vii
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN .............................................................................. ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ............................................................................ DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................. DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .....................................................................................
i ii iii v vii x xii xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah............................................................................... 1 B. Rumusan dan Batasan Masalah ................................................................... 9 C. Tujuan Penelitian ......................................................................................... 10 D. Manfaat Penelitian ....................................................................................... 11 E. Definisi Operasional .................................................................................... 13 BAB II STUDI LITERATUR .......................................................................... A. Matematika ................................................................................................ 1. Pengertian Matematika ......................................................................... 2. Sejarah Matematika .............................................................................. 3. Tokoh-tokoh Matematika...................................................................... B. Tujuan Pembelajaran Matematika di Sekolah Dasar ................................... C. Koneksi Matematis ...................................................................................... 1. Pengertian Koneksi Matematis ............................................................. 2. Tujuan Koneksi Matematis ................................................................... 3. Indikator Koneksi Matematis ................................................................ D. Ruang Lingkup Pembelajaran Matematika di Sekolah Dasar ..................... 1. Bilangan ....................................................................................... 2. Pengukuran dan Geometri..................................................................... 3. Pengelolaan Data ................................................................................ E. Volume Balok dan Kubus ............................................................................ F. Senjata Belajar ............................................................................................ G. Teori Belajar-Mengajar yang Melandasi Pendekatan Kontekstual berstrategi Accelerated Learning terhadap Kemampuan Koneksi Matematis .................................................................................................. 1. Teori Perkembangan Mental dari Piaget............................................... 2. Teori Van Hiele..................................................................................... 3. Teori Thorndike .................................................................................... 4. Teori Ausubel........................................................................................ 5. Teori Skinner ........................................................................................ H. Pendekatan Kontekstual ............................................................................... 1. Pengertian Pendekatan Kontekstual ...................................................... 2. Karakteristik Pendekatan Kontekstual .................................................. 3. Asas Pendekatan Kontekstual ............................................................... vii
15 15 15 16 16 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 22 23 24 24
28 28 31 32 34 34 35 35 37 38
viii
4. Prinsip Pendekatan Kontekstual ........................................................... Metode Ekspositori ...................................................................................... 1. Pengertian Metode Ekspositori ............................................................. 2. Karakteristik Metode Ekspositori ......................................................... 3. Langkah-langkah Pelaksanaan Metode Ekspositori ............................. 4. Prinsip Metode Ekspositori ................................................................... Accelerated Learning ................................................................................... 1. Sejarah Accelerated Learning ............................................................... 2. Pengertian Accelerated Learning .......................................................... 3. Langkah-langkah Accelerated Learning ............................................... Perbandingan antara Pendekatan Kontekstual Berstrategi Accelerated Learning, Pendekatan Kontekstual Nonstrategi Accelerated Learning, dan Metode Ekspositori Berstrategi Accelerated Learning ...................... 1. Pendekatan Kontekstual Berstrategi Accelerated Learning ................. 2. Metode Ekspositori Berstrategi Accelerated Learning ......................... Pembelajaran Volume Balok dan Kubus ..................................................... Hasil Penelitian yang Relevan ..................................................................... Hipotesis Riset .............................................................................................
40 42 42 42 43 43 44 45 46 46
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................. A. Metode dan Desain Penelitian ..................................................................... 1. Metode Penelitian ................................................................................. 2. Desain Penelitian .................................................................................. B. Subjek Penelitian ......................................................................................... 1. Populasi ................................................................................................. 2. Sampel................................................................................................... C. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ........................................................................... 1. Data Kuantitatif ..................................................................................... 2. Data kualitatif........................................................................................ D. Instrumen Penelitian ....................................................................................... 1. Tes Kemampuan Koneksi Matematis ................................................... 2. Pedoman Observasi ............................................................................... 3. Angket ................................................................................................... 4. Catatan Lapangan.................................................................................. E. Prosedur Penelitian ...................................................................................... 1. Tahap Persiapan .................................................................................... 2. Tahap Pelaksanaan ................................................................................ 3. Tahap Pengolahan Data ........................................................................ F. Analisis dan Pengolahan Data ..................................................................... 1. Data Kuantitatif ..................................................................................... 2. Data Kualitatif .......................................................................................
65 65 65 66 66 66 68 68 68 69 70 71 80 80 81 81 81 82 82 82 83 87
I.
J.
K.
L. M. N.
55 56 56 58 61 63
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN .......................................................... 91 A. Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................................ 91 1. Data Kuantitatif ..................................................................................... 91 a. Data Hasil Pretes .............................................................................. 91 b. Data Hasil Postes .............................................................................. 98 2. Data Kualitatif ....................................................................................... 105
viii
ix
a. Data Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru .................................................. 105 b. Data Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa.............................................. 115 c. Data Hasil Angket Respon Siswa..................................................... 124 d. Data Hasil Catatan Lapangan ........................................................... 138 B. Pengujian Hipotesis 1. Uji Hipotesis Rumusan Masalah Nomor 1, 2, dan 3............................. 143 a. Uji Beda Rata-rata Kelas Eksperimen 1 ........................................... 144 b. Uji Beda Rata-rata Kelas Eksperimen 2 ........................................... 145 c. Uji Beda Rata-rata Kelas Eksperimen 3 ........................................... 147 2. Uji Hipotesis Rumusan Masalah Nomor 4 ........................................... 150 a. Uji Beda Rata-rata ............................................................................ 150 C. Pembahasan .................................................................................................. 157 1. Deskripsi Pembelajaran di Kelas Eksperimen 1 ................................... 157 2. Deskripsi Pembelajaran di Kelas Eksperimen 2 ................................... 163 3. Deskripsi Pembelajaran di Kelas Eksperimen 3 ................................... 168 4. Kemampuan Koneksi Matematis Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 1, Kelas Eksperimen 2, dan Kelas Eksperimen 3 ............................................ 173 5. Perbedaan Kemampuan Koneksi Matematis Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 1, Kelas Eksperimen 2, dan Kelas Eksperimen 3 .......... 175 6. Respon Siswa terhadap Pembelajaran Matematika dengan Menggunakan Pendekatan Kontekstual Berstrategi Accelerated Learning ......................................................................................... 183 7. Respon Siswa terhadap Pembelajaran Matematika dengan Menggunakan Pendekatan Kontekstual nonstrategi Accelerated Learning ......................................................................................... 184 8. Respon Siswa terhadap Pembelajaran Matematika dengan Menggunakan Metode Ekspositori Berstrategi Accelerated Learning ............................................................................................................ 185 BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN .................................................................. 189 A. Simpulan ...................................................................................................... 189 B. Saran ............................................................................................................ 194 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ 207 LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN ............................................................................... 210 RIWAYAT HIDUP ........................................................................................... 469
ix
x
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16
Halaman Standar Kompetensi dan Kompetensi Dasar Matapelajaran Matematika Kelas V Semester 2 ....................................................... Perbandingan Pendekatan Kontekstual Berstrategi Accelerated Learning, Pendekatan Kontekstual Nonstrategi Accelerated Learning, dan Metode Ekspositori Berstrategi Accelerated Learning............................................................................................. Sintaks Pembelajaran Volume Kubus dan Balok dengan Pendekatan Kontekstual Nonstrategi Accelerated Learning dan Metode Ekspositori Nonstrategi Accelerated Learning .................... Sintaks Pembelajaran Volume Kubus dan Balok dengan Pendekatan Kontekstual Berstrategi Accelerated Learning, Pendekatan Kontekstual Nonstrategi Accelerated Learning, dan Metode Ekspositori Berstrategi Accelerated Learning...................... Daftar Populasi Sekolah Dasar Se-Kecamatan Jatinangor ................ Interpretasi Validitas .......................................................................... Hasil Analisis Validitas Butir Soal .................................................... Interpretasi Reliabilitas ...................................................................... Interpretasi Indeks Kesukaran ........................................................... Hasil Analisis Indeks Kesukaran ....................................................... Interpretasi Indeks Daya Pembeda .................................................... Hasil Analisis Indeks Daya Pembeda ................................................ Kriteria Gain Normal ......................................................................... Interpretasi Keberhasilan Kinerja Guru ............................................. Interpretasi Keberhasilan Aktivitas Siswa ......................................... Penskoran Angket Siswa ................................................................... Daftar Populasi Sekolah Dasar Se-Kecamatan Jatinangor ................ Data Hasil Pretes Kelas Eksperimen 2 .............................................. Data Hasil Pretes Kelas Eksperimen 3 .............................................. Statistik Deskripsi Hasil Pretes Kelas Eksperimen 1, Eksperimen 2, dan Eksperimen 3 .......................................................................... Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Pretes ....................................................... Hasil Uji Beda Rata-rata DataPretes.................................................. Data Hasil Postes Kelas Eksperimen 1 .............................................. Data Hasil Postes Kelas Eksperimen 2 .............................................. Data Hasil Postes Kelas Eksperimen 3 .............................................. Statistik Deskripsi Hasil Postes Kelas Eksperimen 1, Eksperimen 2, dan Eksperimen 3 .......................................................................... Hasil Uji Normalitas Data Postes ...................................................... Hasil Uji Beda Rata-rata Postes......................................................... Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru di Kelas Eksperimen 1 ...................... Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru di Kelas Eksperimen 2 ..................... Hasil Observasi Kinerja Guru di Kelas Eksperimen 3 ...................... Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 1 (Pertemuan ke-1) ... x
23
57
58
59 67 73 74 75 76 77 79 79 83 88 88 89 92 93 94 95 96 97 99 100 101 102 103 104 106 110 113 115
xi
4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44
Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 1 (Pertemuan ke-2) ... Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 1 (Pertemuan ke-3) ... Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 2 (Pertemuan ke-1) ... Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 2 (Pertemuan ke-2) ... Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 2 (Pertemuan ke-3) ... Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 3 (Pertemuan ke-1) ... Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 3 (Pertemuan ke-2) ... Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 3 (Pertemuan ke-3) ... Rekapitulasi Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 1 . Rekapitulasi Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 2 . Rekapitulasi Hasil Observasi Aktivitas Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 3 . Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Kelas Eksperimen 1 ................................ Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Kelas Eksperimen 2 .............................. Rekapitulasi Hasil Angket Kelas Eksperimen 3 ................................ Statistik Deskripsi Hasil Angket Respon Siswa Kelas Eksperimen 1, Eksperimen 2, dan Eksperimen 3 ................................................. Hasil Uji-W Kelas Eksperimen 1 ...................................................... Hasil Uji-W Kelas Eksperimen 2 ...................................................... Hasil Uji-W Kelas Eksperimen 3 ...................................................... Nilai Gain Kelas Eksperimen 1,2, dan 3 .......................................... Hasil Uji Beda Rata-rata Pretes ......................................................... Hasil Uji Beda Rata-rata Postes......................................................... Hasil Uji-U Kelas Eksperimen 1 dan 2 ............................................. Hasil Uji-U Kelas Eksperimen 1 dan 3 ............................................. Hasil Uji-U Kelas Eksperimen 2 dan 3 ............................................. Rekapitulasi Hasil Uji Beda Rata-rata pada Kelas Eksperimen 1, 2, dan 3 .............................................................................................. Hasil Uji Koefisien Korelasi Kelas Eksperimen 1 ............................ Hasil Uji Koefisien Korelasi Kelas Eksperimen 2 ............................ Hasil Uji Koefisien Korelasi Kelas Eksperimen 3 ............................
xi
116 117 118 119 120 121 121 122 122 123 123 125 130 134 138 145 146 147 149 151 151 152 153 153 154 155 155 156
xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1
Halaman
Fungsi Otak Kanan dan Otak Kiri .....................................................
xii
27
xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
LAMPIRAN A RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN (RPP) ........................................................................................................... LAMPIRAN B INSTRUMEN TES ............................................................ LAMPIRAN C INSTRUMEN NONTES ................................................... LAMPIRAN D HASIL UJI COBA INSTRUMEN TES ............................ LAMPIRAN E PENGOLAHAN DATA KUANTITATIF ........................ LAMPIRAN F PENGOLAHAN DATA KUALITATIF ........................... LAMPIRAN G SURAT-SURAT ............................................................... LAMPIRAN H MONITORING BIMBINGAN PENULISAN SKRIPSI ..
xiii
210 282 296 335 360 377 458 465
