DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Acquaah G. 2007. Principles of plant genetics and breeding. United Kingdom: Blackwell publishing. Afzal MA, Bashir MM, Luna NK, Bakr MA, Haque MM. 2003. Relationship between seed size, protein contentand cooking time of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczeek). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 2 (14):1008-1009. Agustina K. 2011. Fisiologi adaptasi sorgum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) terhadap toksisitas aluminium dan defisiensi fosfor di tanah masam [disertasi]. Bogor: Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Ahza, A. B. 1998. Aspek pengetahuan material dan diversifikasi produk sorgum sebagai substitutor terigu (pangan alternatif). Laporan Lokakarya Sehari Prospek Sorgum sebagai Bahan Substitusi Terigu. Jakarta: ISM Bogasari Flour Mills. Aisyah SI. 2006. Mutasi Induksi. Dalam Sitogenetika Tanaman. Bogor: Fakultas Pertanian IPB. Ajakaiye CO. 1984. Chamges in sorghum protein content with maturity at four levels of nitrogen. Can. J. Plan. Sci. 64:797-804. Allard RW. 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding. New York: J. Wiley and Sons. Almodares A, Taheri R, Adeli S. 2008. Stalk yield and carbohydrate composition of sweet sorgum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and lines at different growth stages. Malays. Appl. Biol. 37 (1):31-36. Almodares A, Hadi MR. 2009. Production of bioethanol from sweet sorgum : a review. African Journal of Agricultural Research 4 (9):772-780. Araus JL, Slafer GA, Royo C, Serret MD. 2008. Breeding for yield potential and stress adaptation in cereals. Critical Reviews in Plant Science 27:377-412. Archambault DJ, Zhang GC, Taylor GJ. 1997. Spatial variation in the kinetics of aluminium (Al) uptake in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exhibiting differential resistance to Al-Evidence for metabolism-dependent exclusion of Al. J. Plant Physiol. 151:668–674. Asadi, Soemartono, Woerjono M, Jumanto H. 2004. Keefektifan metode seleksi modifikasi bulk dan pedigri untuk karakter agronomi dan ketahanan terhadap virus kerdil (SSV) galur-galur F7 kedelai. Zuriat 15 (1):64-76. Awika JM, Rooney LW. 2004. Sorghum phytochemicals and their potential impact on human health. Phytochemistry 65:1199-1221. Baihaki A. 2000. Teknik rancang dan analisis penelitian pemuliaan. Diktat Kuliah. Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Padjadjaran.
85
Baligar VC, Schaffert RE, Dos Santos HL, Pitta GVE, Bahia Vilco AFDEC. 1993. Soil aluminum effects on uptake, influx and transport of nutrients in sorghum genotypes. Plant and Soil 150:271-277. Baligar VC. et al. 1997. Soil acidity effects on nutrient use efficiency in exotic maize genotypes. Plant and Soil 192:9-13. Basu U, Good AG, Aung T, Slaski J, Basu A, Briggs KG, Taylor GJ. 1999. A23-k Daroot exudates polypeptide co-segregates with aluminum resistance in Triticum aestivum. Physiol. Plant 106:53–61. [BATAN] Badan Tenaga Atom Nasional. 2011. Mutasi dalam pemuliaan tanaman http://www.batan.go.id/patir/pert/pemuliaan/pemuliaan.html [2 Januari 2011]. Bawazir AAA. 2009. Genetic analysis for yield and yield componentsin grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). Jordan Journal of Agrcultural Sciences 5 (3):273-281. Borrel A, Van Oosterom E, Hammer G, Jordan D, Douglas A. 2003. The physiology of ”stay green” in sorgum. Proceeding of the 11th Australian Agronomy Conference. 2-6 Februari. [BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2005. Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2000-2025. Jakarta: BPS. [BSN] Badan Standarisasi Nasional. 1992. Cara Uji Makanan dan Minuman (Standar Nasional Indonesia – SNI 01-2891-1992). Cagampang GB, Kirleis AW. 1984. Relationship of sorghum grain hardness to selected physical and chemical measurements of grain quality. Cereal Chemistry 61 (2):100-105. Chahal GS, Gosal SS. 2003. Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding: Biotechnological and Conventional Approaches. Calcutta: Narosa Publishing House. Calderon VR. Rooney LW, Mason S, McDonough C. 2004. Grain quality analysis of sorghum cultivars from El Salvador. Collaborative Research Support Program XII. Camacho R, Malavolta E, Alves JG, Camacho T. 2002. Vegetative growth of grain sorghum in response to phosphorous nutrition. Scientica Agricola 59 (4):771-776. Ceballos H, Pandey S, Narro L, Perez-Velazquez JC. 1998. Additive, dominant and epistatic effects for maize grain yield in acid and non acid soils. Theor Appl Genet 96:662-668. Chanapamokkhot H, Thongngam M. 2007. The chemical and physico-chemical properties of sorghum starch and flour. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 41:343-349. Ciamporova M. 2002. Morphological and structural responses of plant roots to aluminium at organ, tissue and cellular levels. Biologia Plantarum 45 (2): 161-171. Dawson JC, Murphy KM, Jones SS. 2008. Decentralized selection and participatory approaches in plant breeding for low input systems. Euphytica 160:143-154.
86
Delhaize E, Ryan PR. 1995. Aluminium toxicity and tolerance in plants. Plant Physiol. 107:315-321. [DEPKES RI] Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 1992. Daftar Komposisi Bahan Makanan. Jakarta: Penerbit Bhratara. Dicko MH, Gruppen H, Traore AS, Voragen AGJ, Van Berkel WJH. 2006a. Sorghum grain as human food in Africa, relevance of content of starch and amylase activities. African Journal of Biotechnology 5 (5):384-395. Dicko MH, Gruppen H, Traore AS, Voragen AGJ, Van Berkel WJH. 2006b. Phenolic compounds and related enzymes as determinants of sorgum for food use. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Review 1 (1):21-38. Dirjen Bina Produksi Tanaman Pangan. 2003. Program Pengembangan Sorgum. Maros: Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia Departemen Pertanian. Dirjen Tanaman Pangan. 2007. Pengembangan Sentra Produksi Sorgum. Maros: Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia Departemen Pertanian. Doggett H. 1988. Sorghum. Canada: Longman Scientific and Technical. Du R. 2008. Sweet sorghum genetics, breeding and plantation studies in China. International Conference on Sorghum for Biofuel. Texas, 19-22 Agust 2008. USA: USDA Agricultural Research. Duodu KG, Taylor JRN, Belton PS, Hamaker BR. 2003. Factors affecting proteins sorghum digestibility. Journal of Cereal Science 38: 117-131. Dykes L, Rooney LW. 2006. Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants (Review). Journal of Cereal Science 44:236-151. Earp CF, Akingbala JO, Ring SH, Rooney.W. 1981. Evaluation of several methods to determine tannins in sorghums with varying kernel characteristics. Cereal Chemistry 58:234–238. Earp CF, McDonough CM, Awika J, Rooney LW. 2004. Testa development in the caryopsis of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Journal of Cereal Science 39:303–311. Effendi BS. 5 Juli 2006. Mengatasi kekurangan produksi padi melalui PHT. Tabloid Sinar Tani. Esele JP, Frederiksen RA, Miller FR. 1993. The association of genes controlling caryopsis traits with grain mold resistance in sorghum. Phytopathology 83:490-495. Falconer DS and Mackay TFC. 1996. Introduction to Quantitative Genetic. Ed ke4. Malaysia: Longman. Forsyth JL, Kennedy MMO, Grootboom A, Shewry PR. 2003. Prospects for improving sorghum grain quality. Proceeding of Workshop on the proteins os sorghum and millets: Enhancing nutritional and functional properties for Africa. South Africa, 2-4 April 2003. European Union.
87
Froetschner JR, Behnke KC, Hancock JD, McKinney LJ. 1999. The effect of decreasing sorghum amylose content on steam flaking production characteristics. Cattlemen’s Day : 120-121. Gaspersz V. 1992. Teknik analisis dalam penelitian percobaan. Bandung: Tarsito. Grassi G. 2005. Technologies of liquid biofuels production in Europe. European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA). 24p. Griffiths AJF, Wessler SR, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM, Suzuki DT, Miller JH. 2005. Introduction to Genetic Anlysis. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. Hahn DH, Rooney LW. 1985. Effect of genotype on tanin and phenols in sorgum. Cereal Chemistry 63 (1):4-8. Hamaker BR, Bagusu BA. 2003. Overview: Sorghum proteins and food quality. Proceeding of Workshop on the proteins of sorghum and millets: Enhancing nutritional and functional properties for Africa. Pretoria 2-4 April. Hammer GL, Broad IJ. 2003. Sorghum: Genotype and environment effects on dynamics of harvest index during grain filling in sorghum. Agron. J. 95:199-206. Horst WJ. 2000. Fitting maize into sustainable cropping systems on acid soils of the tropics. IAEA-TECDOC-1159:47-59. Human S. 2007. Peluang dan potensi pengembangan sorgum manis. Makalah pada workshop: Peluangdan tantangan sorgum manis sebagai bahan baku bioetanol. Jakarta: Dirjen Perkebunan Departemen Pertanian. [IBPGR] dan [ICRISAT]. 1993. International Board for Plant Genetic Resources dan International Crop Research Institut for Semi Arid Tropics. Descriptors for Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Roma: IBPGR. Indradewa D, Kastono D, Soraya Y. 2005. Kemungkinan peningkatan hasil jagung dengan pemendekan batang. Ilmu Pertanian 12 (2):117-124. Isnaini. 2010. Studi pewarisan sifat toleransi aluminium tanaman sorgum manis (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) [tesis]. Bogor: Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Juliano BO. 1971. A simplified assay for mildedrice amylose. Cereal Science Today 16:334-360. Kennedy RA. 1976. Photorespiration in C3 and C4 plant tissue culture. Plant Physiol 58:573-575. Knight R. 1979. Quantitative genetic statistics and plant breeding. Dalam R. Knight (ed.) Plant Breeding. Brisbane Australian Vice-Chancellors Committee. P 41-76. Kochian LV, Hoekenga OA, Pineros MA. 2004. How do crop plants tolerate acid soil? Mechanisms of aluminium tolerance and phosphorous efficiency. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55:459-493.
88
Kochian LV, Pineros MA, Hoekenga OA. 2005. Physiology, genetics and molecular biology of plant aluminium resistance and toxicity. Plant and soil 274:175-195. Kumar AA, Reddy BVS, Reddy CR, Blummel M, Rao PS, Ramaiah B, Reddy PS. 2010. Enhancing the harvest windowfor supply chain management of sweet sorghum for ethanol production. SAT eJournal 8:1-5. Larik AS, Memon S, Soomro ZA. 2009. Radiation induced polygenis mutations in Sorghum bicolor L. J. Agric. Res. 47 (1):11-19. Lichtenwalner RE, Ellis EB, Rooney LW. 1978. Effect of incremental dosages of the waxy gene of sorghum on digestibility. Journal of Animal Science 46:1113-1119. Luchi S, Koyama H, Luchi A, Kobayashi Y, Kitabayashi S, Kobayashi Y, Ikka T, Hirayama T, Shinozaki K, Kobayashi M. 2007. Zinc finger protein STOP1 is critical for proton tolerance in Arabidopsis and coregulates a key gene in aluminium tolerance. PNAS 104 (23) : 9900-9905. Ma JF, Ryan PR, Delhaize E. 2001. Aluminium tolerance in plants and the complexing role of organic acids. Trends in Plant Science 6 (6):273-278. Magalhaes JV, Garvin DF, Wang Y, Sorrells ME, Klein PE, Schaffert RE, Li L, Kochian LV. 2004. Comparative mapping of a major aluminum tolerance gene in sorghum and other species in the Poaceae. Genetics 167:1905– 1914. Magalhaes JV, et al. 2007. A gene in the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family confers aluminum tolerance in sorghum. Nature Genetics (39):1156–1161. Makanda I, Tongoona P, Derera J. 2009. Quantification of genotypic variability for stem sugar accumulation and associated traits in new sweet sorghum varieties. Proceedings of the African Crop Science Conference; South Africa, 28 Sep-2 Okt 2009. Uganda: African Crop science Society (9), hlm 391-398. Marinciu C, Saulescu NN. 2008. Cultivar effects ofn the relationship between grain protein concentration and yield in winter wheat. Romanian Agricultural Research:19-27. Marschner H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. London: Academic Press. Matsue Y, Odahara K, Hiramatsu M. 1994. Differences in protein content, amylose content and palatability in relation to location of grain within rice panicle. Jpn. J. Crop. Sci. 63 (2):271-277. Mattjik AA, Sumertajaya IM. 2006. Perancangan Percobaan: Dengan Aplikasi SAS dan Minitab. Bogor: IPB Press. Mudjisihono R, Damardjati. 1987. Prospek kegunaan sorgum sebagai sumber pangan dan pakan. Jurnal Litbang Pertanian. VI(1). Departemen Pertanian.
89
Muttaqin AZ. 2008. Analisis konsumsi beras rumah tangga dan kecukupan beras nasional tahun 2002-2007 [skripsi]. IPB : program studi gizi masyarakat dan sumberdaya keluarga. Mulyani A, Rachman A, Dairah A. 2009. Penyebaran lahan masam, potensi dan ketersediaannya untuk pengembangan pertanian. Dalam Fosfat Alam. Bogor: Balai Penelitian Tanah. Nugroho AW. 2006. Karakteristik tanah pada sebaran ulin di Sumatera dalam mendukung konservasi. Makalah penunjang pada ekspose hasil-hasil penelitian: Konservasi dan Rehabilitasi Sumberdaya Hutan. Padang. 20 September 2006. Onggo TM, Tjahjadi C, Anas, Yuliandi T, Dwijayanti K, Pratiwi D. 2008. Karakteristik biji dan beras sorgum genotipe 1.1 dan B-100 serta produk olahan berbasis sorgum. Zuriat 19 (2):197-209. Pale S, Taonda SJB, Bougouma B, Mason SC. 2010. Water and fertilizer influence on sorghum grain quality for traditional beer (dolo) production on Burkina Faso. African Journal of Food Science 4 (11):723-734. Petersen RG. 1994. Agricultural Field Experiments: Design and Analysis. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Perkins J. 2006. Sorghum: The Sweet Alternative. USA: Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. Poehlman JM, Sleper DA. 1995. Breeding field crops. Ed ke-4. Connecticut: Avi publishing company. Price ML, Scoyoc GV, Butler LG. 1978. A critical evaluation of vanillin reaction as an assay for tannin in sorgum grain. J. Agric. Food Chem. 26 (5):12141218. Prihar SS, Stewart BA. 1991. Sorghum harvest index in relation to plant size, environment and cultivar. Agronomy Journal 83 (3):603-608. Rahmi YA, Suryawati, Zubachtirodin 2009. Deskripsi Sorgum Varietas Kawali dan Numbu. Maros: Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia Departemen Pertanian. Rajvanshi AK, Nimbkar N. Sweet sorgum R & D at Nimbkar agricultural Research institute (NARI). Proceeding of First European Seminar on Sorgum for Energy and Industry, 1-3 April 1996. Perancis. Hal 356-362. Reddy BVS, Ramesh S, Borikar ST, Sahib H. 2007a. ICRISAT-Indian NARS partnership sorgum improvement research: Strategies and Impacts. Current Science 92 (7):909-915. Reddy BVS, Kumar AA, Ramesh S. 2007b. Sweet sorgum : A water saving bioenergy crop. Makalah pada “International conference on linkages between energy and water management for agriculture in developing countries”. ICRISAT. 12p. Rharrabti Y. Elhani S, Nunez VM, Garcia del Moral LF. 1999. CIHEAMMediterraneennes, hlm 529-531.
90
Rodrigues VR, Bucio JL, Estrella LH. 2005. Adaptive responses in plants to nonoptimal soil pH. Article in Plant Abiotic Stress. Blackwell publishing. Rooney LW, Miller FR. 1982. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sorghum Grain Quality. ICRISAT, Patancheru,AP, India, pp.143–162. Rout GR, Samantaray S, Das P. 2001. Aluminium toxicity in plants. Agronomie 21:3-21 Roy D. 2000. Plant Breeding: Analysis and exploitation of variation. Calcutta: Narosa Publishing House.Salisbury FB, Ross CW. 1992. Plant physiology. Ed ke-4. Wadsworth Pub. Co. Ryan PR, et al. 2010. The identification of ALUMINUM resistance genes provides opportunities for enhancing crop production on acid soils. Journal of Experimental Botany 62 (1):9-20. Samac DA, Tesfaye M. 2003. Plant improvement for tolerance in Aluminium in acid soil – a review. Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 75:189-207. Sang Y, Bean S, Seib PA, Pedersen J, Shi YC. 2008. Structure and functional properties of sorghum starches differing in amylase content. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56: 6680-6685. Schober TJ, Bean SR, Boyle DL. 2007. Gluten-free sorghum bread improved by sourdough fermentation: biochemical, rheological, and microstructural background. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 55:5137-5146. Shoup FK, Deyoe CW, Sanford PE, Murphy LS. 1970. Nutritive value of six commercial sorghum grain hybrids. Poult. Sci. 49:168-172. Sierra J. et al. 2006. Nutrient and assimilate partitioning in two tropical maize cultivars in relation to their tolerance to acid soil acidity. Field Crops Research 95:234-249. Siller ADP. 2006. In Vitro Starch digestibility and estimated glycemic index of sorghum products [tesis]. Texas: Food Science and Technology, Texas A & M University. Silva I, Smyth T, Moxley D, Carter T, Allen N, Rufty T. 2000. Aluminum accumulation at nuclei of cells in the root tip. Fluorescence detection using lumogall ion and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Plant Physiol. 123 :543–552. Singh RK, Chaudary. 1979. Biometrical methods in quantitative genetic analysis. New Delhi: Kalyani Publisher. Sirappa MP. 2003. Prospek pengembangan sorgum di Indonesia sebagai komoditas alternatif untuk pangan, pakan dan industri. Jurnal litbang pertanian 22 (4):133-140. Smith CW, Frederiksen RA. 2000. Sorghum Origin, History, Technology and Production. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Soetarso. 1989. Indeks panen sebagai kriteria seleksi dalam pemuliaan tanaman kedelai. Ilmu Pertanian 4 (5): 207-213.
91
Suarni. 2004. Pemanfaatan tepung sorgum untuk produk olahan. Jurnal litbang pertanian 23 (4):145-151. Stanfield WD. 1983. Theory and problem of genetics. Ed ke-2. New York: McGraw-Hill. Steel RGD, Torrie JH. 1995. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika: Suatu Pendekatan Biometrik. Terjemahan oleh Bambang Sumantri. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Stoskopf NC, Tomes DT, Christie BR. 1993. Plant Breeding:Theory and Practice. Oxford: Westview Press. Subramanian V, Jambunathan R. 1981. Properties of sorghum grain and their relationship to roti quality. Proc. Int. Symp. on Sorghum Grain Quality. Patancheru, India: Int. Crops Res. Inst. Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). p280-288. Sungkono. 2010. Seleksi galur mutan sorgum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench untuk produktivitas biji dan bioetanol tinggi di tanah masam melalui pendekatan participatory plant breeding [disertasi]. Bogor: Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Syukur M, Sujiprihati S, Yunianti R. 2009. Pemuliaan tanaman. Bogor: Sekolah pascasarjana. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Taiz L, Zeiger E. 2002. Plant physiology. Ed ke-3. Massachusets: Sinauer associates, Inc. Tariq M, Awan SI, Irshad-Ul-Haq M. 2007. Genetic variability and character association for harvest index in sorghum under rainfed conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 9 (3):470-427. Taylor GJ. 1991. Current views of the aluminum stress response: The physiological basis of tolerance. Curr. Topics Plant Bichem. Phsyiol.10:57–93. Taylor JRN. 2005. Non starch polisaccharides, protein and starch: Form, function and feed-Highlight on shorghum. Aust. Poult. Sci. Symp:9-16. Tesso T, Ejeta G, Chandrashekar A, Huang CP, Tandjung A, Lewarny M, Axtell JD, Hamaker BR. A novel modified endosperm texture in a mutant highprotein digestability grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Cereal Chemistry 83 (2):194-201. Trikoesoemaningtyas, Sopandie D, Wirnas D. 2007. Pengembangan Sorgum Manis (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) untuk Bioetanol di Lahan Kering Bertanah Masam: Fisiologi, Genetika dan Pemuliaan. Laporan Hibah Tim Pascasarjana-HPTP Bidang Penelitian Sumberdaya Hayati, Bioproduksi dan Bioproses. Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian pada Masyarakat. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor (Tidak dipublikasikan). Vasquez MD, Poschenrieder C, Corrales I , Barcelo J. 1999. Change in apoplastic aluminum during the initial growth response to aluminum by roots of a tolerant maize variety. Plant Physiol. 119:435–444.
92
Vitorello VA, Capaldi FR, Stefanuto VA. 2005. Recent advances in aluminum toxicity and resistance in higher plants. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 17 (1):129143. Waniska RD. 2000. Structure, phenolic compound and antifungal proteins of sorghum caryopses. Technical and institutional options for sorghum grain mold management. Proceedings of an international consultation. India: ICRISAT. Wahdah R, Baihaki A, Setiamihardja R, Suryatmana G. 1996. Variabilitas dan heritabilitas laju akumulasi berat kering biji kedelai. Zuriat 7 (2):92-98. Wong JH, et al. 2009. Digestibility of protein and starch from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is linked to biochemical and structural features of grain endosperm. Journal of Cereal Science 49: 73-82. Yunianti R, Sastrosumardjo S, Sujiprihati S, Surahman M, Hidayat SH. 2010. Kriteria seleksi untuk perakitan varietas cabai tahan Phytophthora capsici Leonian. J. Agron. Indonesia 38 (2):122-129.