Bab 5. ANALISIS SPASIAL

PTI 4208

Pertanian Berlanjut

Bab 5. ANALISIS SPASIAL Aplikasi Penginderaan Jauh DAN Sistem Informasi Geografi untuk Managemen Landsekap di Ekosistem Pertanian Oleh: Didik Suprayogo dan Sudarto



Sumber: Sonya Dewi, Pornwilai Saipothong, David Thomas; Aaron Dushku, Sandra Brown, Tim Pearson, David Shoch, and Bill Howley

(Foto: Kurniatun Hairiah)

6 KUNCI PENTING STRATEGI MENGELOLA BIODIVERSITAS DAN PERTANIAN 1. Mendorong keberadaan habitat alami di sistem usaha pertanian dan menetapkan koridor lahan pertanian yang terkait dengan ruangan yang tidak tertanami, 2. Menetapkan daerah lindung dekat dengan lahan pertanian 3. Menirukan habitat alami dengan mengintegrasikan tanaman pepohonan yang produktif di lahan pertanian 4. Memberi kesempatan masyarakat untuk berperan serta dalam proses perencaan secara interaktif dan transparan 5. Memberi kesempatan para pihak untuk memvisualiasi hasil kegiatan managemen pada skala landsekap, 6. Memungkinkan pengukuran keberhasilan kegiatan berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip pertanian berlanjut

Analisis Spasial

PETA DAN INFORMASI SPASIAL Macam data di muka bumi:  Data nonspasial: 

biasanya diujudkan dalam bentuk tabel, grafik, dsb.



Analisis data menggunakan kalkulator, SPSS, Minitab dll

 Data spasial: 

biasanya diujudkan dalam bentuk peta



Analisis data dalam GIS menggunakan Analisis Spasial

Analisis Spasial  Teknik analisis data geografis berdasarkan

distribusi spasial obyek-obyek geografis.  Analisis spasial terbagi menjadi tiga bagian:  analisis statistik,  analisis grafis dan  analisis matematis.

Tipe data dalam Analisis Spasial Analisis data titik, sebelah kiri plotting data asli sebelah kanan hasil interpolasi (yang telah diklasifikasi) Analisis data kontinyu, sebelah kiri plotting data asli sebelah kanan hasil interpolasi (data Analisis data area/ luasan,

Mengapa Butuh Spatial Analysis? Manusia menggunakan lahan dan sumberdaya tergantung pada:  Rupa /corak alam, termasuk kuantitas dan kualitas hutan, tanah, topografi, iklim, sungai  Terbangunnya rupa lahan (infrastructure) seperti jalan, jembatan, jaringan jalan kereta api, pelabuhan, dan jaringan listrik  Kenampakan perekonomian seperti pasar untuk input dan output  Pusat pemerintahan, institusi  Kebijakan, sektor luar yang terkait (in a feedback loop systems. Spatial heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation apply in landscapes)

What is GIS? 

Sistem informasi yang dirancang untuk bekerja dengan data yang bereferensi spasial atau berkoordinat geografi



Aronoff (1989) SISTEM berdasarkan komputer yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk menangani data yang bereferensi geografi yang mencakup: a) pemasukan, b). Manajemen data (penyimpanan data dan pemanggilan lagi), c). Manipulasi dan analisis, d). Pengembangan produk dan pencetakan.

Layer vertikal.

Layer horisontal.

layer horisontal, sebaran keruangan secara horisontal (misalnya penggunaan lahan), kadang sebuah peta harus dipotongpotong menjadi beberapa lembar Layer vertikal, tema peta yang berbeda dipetakan menjadi peta-peta yang berbeda.

PETA CETAK

Posisi GIS DAN RS dalam Pemetaan Sumberdaya Lahan

DATA TABULAR

Membuat peta baru dari peta yang sudah ada

digitasi

INPUT

EDITING

MANIPULASI

Peta Tematik yang dibuat

ANALISIS

DISPLAY

• Daya dukung lahan Titik, garis, poligon

Atribut: Titik, garis, poligon

• Kesesuaian lahan

• Potensi bencana • Perencanaan tataguna lahan

Iklim Bentuklahan Survei SDL

Penggunaan/Tutup an lahan

• Lain-2 PENGINDERAAN JAUH (Remote Sensing)

What’s for?  Data acquisition: collecting, compiling, updating

 Relational database with search engine:

overlaying, selecting, zoning  Research tool: classifying, stratifying, designing

sampling, extrapolating, integrating, studying interaction, scaling up and down  Analytical tool: studying pattern from process,

and pattern to process, spatial econometrics  Management tool: monitoring, planning, inventory

 Communication tool  Esthetics 

Source of data  Maps  Satellite data  Participatory data  Theories  Statistics  Desk and field studies

Kegunaan Analisis Spasial 1. Sampling site selection 2. Overlaying planning 3. Spatial clustering diagnosis

4. Change analysis monitoring 5. Communicating research results 6. Visualizing bivariate pattern 7. Empirical modelling Spatial econometrics 8. Scoping issues to options 9. Carbon Stock estimation

1. Sampling Site selection

Landcover 2002

Cluster description Cluster 1: low forest cover, low segregation, medium population density, close to district capital  Cluster 2: high forest cover, high segregation, low population density, far from district capital  Cluster 3: low-medium forest cover, low segregation, high population density, close to district capital 

2. Overlaying Planning

Sarula

Sibolga Landcover 2005 (ICRAF)

Batang Toru Padang Sidempuan

Sarula

The red line delineates HTR

Sibolga

Landcover 2005 (ICRAF) + HTR Baplan 2006

Batang Toru Padang Sidempuan

Landcover 2005 (ICRAF) + HTR Baplan 2006 Lahan Tutupan

Area (ha)

% Area

Old shrub

361

2

Shrub

99

1

Bareland

3

0

No data

255

2

Rubber agroforest

4200

28

Forest and benzoin agroforest

2762

18

Durian Agroforest

1746

12

Monoculture rubber

1742

12

Salak Agroforest

1008

7

Settlement

740

5

Mixed garden

639

4

Paddy

364

2

Pineapple

164

1

Oil palm

162

1

Monoculture coffee

106

1

Swamp forest

659

4

Pine

37

0

Total

15.047

100

Only 3% w/o tree cover

90% is productive

4% forested

3. Spatial Clustering Diagnosis

Spatial clustering

Birdnest

Timber

Agric. Agroforest Fish

Timber

Logging NTFP Agroforest Agriculture Fishery Birdnest

Characteristics

Issues

Opportunities

Agriculture

Local market, market dependent, suitable land dependent, low return to labour, high return to land

Infrastructure, market mechanism, technology, capital, skill

Land availability

Agroforest

External stimulant, strong role of middle man, external market, land dependent, medium return to labour, medium return to land

Infrastructure, market mechanism, technology, capital, skill, longer investment

Land availability, potential market, env services

Timber

NR-dependent, ‘unlimited external market’, capital dependent, high return to labour, low return to land, low BCR

Law enforcement/disenforce ment, governance, not sustainable

Accumulated income can be used as capital for other activities

Non-timber

Minor contribution to livelihoods, seasonal, varies from local to external market, significant role of middleman, medium return to labour, low return to land

Undefinable market; fluctuating resources

Need no capital, safety net, env services

Bird nest

Highly economical product, NR dependent, ‘unlimited external market’, capital dependent, high return to labour, low BCR, high return to land

Security, inequal distribution, may not be sustainable

Accumulated income can be used as capital for other activities

Non farm

Govt, enterprises (mostly external), sufficient level of purchasing power, varied return to labour and land

Wider governance issue than just NR

NR-independent

4. Change analysis Monitoring

Results : East Kalimantan 1990’s



Results : East Kalimantan Land Cover Changes

5. Communicating Research Results

Research questions:  to characterize the marketing of NTFP in Cameroon and the borders of neighboring countries  to examine the channels through which NTFP flow through the farmer to the consumer

6. Visualizing Bivariate pattern

Forest cover and population: Brazil

Forest and Poverty: Brazil

CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 47: Poverty and Forest: Multi-country analysis of spatial association and proposed policy solution

7. Empirical modelling Spatial Econometrics

WELL-BEING

PROPORTION of AGRO-SUITABLE AREA

25

0

Kilometers

Transportation Network Major river Other river Major road Other road Suitability 0 - 0.205 0.205 - 0.47 0.47 - 0.692 0.692 - 0.872 0.872 - 1

25

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES

Transportation Network Major river Other river Major road Other road Transmigration Coal Mining Plantation Forest Concessioner Diversification 0 - 0.111 0.111 - 0.295 0.295 - 0.465 0.465 - 0.665 0.665 - 1.179

PROPORTION of FOREST COVER

Transportation Network Major river Other river Major road Other road Proportion of Forest 92 0.342 - 0.594 0.594 - 0.737 0.737 - 0.831 0.831 - 0.892 0.892 - 0.971

Village level analysis Spatial error modela of ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES (EDI) Variable PROVINCIAL ROAD DISTRICT ROAD MINE ROAD LOGGING/PLANTATION ROAD TIME TO LOGGING TIME TO TRANSMIGRATION DEFORESTATION 1992/1996 LAMBDA

a

Coefficient 206.31 54.13 -8.65 23.16 4.10E-03 0.02 2.27 -0.38

S.D. z-value 39.88 5.17** 15.89 3.41** 20.89 -0.41 10.96 2.11* 0.01 0.43 7.16E-03 3.35** 0.64 3.55** 0.14 -2.79**

with maximum likelihood estimation, number of observation=73, R2=0.82, LIK=5.62, AIC=2.76. * and ** significance level of 0.05 and 0.01.

Village level analysis Spatial error modela of WELL-BEING Variable EDI AGRO SUITABILITY LAND USE INTENSITY FOREST 92 POPULATION TIME TO DISTRICT TIME TO SUB-DISTRICT LAMBDA

Coefficient 0.19 0.27 0.15 0.53 8.87E-05 -0.03 0.01 -0.44

S.D. 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.08 1.64E-05 0.02 0.03 0.13

z-value 3.70** 7.86** -2.39* 6.79** 5.39** -1.13 0.38 -3.30**

a with

maximum likelihood estimation, number of observation=73, R2=0.98, LIK=63.65, AIC=-113.31 * and ** are significance level of 0.05 and 0.01 World Development Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 1419–1434, 2005: Village Economic Opportunity, Forest Dependence, and Rural Livelihoods in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

8. Scoping issues to Options

Delineation issues to be resolved in enhancing protection status… 2. The existing ‘protection forest’ on the western flank is controlled by Tapanuli Tengah, and managed for water flows; HKM contracts on edge of HL are feasible 3. Activities of the goldmine need to be care-fully monitored, using AMDAL procedures 4. Inclusion of the ‘nature reserves’ in the South involves border issues due to changes from historical boundaries

1. Reclassification of the ‘limited production forest’ (HPT) to a stronger protection status will be an important first step; revoking logging concession; HKM agreements with surrounding villages feasible

6 1 2 7

3 5

4

5. The corridor of village land in between the river and the Lubukraya & Sibualbuali nature reserves has many inhabitants; voluntary agreements are essential here

7. If East Sarulla is included, the ‘connection point’ is critical; a new Sipirok Tarutung road will be a great help for conservation 6. Include the ‘East Sarulla’ block of logged over forest? It may harbour 150 orangutan; if so, North (and not South) Tapanuli will be the main district for the PA….

Issues on ‘sustainable land management’

Inputs for pattern analysis: Remote sensing imagery

Key parameters for functional soil & land cover processes,

Ground sampling protocols Laboratory data (spectral + ‘functional’) Land use patterns & socio-econ. drivers

GIS tools Plot-level: WaNuLCAS

for process-based models: Vegetation cover/phenology Topography

Outputs for process-based models:

Inputs

Rainfall, ETpot

Waterbalance: E & Q components

Hydrograph: peak & baseflows Landscape-level: SWAT,GenRiver, FALLOW, Yields/productivity IAHCRES, Watershed function indicators

Soils

Outputs Landscape stratification, toposequences, long term dynamics, geomorphology etc.

Quantitative performance indicators

Tradeoff & scenario . analysis

for land degradation/suitability analysis: Degradation status, Critical thresholds, Spatial prioritization of rehabilitation interventions

Enhanced diagnosis LEK validation Science at negotiation tables Better-informed decisions Adaptive policies

9. Carbon Stock Estimation

Perubahan Tutupan Lahan di DAS Kalikonto (1990-2005) 1990

2005

Hierarchi klasifikasi tutupan lahan

2

Hutan Alami (terdegradasi)

Agroforestry

4

Perkebunan

Vegetasi

Daratan 1

Berbasis pohon 5

3

Tidak berbasis pohon

Bukan hutan

Satelite Tidak ada data:

• awan • bayangan

NonVegetasi

Bera 6 Tan. semusim

25000

Shade Cloud

Total area, ha

20000

Water (dam) 15000

Settlement Bush Fallow

10000 Annual Crop Plantation

5000

Agroforestry 0 1990

2005

Disturbed forest

Menduga Cadangan Karbon pada berbagai Tutupan Lahan

Bambu

Soil, 0-30 cm

Root Biomass

Necromass

Understorey

Plant Biomass

C stock, Mg ha-1

125 75

25 -25 -75 Agroforestry

-125

Plantation/monoculture

Annual

Distribusi Carbon di DAS Kalikonto th. 1990 dan 2005 •

Dalam kurun waktu 15 tahun (1990 – 2005), seluruh DAS Kali Konto (seluas 23810.13 ha) kehilangan C tersimpan sebesar 25924 Mg th-1 atau rata-rata kehilangan karbon sekitar 1.48 Mg ha-1 th-1

1990

1990

2005

2005

Sampai jumpa minggu depan BAB 6: LAYANAN LINGKUNGAN Manfaat Biodiversitas bagi lingkungan di tingkat lanskap: Peran Biodiversitas dalam HIDROLOGI

Case Study Spatial Information as a Tool for Land Use Management: Mapping with comunity

Altitude Zones in Mountain Agroforestry Landscapes: Ecology, Ethnicity, & Agroecosystem Change in North Thailand

Generalized watershed landscape transect in Mae Chaem

Hmong

Northern Thai

Karen

Landscape mosaic in Mae Chaem watershed

Land Use Policy Spatial Data

In “preparation” for protected area status Class 1 watersheds In reserved forest

Doi Inthanon National Park

Expanding state forest land claims in Mae Chaem Mae Tho National Park (new)

Ob Luang National Park

Satellite data 2000

Other maps & information from outsiders

Maps and information available in villages

Participatory Mapping of Land Use Zones Established by Communities in Local Landscapes

Methodology of participatory mapping to link local & expert knowledge GIS-based map:

DEM, River/Stream, Road, Village location, land use maps, etc.

Field visit, observation, informal interview and discuss with stakeholders Data into GIS and associated software

Preliminary Land use map

Preliminary Village boundary map

Participatory mapping process [GIS team and the communities within the watershed]

Data assimilation [GIS techniques] Consultation with the communities and other key stakeholders

Village District office Watershed network Local governance unit

Output maps: Landuse, village boundary, infrastructure, forest types, etc.

further analyses & studies






Basic Land Use Survey

Base map


Field visit & observation


Informal interview and discussion with stakeholders


Landmarks & land use area boundaries drawn on base map


Transform data into GIS format

หลัง







Participatory mapping process

Make sketch maps of the area


Transform sketch map to GIS map


Presentation of output map by villager representative & group discussion










Data Assimilation

Sketch map

GIS map

GIS land use zoning by community map

Product Testing

Consult with the communities and other key stakeholders

Output Products

Example map products for villages & local stakeholders

Output Products

Final Map Products Printed on weatherproof roll-up plastic sheets and distributed to participating • villages • sub-watershed management networks • key local stakeholders Some additional custom maps have since been provided according to local requests - 7 local sub-watersheds - 125 settlements - 53 admin villages - 1,400 sq km










further analyses & studies

Mae Tum Forest fallow rotational shifting cultivation persists with 5 - 9 year cycles

Community protected forest Grassland

Rotational forest fallow area

Current upland crop fields

Paddy fields

Urban

Planted & rehab. forest

Community Subsistence Use forest

Mae Tum 4,000 3,500 other forest subsist forest orchard fallow grass upland field paddy field water

3,000 land area (hectares)

protect forest

2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000

urban other

500 L

L

L

L

K

K

K

K

K

TKH

5

6

7

8

3

4

9

13

14

10

7.7

7.8

6.2

11

5.7

8.0

6.5

3.3

6.3

0.1

ethnicity, village, fallow/upland ratio

Mae

Karen

persons

10 20 3,613

4 5 1,222

5 13 2,166

1 2 225

percent

100

34

60

6

hectares

15,981

6,615

8,133

1,234

percent

100

41

51

8

22.6

18.5

26.6

18.2

2.0 32.6 5.5

1.3 45.4 5.4

2.6 28.6 5.8

2.0 26.0 4.3

0.2 2.6

0.2 2.9

0.2 2.3

0.4 3.0

units

Study Area Administrative Villages Settlements Population Land Area

4,000

land area (hectares)

no. no.

Population Density per / sq km Average Population Data settlements/admin village no. settlement size households household size persons Average Land per Household house plot hectares cultivated land hectares

Mae Tum

Karen+Thai

Lawa

Tum

+ Hmong

3,500

- paddy land

percent

28

32

31

0

3,000

- upland crops

percent

70

68

67

96

- orchard

percent

1

2

3

hectares

11.0

15.6

9.6

0.4

6.1

8.0

6.1

0.1

hectares

10.7

10.5

9.7

18.3

- subsistence use

percent

22

26

19

24

- community protected

percent

67

70

73

36

- plantation & other

percent

11

4

7

41

2,500

forest fallow

2,000

-

1,500

- fallow / upland crops

1,000

permanent forest

500 L

L

L

L

K

K

K

K

K

TKH

5

6

7

8

3

4

9

13

14

10

7.7

7.8

6.2

11

5.7

8.0

6.5

3.3

6.3

0.1

ethnicity, village, fallow/upland ratio

ratio

average land resource use per household

Overall patternsuncultivated land (ha) cultivated land in all mapped ll paddy upland orchard subsist protect all forest + a) sub-watersheds % % % forest forest forest paddy fallow rice

Northern Thai Villages expanded

. . . .

. . .

. . .

.

-

small small

-

-

-<minor>-

, ,

maize maize maize -

, , ,

<minor> <minor>

fruit trees garden

.-

. . . , .

. . . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

. . .

.

. . .

. . .

.

.

.

-

28% land -

-

Short cycles

Lawa Villages

. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

size of examples in sample sample share system footprint average land resource use per household percent ratio of major village system components cultivated land uncultivated land (ha) villages practicing system TOTAL persons % of % % fallow paddy all paddy perm upland orchard subsist protect all fore admin natur house Land Area sample sample per land forest vill upland vill rice holds popfield crop /upland (ha) (ha) % % % forest forest forest fall people land orchard (ha) sq km cultiv fallow forest

-

small

.

<minor>

expanded

long forest fallow medium forest fallow medium forest fallow

<minor> ,

<minor>

<minor>

<minor>

<minor> ,

<minor>

long forest fallow medium forest fallow medium forest fallow short forest fallow short forest fallow short forest fallow short forest fallow fixed field fixed field -

, <minor> , , <minor> , , <minor> , <minor> , , <minor> , , maize , vegetables , maize , maize , vegetables , , , maize ,

<minor>

-

.

Karen Villages

38% land

Fixed fields

<minor> small

. -

expanded <minor>

expanded expanded small

55% people

small

. -

-

expanded expanded expanded <minor>

<minor> <minor> <minor> <minor> <minor> <minor> <minor>

-

fruit trees <minor>

-

fruit trees fruit trees <minor>

-. .

<minor> ,

<minor>

.

maize , , vegetables ,

<minor>

. -

34% land -

. -

-

.

<minor> small

<minor>

vegetables , , vegetables ,

.

28% people

-.

Mixed Villages .

expanded expanded <minor>

medium forest fallow fixed field -

Overall Study Area

,

,

,

<minor>

-

. -

Forest fallow

-

Hmong Villages <minor>

17% people

Change in landscape patterns

Air photo coverages Participatory field mapping

2001 to 2003

Combined with Air photo time series analysis

1954 to 1996 Air photo coverages

Matching Village Categories with Land Use Monitoring Tools Aggregate satellite data categories

Aggregate airphoto categories

Forest Areas

Forest Areas

Hill evergreen forest Pine forest Dry deciduous forest Mix deciduous forest

Planted + Other Forest plantation

Forest forest Disturbed forest

Aggregate local categories Forest Areas Planted + Other Forest without further designation government forest plantings village forest rehabilitation areas

Community Protected community protected forest birth spirit forest groves cemetery forest groves other spiritual grouves

Subsistence Use

Other Uncultivated Areas

Other Uncultivated Areas

Fallow

Fallow Young fallow Old fallow

Grass Grassland areas

Cultivated Fields

Cultivated Fields

Field crop Cash crop Bare soil Bunded paddy field

Orchards Fruit trees

Upland fields Upland crop fields Upland vegetables Bare soil

Paddy fields Bunded paddy fields

Settlement Areas

Settlement Areas

Urban

village house areas

Other

Other

cloud Water

cloud/unknown Water

community subsistence use forest community forest ‘food bank’ forest

Other Uncultivated Areas Fallow regenerating forest fallow areas

Grass Grassland areas

Cultivated Fields Orchards Fruit tree gardens and orchards

Upland fields current cultivated field crop areas specific upland vegetable areas

Paddy fields Bunded paddy fields

Settlement Areas village ‘urban’ housing areas

Other Areas of mining operations Water

Has rotational forest Mae Tum: Forest fallow shifting cultivation with 5 – 9 yearfallow cycles

shifting cultivation really been a major cause of rapid Mae Tum Watershed - 14,770 deforestation? 100%

Mature forest

ha

90% 80% 70% 60%

Forest fallow fields

50% 40% 30%

Grassland

20% 10%

Upland crop fields

Paddy fields

0%

1954 1976 1984 1996 2002

Mae Raek Mae Kong Kha Forest fallow shifting cultivation All transformed to permanent fields

Mae Raek: Shifting cultivation transformed to permanent fields

More permanent forest – Success!! But also less total forest, more upland crops Raek Watershed - 5,210 ha and more Mae chemical use 100% 90%

Mature forest

80% 70% 60%

Forest fallow fields

50% 40%

Upland crop fields

30% 20%

Grassland

Paddy fields

10% 0% 1954

1976

1984

1996

2001

Analysis of events & processes Landslides

Combining Science & Local Knowledge to Strengthen Local Institutions & Multi-Level Understanding & Communications Early form of Negotiation Support System

Sampai jumpa minggu depan BAB 6: LAYANAN LINGKUNGAN Manfaat Biodiversitas bagi lingkungan di tingkat lanskap: Peran Biodiversitas dalam HIDROLOGI

Bab 5. ANALISIS SPASIAL

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