.825
X2
.056
X3
2.059
a. Dependent Variable: Y
Beta
Collinearity Statistics t
Sig.
Tolerance
VIF
4.874
.000
-.033
-.182
.857
.659
1.518
.731
.012
.077
.939
.886
1.128
.812
.445 2.536
.015
.696
1.437
78
Lampiran 11 Uji Heteroskodastisitas
a
Coefficients Model
1
Unstandardized
Standardized
Coefficients
Coefficients
(Constant)
B 1.553
Std. Error 1.820
x1
-.779
1.335
x2
1.913
x3
.511
Beta
T .853
Sig. .397
-.094
-.583
.562
1.429
.184
1.339
.186
1.367
.060
.373
.710
a. Dependent variable: LN_Y
Lampiran 12 Uji Koefisien Determinasi Model
R 1
R Square a
.431
.186
a. Predictors: (Constant), X3, X2, X1 b. Dependent Variable: Y
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate .121
1.89448
79
Lampiran 13 UJI - T
a
Coefficients Model
Unstandardized
Standardized
Coefficients
Coefficients
B 1
Std. Error
5.006
1.027
XI
-.150
.825
X2
.056
X3
2.059
(Constant)
Beta
t 4.874
.000
-.033
-.182
.857
.731
.012
.077
.939
.812
.445
2.536
.015
a. Dependent Variable: Y
Lampiran 14 UJI - F
b
ANOVA Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
1 Regression
31.080
3
10.360
Residual
136.383
38
3.589
Total
167.464
41
a. Predictors: (Constant), X3, X2, XI b. Dependent Variable: Y1
Sig.
F 2.887
Sig. a
.048