Bahan English II Mr. Hengky Adverb Clauses with Time When •
He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
•
When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
•
I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
•
We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.
'When' means 'at that moment, at that time, etc.'. Notice the different tenses used in relationship to the clause beginning with when. It is important to remember that 'when' takes either the simple past OR the present - the dependent clause changes tense in relation to the 'when' clause. Before •
We will finish before he arrives.
•
She (had) left before I telephoned.
'Before' means 'before that moment'. It is important to remember that 'before' takes either the simple past OR the present. After •
We will finish after he comes.
•
She ate after I (had) left.
'After' means 'after that moment'. It is important to remember that 'after' takes the present for future events and the past OR past perfect for past events. While, as •
She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.
•
As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.
'While' and 'as' mean 'during that time'. 'While' and 'as' are both usually used with the past continuous because the meaning of 'during that time' which indicates an action in progess. By the time •
By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.
•
We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.
'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. It is important to notice the use of the past perfect for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. This is because of the idea of something happening up to another point in time. Until, till •
We waited until he finished his homework.
•
I'll wait till you finish.
'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time'. We use either the simple present or simple past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually only used in spoken English. Since •
I have played tennis since I was a young boy.
•
They have worked here since 1987.
'Since' means 'from that time'. We use the present perfect (continuous) with 'since'. 'Since' can also be used with a specific point in time. As soon as •
He will let us know as soon as he decides (or as soon as he has decided).
•
As soon as I hear from Tom, I will give you a telephone call.
'As soon as' means 'when something happens - immediately afterwards'. 'As soon as' is very similar to 'when' it emphasizes that the event will occur immediately after the other. We usually use the simple present for future events, although present perfect can also be used. Whenever, every time •
Whenever he comes, we go to have lunch at "Dick's".
•
We take a hike every time he visits.
'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something happens'. We use the simple present (or the simple past in the past) because 'whenever' and 'every time' express habitual action. The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time •
The first time I went to New York, I was intimidated by the city.
•
I saw Jack the last time I went to San Francisco.
•
The second time I played tennis, I began to have fun.
The first, second, third, fourth etc., next, last time means 'that specific time'. We can use these forms to be more specific about which time of a number of times something happened.
Passive Voice Use of Passive Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. Example: My bike was stolen. In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows: Example: A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.). Form of Passive Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: A letter was written. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: •
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
•
the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
•
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Examples of Passive Level: lower intermediate Tense Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect Future I Hilfsverben
Subject
Verb
Object
Active:
Rita
writes
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
is written
by Rita.
Active:
Rita
wrote
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
was written
by Rita.
Active:
Rita
has written
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
has been written
by Rita.
Active:
Rita
will write
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
will be written
by Rita.
Active:
Rita
can write
a letter.
Passive:
A letter
can be written
by Rita.
Examples of Passive Level: upper intermediate Tense Present Progressive
Subject
Active:
Rita
Passive: A letter
Verb
Object
is writing
a letter.
is being written
by Rita.
Active:
Past Progressive Past Perfect Future II Conditional I Conditional II
was writing
a letter.
Passive: A letter
Rita
was being written
by Rita.
Active:
had written
a letter.
Passive: A letter
had been written
by Rita.
Active:
Rita
will have written
a letter.
Passive: A letter
Rita
will have been written
by Rita.
Active:
would write
a letter.
Passive: A letter
would be written
by Rita.
Active:
would have written
a letter.
would have been written
by Rita.
Rita Rita
Passive: A letter
Passive Sentences with Two Objects Level: intermediate Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on. Subject
Verb
Object 1
Object 2
Active:
Rita
wrote
a letter
to me.
Passive:
A letter
was written
to me
by Rita.
Passive: .
I
was written
a letter
by Rita.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped. Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive. Example: They build houses. – Houses are built. Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive. Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know). Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men. Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common. Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men. The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped). Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.
modal auxilary 1. WHAT ARE MODAL AUXILIARIES? Modal auxiliaries are verbs that express many kinds of meaning. Each modal auxiliary often expresses more than one meaning. (Kata kerja Bantu MODAL adalah kata kerja Bantu yang mengungkapkan berbagai macam jenis makna. Setiap MODAL AUXILIARIES biasanya mengungkapkan lebih dari satu makna) 2. THE FORM OF MODAL auxiliaries Ya, seperti udah disebutkan sebelumnya, ada banyak jenis modal auxiliaries, namun semua jenis modal auxiliaries tersebut mempunya pola bentuk yang sama. Inilah pola MODAL AUXILIARIES tersebut : ( + ) S + MODAL + V1 She can do the test. We will go to the hospital ( - ) S + MODAL NOT + V1
She can’t do the test. We will not go to the hospital. ( ? ) MODAL + S + V1 Can she do the test? Will we go to the hospital? 3. KINDS OF MODAL VERBS Nah dalam bagian berkut ini kita akan melihat berbagai jenis modals yang paling sering digunakan, kegunaannya, serta contoh - contohnya! Selamat belajar. 1. Can a. Expressing an Ability (Mengungkapkan Kemampuan) Contoh : I can do the test. b. Expressing a Possibility (Mengungkapkan Kemungkinan) Contoh : He can be in the class now. c. Expressing a Permission (Mengungkapkan ijin) Contoh : You can leave me now. d. Expressing a Request (Mengukapkan permintaan) Contoh : Can I leave now? e. Expressing an Impossibility (Mengungkapkan ketidak mungkinan) Contoh : The news can’t be true. 2. Should a. Expressing an advisability (Mengungkapkan saran) Contoh : We should do something now. b. Expressing a Future Certainty (Mengukapkan kepastian di masa depan) Contoh : They should be there tomorrow. 3. Must a. Expressing a necessity (Mengungkapkan keharusan) Contoh : You must do everything I say. b. Expressing a Prohibition (Mengungkapkan larangan) Contoh : You must not break the school rules. c. Expressing a Certainty (Mengukapkan kepastian) Contoh : John must be upset. He failed in the final test. 4. Will a. Expressing a certainty (Mengungkapkan kepastian) Contoh : We will come to her party. I promise. b. Expressing a Willingness (Mengungkapkan Keinginan) Contoh : There’s a knock on the door. I will open it. c. Expressing a request (Mengungkapkan permintaan) Contoh : Will you help me?
The Coordinating Conjunction Recognize a coordinating conjunction when you see one. And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet—these are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To remember all seven, you might want to learn one of these acronyms: FANBOYS, YAFNOBS, or FONYBAS. F = for A = and N = nor B = but O = or Y = yet S = so
Y = yet A = and F = for N = nor O = or B = but S = so
F = for O = or N = nor Y = yet B = but A = and S = so
Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses. Look at the examples that follow: The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and delicious. The squid eyeball stew is so thick that you can eat it with a fork or spoon. Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched but hates getting his claws trimmed. Rocky terrorizes the poodles next door yet adores the German shepherd across the street.
Rocky refuses to eat dry cat food, nor will he touch a saucer of squid eyeball stew. I hate to waste a single drop of squid eyeball stew, for it is expensive and time-consuming to make. Even though I added cream to the squid eyeball stew, Rocky ignored his serving, so I got a spoon and ate it myself.
Understand the difference between coordination and subordination. A coordinating conjunction can join two main clauses that a writer wants to emphasize equally. The pattern for coordination looks like this: main Clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main Clause. Subordination, however, emphasizes the idea in the main clause more than the one in the subordinate clause. Generally, the patterns look like these: main clause + Ø + subordinate clause. subordinate Clause + , + main Clause. Read the pairs of sentences that follow. The first version coordinates the two ideas. The second version subordinates one idea to emphasize the other. To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make all of the incisions, and Frances promised to remove and label the organs. To survive the fetal pig dissection, Rinalda agreed to make all of the incisions if Frances would promise to remove and label the organs. Diana stared dreamily at the handsome Mr. McKenzie, but Olivia, who hated economics, furiously jiggled her foot, impatient to escape the boring class. While Diana was staring dreamily at the handsome Mr. McKenzie, Olivia furiously jiggled her foot, impatient to escape the boring economics class that she hated. At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door, for she could not tolerate one more minute of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo. At a red light, Maria jumped out of Gino's car and slammed the door because she could not tolerate one more minute of the heavy metal music that Gino insisted on blasting from the stereo. Making an A in Anatomy and Physiology has not helped Sima choose a career. She might decide to make her parents happy and go to medical school, or she might use her knowledge of the human body to become a sculptor. Making an A in Anatomy and Physiology has not helped Sima choose a career. Although she might decide to make her parents happy and go to medical school, she might also use her knowledge of the human body to become a sculptor. Kyle refused to eat the salad served with the meal, nor would he touch any green vegetable put on his plate. After Kyle refused the salad served with the meal, he then would not touch the green vegetables put on his plate. Joe spent seven hours studying calculus at the Mexican diner, so now he can set his math book on fire with his salsa breath. Since Joe spent seven hours studying calculus at Taco Bell, he can now set his math book on fire with his salsa breath. Because she gets seasick, Danielle is dreading the spring break cruise, yet she might enjoy herself once she realizes how many cute guys in skimpy bathing suits parade the decks. Even though Danielle is dreading getting seasick on the spring break cruise, she will probably enjoy herself once she realizes how many cute guys in skimpy bathing suits parade the decks.
Punctuate coordinating conjunctions correctly. Three patterns in writing use coordinating conjunctions. Add commas when required. Pattern 1 — Connecting two main clauses When you connect two main clauses with a coordinating conjunction, use a comma. The pattern looks like this: main clause + , + coordinating conjunction + main clause. Here is an example: While I am at work, my dog Floyd sleeps on the bed , and my cat Buster naps in the bathtub. Pattern 2 — Connecting two items
You can also use a coordinating conjunction to connect any two items. These items can be any grammatical unit except main clauses. The pattern looks like this: item + Ø + coordinating conjunction + item Here are some examples: My dog Floyd has too many fleas and too much hair. My cat Buster has beautiful blue eyes but a destructive personality. Pattern 3 — Connecting three or more items in a series When you have three or more items in a series, you generally use a comma before the coordinating conjunction. Some handbooks and style guides will tell you that this comma is optional, but my advice is to put it in. The pattern looks like this: item + , + item + , + coordinating conjunction + item Here is an example: Swatting olives off the kitchen counter, dragging toilet paper streamers through the house, and terrorizing Jacques Cousteau, the parakeet, has consumed another of Buster's days.
Yes, you can begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction! Some teachers warn that beginning a sentence with a coordinating conjunction is wrong. Teachers will typically tell you this because they are trying to help you avoid writing fragments. Other times teachers give this advice because their preference is that a sentence not begin with a coordinating conjunction. What you should remember is that you break no grammar rule if you begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. Because you might be breaking your instructors' rules, however, you should ask what their preferences are. If you decide to begin a sentence with a coordinating conjunction, keep these three things in mind: •
Be sure that a main clause follows the coordinating conjunction.
•
Do not use a coordinating conjunction to begin every sentence. Use this option only when it makes the flow of your ideas more effective.
•
Do not use a comma after the coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are not transitional expressions like for example or first of all. You will rarely use punctuation after them.
Here are some examples: While I was answering the telephone, Buster, my cat, jumped onto the kitchen counter and swatted all of my jalapeñostuffed olives onto the dirty kitchen floor. So I had to rinse off the cat hair and crumbs sticking to these delicacies before I could add them to the salad. Flying down the bumpy path, Genette hit a rock with the front wheel of her mountain bike, flew over the handlebars, and crashed into a clump of prickly palmetto bushes. Yet even this accident would not deter her from completing the race. Only when an interrupter immediately follows the coordinating conjunction do you need to use commas. Read this example: We hoped that decorating the top of Christine's cupcake with a dead grasshopper would freak her out. But, to our amazement, she just popped the whole thing in her mouth, chewed, and swallowed.
Conditional sentences If mice had been cats, what would they have claimed?
1. Summary of basic verb form usage in conditional sentences: Situation:
If-clause
Result clause
simple present
simple present
In the present/future: True:
(Simple future) Will/can + simple form Contrary-to-fact: (Untrue)
simple past
would/could + simple form
past perfect
would have + past participle
In the past: Contrary-to-fact:(Untrue)
2. True in the present or future: The simple present is used in the result clause to express a habitual activity or situation: If he doesn’t sleep, he always feels tired during the day. Either the simple present or the simple future is used in the result clause to express an established, predictable fact. Water freezes (will freezes) if the temperature goes below 0degree. The simple future is used in the result clause when the sentence concerns a particular activity of situation in the future. If you hear about, we will go to see him. He will go shopping tomorrow if he has much time. 3. Untrue (Contrary-to-fact) in the present/future: If is used to talk about situations that are contrary to fact, situations that are the opposite of the true situation. True situation: She doesn’t have time. Contrary-to-fact situations: If she had time, she could/would stay with us. = She could/would stay with us if she had time. Conditional sentence = If-clause, result clause = Result clause If clause Would: Wants to = intended or desired Could: Expressing a possibility, possible options = would be able to. True situation: She isn’t he. Contrary-to-fact situations: If she were he, she could/would go right now. Were is used for both plural and singular subjects. Was (with he, she, and used, but it’s informal) Contrary-to-fact sentences with an if-clause and a result clause are called conditional sentences. Special verb forms are used: The simple past tense is used to discuss a present or future situation in an if-clause. Would or could + a simple form of the verb is used in the result clause. True situation: She doesn’t have time.
True situation: If She has time, She will/Can stay with us. We can use the simple present in a if-clause of the conditional clause and will/can + a simple form of the verb in a result clause: Perhaps she doesn’t have time. If that is true, she will stay with us. Contrary-to-fact situations: If she had time, she could/would stay with us. In reality, in true, in fact she doesn’t have time. But in the contrary, if the opposite were true she would/could stay. 4. Untrue (Contrary-to-fact) in the past: The past perfect tense is used to discuss a past situation in an if-clause. Would have or could + have + past participle is used in the result clause. True situation: She hadn't had time. Contrary-to-fact situations: If she had had time, she could/would have written to us a letter. True situation: We weren’t ready yesterday. Contrary-to-fact situations: If we had been ready, we could/would have gone. In speech, the auxiliary verbs are almost always contracted. You had = you’d I would have = I would’ve = I’d’ve 5. Using progressive verb forms: True: He is sleeping right now, so she will not leave the house. Conditional: If he were not sleeping right now, she would leave the house. True: He is not sleeping. She is not reading. Conditional: If he were sleeping, she would be reading. True: He was sleeping last night, so she did not go outside. Conditional: If he had not been sleeping last night, she would have gone outside. True: He was not sleeping yesterday; she was not reading the book. Conditional: If he had been sleeping last night, she would have been reading a book. 6. Using Mixed times in Conditional sentences:
True: He did not sleep last night, so he is tired now. Conditional: If he had slept last night, he would not be tired now. (Past) (Present) True: He is not able to drive a car. He did not arrive on time yesterday. Conditional: If he were able to drive a car, he would have arrived on time. (Present) (Past) Frequently, the time in the if clause and the time in the result clause are different: one clause may be in the present and the other in the past. 7. Using could, might, and should If he were a cat, he could eat mice. Could= would be able If he could run quickly, he would be the first. Could = were able to If she had had the answer, she could have answered the question. Could have = would have been able to If he doesn’t have a car, he might walk. He might = maybe he will If she were at home, she might avoid the trouble. She might = maybe she would If he had joined her, he might have been good friend. He might have been = maybe he would have been If he should come, tell him she will be back around four. If he should come is more certainly than if he comes. If there should be another hurricane, the city would be in trouble. If there should be indicates more uncertainty or doubt than if there were. Omitting if: Were he she, he wouldn’t do that. With were, had, and should, sometimes if is omitted and the subject and verb are inverted. Had she seen that, she would have changed her mind. Should anybody come, please let me know. Were he she = if he were she Had she seen = if she had seen
Should anybody come = if anybody should come had he left the class ten minutes ago, he will have been at home. Implied conditions: She would have come, but she had to do. Implied condition: If she hadn’t had to do. He never would have come without the call. Implied condition: If he hadn’t received the call. Often the if clause is implied, not stated. He leaves; otherwise, he would have seen her. Conditional verbs are frequently used following otherwise. The implied if clause is: if he hadn’t left.
8. Expressing wishes: About the present: The true situation: (Present) She doesn’t see him. They are not present. He can understand. I don’t have time. I have been worried. He has to wait. She is absent.
Expressing a wish about that situation: (Simple past) She wishes (that) she saw him. They wish (that) they were present. He wishes he couldn’t understand. I wish I had time. I wish I had been worried. He wishes he didn’t have to wait. She wishes she weren’t absent.
We make wishes when we want the reality to be different, to be exactly the opposite (or contrary) of the situation. A noun clause followed WISH. The verbs used in the noun clause are special. When we express a wish in the present, we use the past verb form (simple past). Note WERE is used for all subject (I, you, she/he/it we, they). I don’t have time. I don’t have time, but I wish I did.
I wish I had time.
She is absent. She wishes she weren’t absent. She is absent, but She wishes she weren’t. He can understand. He wishes he couldn’t understand. He can understand, but He wishes he couldn’t. When we use a comma and but (, but), we use the appropriate auxiliary. About the future: The true situation: (Future) He will not come. She isn’t going to come.
Expressing a wish about that situation: (Simple past) She wishes (that) he would come He wishes she were coming.
He can drive.
She wishes he couldn’t drive.
About the past: When we express a wish in the past, we use the past perfect. The true situation: (Simple past) She didn’t see him. They were not present. He could understand. I didn’t have time. I had not time. He had to wait. She was absent.
Expressing a wish about that situation: (Past perfect) She wishes (that) she had seen him. They wish (that) they hadn’t been present. He wishes he couldn’t have understood. I wish I had had time. I wish I hadn’t had time. He wishes he hadn’t had to wait. She wishes she hadn’t been absent.
When we use a comma and but (, but), we use the appropriate auxiliary. I didn’t have time. I wish I had had time. I didn’t have time, but I wish I had. She was absent. She was absent, but She wishes she hadn’t.
She wishes she hadn’t been absent.
9. Using would to make wishes about the future:
If he comes, she wishes he would stay home. (She wants him to stay home) She expects receive a mail. She wishes the mail would arrive. (She wants the mail to arrive) Would is usually used to indicate that the speaker wants something to happen in the future. The wish may or may not come true (be realized). It is going to be a good trip. She wishes he would come. He is going to be there. She wishes he would hurry. (She wants he to hurry) … Wish … would … is often used to make a request. 10. Using As if and as though He looks like a professor. Like is followed by a noun object. He looks as if he is going to leave. She looks as though she is going to dance. As if and as though are followed by a clause. She looks like she is going to say something. Like is followed by a clause is an informal usage. True statement: Verb form after as if / as though She is not a professor. She speaks as if she were a professor.
(Present)
(Present + as if + negative and past form)
He didn’t stay at home. He looked as if he had stayed at home. He has seen her.
He looked as though he hadn’t seen her.
She will call him.
She spoke as if she wouldn’t call him.
Usually the idea following as if / as though is untrue. In this case, verb usage is similar to that in conditional sentences.
Gerunds and Infinitives 1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. Examples:
• • •
Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence I enjoy reading. object of sentence
Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not." Examples:
• •
He enjoys not working. The best thing for your health is not smoking.
2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence. Examples:
• • •
To learn is important. subject of sentence The most important thing is to learn. complement of sentence He wants to learn. object of sentence
Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not." Examples:
• •
I decided not to go. The most important thing is not to give up.
3. Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract. In the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. Infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. If this sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence. Examples:
• • • •
Learning is important. normal subject To learn is important. abstract subject - less common The most important thing is learning. normal complement The most important thing is to learn. abstract complement - less common
4. As the object of a sentence, it is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive. In such situations, gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether you use a gerund or an infinitive. Examples:
•
He enjoys swimming. "Enjoy" requires a gerund.
•
He wants to swim. "Want" requires an infinitive.
5. Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects. List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds Examples:
• •
She suggested going to a movie. Mary keeps talking about her problems.
6. Some verbs are followed by infinitives. List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives Examples:
• •
She wants to go to a movie. Mary needs to talk about her problems.
Adjective Clause Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini: Contoh:
•
I have read the book (that) you just mentioned. Main Clause: I have read the book. Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.
Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause
•
The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult. Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult. Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.
Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu: 1. Relative Pronoun
•
Kata Ganti Orang Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That Fungsi : a. Subjek: - He paid the money to the man who / that had done the work b. Objek Kata Kerja: - He paid the man whom/that he had hired. c. Objek Kata Depan: - He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money. d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan: - This is the girl whose picture you saw.
•
Benda, Binatang Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that Fungsi:
a. Subjek: - Here is a book which/that describes animals. b. Objek Kata Kerja: - The chair which/that he broke is being repaired. c. Objek Kata Depan: - She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00. 2. Relative Adverbs
•
Waktu Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when - This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.
•
Tempat Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where - Here is the house where I live.
•
Alasan Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when - Give me one good reason why you did that. _________________________
1. Relative Pronoun Yaitu Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative Pronoun. •
The boy is called Bob. He gave me a present. ○
The boy who gave me a present is called Bob. atau
○
The boy who is called Bob gave me a present.
Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause lainnya: •
The boy whose radio was stolen is a student.
•
The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student.
•
The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.
2. Relative Adverb Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:
•
Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat. - The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you. - The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you. - The reason I came should be obvious to you.
•
When atau Where Bering dapat Baling ditukarkan dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (a preposition of Place) ditambah dengan Which. - The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis. - The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.
Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when.
•
The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a stormy one.
•
Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet
Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause •
Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase. ○
Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
○
Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
○
Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase. Perhatikan Contoh berikut: a. Adjective Clause * The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy is playing the piano is Bent. b. Adjective Phrase * The girl sitting next to me is Lisa. ==> The boy playing the piano is Bent.
•
Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase. (1) Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan. * Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan. * Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan. * Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting. * Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting. * Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget. * Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget. * Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine. * Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine. (2) Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing. * Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. * Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters. * Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome. * Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.
•
Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu". * We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
•
○
We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
○
We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay.
○
We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.
Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini. Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, each of,
most of, dll. * There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java. --> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java. * He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid. --> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.
•
Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu: ○
Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
○
Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house yesterday.
Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.
Keterangan: Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di Bank, bukan yang lainnya. Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1 orang istri. Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1 itu. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma dalam Adjective Clause. ○
Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could deliver speech well.
Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang antara Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan. Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:
•
Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan. Adjective Clause ○
I know the house where he lives.
(where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know) Noun Clause ○
I know where he lives.
(where he lives adalah objek dari kata know) Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan milik Noun Clause. Adjective Clause •
The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.
(Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his). Noun Clause
•
He gives money to whoever needs it.
(The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek dari to, yang tidak dapat dipindah letaknya. Dan juga -ever- merupakan bentuk yang hanya bergandeng (mengikuti) dengan Noun Clause.
Adverb Clause
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja. Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya). Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain: 1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll. Contoh: •
Shut the door before you go out.
•
You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
•
While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
•
By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
•
No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll. Contoh: •
They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
•
The guard stood where he was positioned.
•
Where there is a will, there is a way.
•
Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
•
Go where you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession) Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll. Contoh: •
As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
•
Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
•
Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
•
He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll. Contoh: •
He did as I told him.
•
You may finish it how you like.
•
They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll. Contoh: •
They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
•
She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
•
He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
•
I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baikbaik. Contoh: •
Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
•
It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
•
The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
•
The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh: •
The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
•
I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh: •
He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
•
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
•
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
•
It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh: •
She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
•
They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
•
Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
•
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu: Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
1.
Contoh: •
Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
•
Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
•
Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold) Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
2.
Contoh: •
Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
•
Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
•
As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
•
Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
3.
Contoh: •
Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• •
Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test. Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara: 1)
Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be). Contoh:
2)
a.
ADVERB CLAUSE
b.
MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
: While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing. Contoh: a.
ADVERB CLAUSE
b.
MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
: Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama. Contoh: 1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
• • •
While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep. While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep. Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH
•
While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
•
While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll. Contoh: •
If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
•
She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
•
Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
•
In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
•
The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
•
We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.
Noun Clauses
June 22nd, 2009 |
Author: Swara Bhaskara
Noun clause adalah clause (i.e. subject dan verb) yang difungsikan sebagai noun. Noun clause dalam kalimat pada umumnya digunakan sebagai subject dan object kalimat. Noun clause dapat diawali oleh: •
Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
○
Single question word (i.e. when, how, what, ect.).
○
Question word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.
○
Question word + infinitive.
•
Conjunction (i.e. whether dan if).
•
That atau the fact that.
Sehingga pola dari noun clause adalah: Question word/conjunction/that + subject + verb + … A. Noun Clauses diawali dengan Question words Dalam How to Address Questions sudah dibahas tentang penggunaan kata tanya baik dalam membuat information questions maupun dalam membuat embedded questions. Embedded questions tersebut adalah noun clause. Dalam section ini diberikan contoh tambahan untuk merefresh memori anda.
1. Single question words. Contoh:
1.
Where she is now is still unknown.
2.
When they arrive is still uncertain.
3.
I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat ini, noun clause what you did last summer menjadi object dari I know dan I still know, dan setelah digabung dengan: are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, menjadi subject majemuk dari kalimat.
Noun clause dapat ditempatkan diawal kalimat (sebagai subject) atau sebagai object. Jika anda ingin merubah posisi noun clause dari subject kalimat menjadi object kalimat, biasanya dibutuhkan pronoun it atau sedikit modifikasi kata. Contoh di atas menjadi:
1.
It is still unknown where she is now.
2.
Do you know when they arrive?
3.
Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Karena merupakan judul movies, noun clause what you did last summer tidak perlu diputar posisinya.
Note: a) Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. when, whenever, where) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adverbial clause. Contoh:
1.
I was reading a book when the phone rang.
2.
I went to where I and my ex girlfriend had been last weekend.
3.
I suddenly get nausea whenever I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).
Contoh yang lain dapat dibaca di topik: Conjunctions. b). Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. who, whom, whose + noun) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective clause. Dalam hal ini, kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya adalah relative pronoun. Well, jangan terlalu dipusingkan dengan istilah. Yang penting anda mengerti pola/struktur kalimatnya. Tapi, jika anda penasaran, silakan baca topic adjective clauses. Contoh:
1.
I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (Saya kira kamu (orang) yang pak Dodi sedang cari-cari tadi).
2.
Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
3.
Rommy, whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.
Lantas, bagaimana cara membedakan apakah itu noun clause, adverbial clause, atau adjective clause? Jawabannya sederhana. Noun clause dapat digantikan dengan pronoun it, sedangkan adverbial clause dan adjective clause tidak. Noun clause menjawab pertanyaan what dan who/whom; Adverbial clause menjawab pertanyaan when, where, how (termasuk how much, how often, ect), dan why. Adjective clause (i.e. kata sifat yang berbentuk clause) menerangkan noun, dan relative pronounnya (i.e. who, that, ect.) dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti “yang“. Adverbial clauses sudah disinggung pada pembahasan tentang conjunctions. Khusus untuk perbedaan noun clause dan adjective clause dapat dibaca di topik: Perbedaan Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause.
2. Question words + ever/soever Kecuali how, diakhir question words dapat ditambahkan ever atau soever menjadi whenever = whensoever, whatever= whatsoever, dan seterusnya. Arti ever atau soever di sini sama, yaitu saja/pun, tinggal dikombinasikan dengan kata tanya di depannya. Sedangkan, how+ever menjadi however (i.e. adverb atau juga disebut kata transisi yang berarti namun/walapun demikian) tidak termasuk dalam katagori ini. Contoh:
1.
We will accept whatever you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja yang kamu ingin kami lakukan).
2.
Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy (dibaca gae)= laki-laki, sedangkan gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
3.
She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria itu membawanya pergi). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal ini to, etc.) biasanya diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.
3. Question words + nouns Question words + nouns yang sering digunakan antara lain: what time (jam berapa), what day (hari apa), what time (jam berapa), what kind (jenis apa), what type (tipe apa), whose + nouns (i.e. whose car, whose book, ect.), dan seterusnya. Contoh:
1.
I can’t remember what day we will take the exam.
2.
As long as I am faithful, she doesn’t care what type of family I come from. (faithful = setia).
3.
Do you know what time it is?
4.
I don’t know whose car is parked in front of my house.
4. Question words + adjectives Question words + adjectives yang sering digunakan antara lain: how long (berapa panjang/lama), how far (berapa jauh), how old (berapa tua/umur), ect. Contoh:
1.
Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2.
I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3.
What a jerk. He didn’t even ask how long I had been waiting for him.
5. Question words + determiners. Question words + determiners yang sering digunakan adalah: how many (berapa banyak) dan how much (berapa banyak). Remember: how many diikuti oleh plural nouns, sedangkan how much diikuti oleh uncountable nouns. Contoh:
1.
Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
2.
How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.
6. Question words + adverbs. Question words + adverbs yang sering digunakan adalah: how often (berapa sering), how many times (berapa kali) ect. Contoh:
1.
No matter how often I practice, my English still sucks. (Tidak memandang berapa kali saya latihan, bahasa Inggris saya masih jelek). Suck (informal verb) = jelek/tidak baik; arti suck yang lain: mengisap.
2.
I don’t want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (leave school early = bolos).
7. Question words + infinitives. Jika question words langsung diikuti oleh infinitives, invinitives tersebut mengandung makna should atau can/could. Perhatikan bahwa subject setelah question words dihilangkan. Contoh:
1.
She didn’t know what to do = She didn’t know what she should do. (Dia tidak tahu apa yang seharusnya dia lakukan).
2.
Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.
3.
We haven’t decided when to go to the beach = We haven’t decided when we should go to the beach.
4.
Marry told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.
B. Noun clauses diawali dengan whether/if Whether bisa diikuti oleh OR/NOT bisa juga tidak; makna kalimat biasanya sama walaupun OR/NOT tidak disebutkan (ini tergantung konteks kalimat). Untuk penggunaan if, selain telah dibahas di topic conjunctions, juga telah dibahas di topic conditionals. Note: whether pelafalannya sama dengan weather (cuaca), tulisannya juga mirip. Be careful, jangan sampai tertukar. Contoh:
1.
I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming. (Saya tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
2.
We can’t decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can’t decide whether to go or (to) stay home. Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan setelah whether.
3.
I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (Saya tidak yakin apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA nanti).
4.
If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.
C. Noun clauses diawali dengan that/the fact that Di sini that berarti bahwa, sedangkan the fact that berarti fakta bahwa. Sedangkan, that dalam adjective clauses berarti yang. Contoh:
1.
That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2.
It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3.
It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
4.
It seems that it is going to rain soon.
Sekarang coba anda latihan buat kalimat dengan menggunakan:
a.
It is + (true, too bad, unfortunate, strange, impossible, unlikely, a well known fact, my belief, etc) + (that/the fact that) + S +V.
b.
It + stative + (that/the fact that) + S +V. Kata-kata yang termasuk stative verbs dapat dilihat pada topik simple present tense.
