ANALISA KINERJA MESIN MOTOR 4 LANGKAH BERBAHAN BAKAR ETHANOL 94 – 100 % DENGAN PENERAPAN 2 BUSI TUGAS AKHIR DiajukanKepada UniversitasMuhammadiyah Malang Untuk memenuhi syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana (S-1) Teknik Mesin
Disusun Oleh: Wiki Setiyoadi 2011 1012 0311 131
JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2016
ABSTRAKS Seiring dengan menurunya bahan bakar fosil dan memburuknya kualitas udara di bumi yang di diakibatkan emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor menjadi problem yang perlu untuk segera kita cari solusinya. Ethanol merupakan bahan bakar alternative yang dapat di hasilkan dari bahan-bahan hasil pertanian di harapkan mampu untuk menjadi solusi dari problem diatas. Percobaan untuk mengidentifikasi kelayakan penggunaan bahan bakar ethanoml 94100% ini menggunakan mesin silinder tunggal 110cc Yamaha LM-5. Dalam percobaan ini, kondisi di setting pada stoichiometric pembakaran ethanol. Putaran mesin antara 1500 – 4000 rpm. Perubahan yang dilakukan pada mesin adalah menambahkan busi 1 menjadi busi 2. Hasil percobaan yang didapatkan busi 2 lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan busi 1 untuk pembakaran ethanol 94-100%. Data hasil pengujian di analisa dan di bandingkan dengan konsentrasi pada emisi gas buang, konsumsi bahan bakar, torsi dan daya. Kata Kunci : ethanol, engine, busi 1 dan 2, emisi, konsumsi bahan bakar
ABSTRACT Along with declining fossil fuel and deteriorating air quality in the earth in exhaust emissions caused by motor vehicle is a problem that we need tofind solution. Ethanol is an alternative fuel that can be produced from ingredients of agricultural products. It is expected become a solution for this problem. The aim of the experimentis identify the feasibility of using fuel ethanol about 94-100% with a single cylinder enginecalled 110cc Yamaha LM-5. In this experiment, the conditions set in the stoichiometriccombustion of ethanol. Round the engine between 1500 - 4000 rpm.The changes of mechine is made byspark plugs 1 to 2. The results issparkplug 2 much more more efficient than the spark plug 1 for combustion 94-100% ethanol. Thedata is analyzed and compared with concentrations in exhaust emissions, fuel consumption, torque and power. Keywords: Ethanol, engines, spark plugs 1 and 2, emissions, fuel consumption
DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR JUDUL ............................................................................................. i POSTER............................................................................................................. ii LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .............................................................................. iii LEMBAR KONSULTASI ................................................................................ iv SURAT PERNYATAAN TIDAK PLAGIAT ................................................. v ABSTRAKSI INDONESIA .............................................................................. vi ABSTRAKSI ENGLISH .................................................................................. vii KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... viii DAFTAR ISI...................................................................................................... ix DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................. xii DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... xiii BAB 1
PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Perumusan Masalah.............................................................................. 2 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian.................................................................................. 3 1.4 Cakupan Penelitian dan Batasan Masalah ............................................ 3 1.5 Manfaat Penelitian................................................................................ 3 1.6 Sistem Penelitian .................................................................................. 4
BAB II
DASAR TEORI 2.1 Bahan Bakar ......................................................................................... 6 2.1.1
Gasoline .................................................................................. 6
2.1.2
Ethanol .................................................................................... 6
2.2 Angka Oktan ........................................................................................ 7 2.3 Nilai Kalor Bahan Bakar ..................................................................... 7 2.4 Kemurnian Ethanol dan Toleransi Air dalam Ethanol......................... 8 2.5 Prinsip Kerja Motor Otto 4 Langkah ................................................... 8 2.6 Sistem Karburator ................................................................................ 15
2.1.1
Analisa pada Karburator Standart ........................................... 16
2.7 Sistem Pengapian AC .......................................................................... 18 2.7.1
Flywheel Mangneto dan Alternator ........................................ 21
2.7.2
Koil Pengapian (Ignition Coid) .............................................. 22
2.7.3
Busi ......................................................................................... 24
2.7.4
Twin Spark Ignition ................................................................ 26
2.7.5
CDI (Capacitive Discharge Ignition) ...................................... 28
2.8 Parameter Untuk Kerja Motor Otto Ethaol 94-100% .......................... 36 2.8.1
Daya ........................................................................................ 36
2.8.2
Torsi ........................................................................................ 37
2.8.3
Pemaikaian Bahan Bakar Spesifik (bsfc)................................ 38
2.8.4
Efisiensi Termis ...................................................................... 38
2.9 Emisi Gas Buang ................................................................................. 39
BAB III
METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Penelitian ............................................................................................. 40 3.2 Waktu dan Tempat .............................................................................. 40 3.3 Alat dan Bahan .................................................................................... 41 3.4 Variabel Penelitian .............................................................................. 43 3.4.1
Variabel Bebas ........................................................................ 43
3.4.2
Variabel Terikat ...................................................................... 44
3.4.3
Variabel Kontrol ..................................................................... 48
3.5 Variabel Penelitian .............................................................................. 48 3.5.1
Penyusunan Alat Penelitian .................................................... 48
3.5.2
Tahap Penelitian ..................................................................... 49
3.6 Diagram Alir Penelitian ....................................................................... 51
BAB IV
HASIL PERCOBAAN DAN ANALISIS 4.1 Torsi Engine ........................................................................................ 52 4.2 Daya Engine ........................................................................................ 55 4.3 Konsumsi Bahan Bakar ....................................................................... 58 4.3.1
Data Konsumsi Bahan Bakar 1 Busi....................................... 58
4.3.2
Data Konsumsi Bahan Bakar 2 Busi....................................... 59
4.4 Analisa Konsumsi Bahan Bakar .......................................................... 59
4.5 Data Emisi Gas Buang......................................................................... 61 4.5.1
Data Emisi Gas Buang Dengan 1 Busi ................................... 61
4.5.2
Data Emisi Gas Buang Dengan 2 Busi ................................... 62
4.6 Analisis Emisi Gas Buang ................................................................... 63
BAB V
4.6.1
Analisa Kandungan CO pada Gas Buang ............................... 63
4.6.2
Analisis Kandungan CO2 Pada Emisi Gas Buang ................... 65
4.6.3
Analisis Kandungan O2 Pada Emisi Gas Buang ..................... 66
4.6.4
Analisis Kandungan HC Pada Emisi Gas Buang.................... 66
KESIMPULAN 5.1 Kesimpulan .......................................................................................... 68 5.2 Saran .................................................................................................... 68
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN
Daftar Gambar Gambar 2.1. Langkah Hisap .................................................................................. 8 Gambar 2.2. Langkah Kompresi ........................................................................... 9 Gambar 2.3. Langkah Pembakaran ....................................................................... 9 Gambar 2.4. Langkah Buang ................................................................................. 10 Gambar 2.5. Diagram P-v siklus Otto ideal .......................................................... 11 Gambar 2.6. Karburator......................................................................................... 16 Gambar 2.7. Sistem Pengapian Langsung (AC) Sepedah Motor 4 Langkah ........ 21 Gambar 2.8. Koil Pengapian ................................................................................. 23 Gambar 2.9. Busi ................................................................................................... 25 Gambar 2.10. Mesin 4 langkah konvensional dan mesin 2 percikan api .............. 28 Gambar 2.11. Konfigurasi penemuan pulser dan sinyal yang terbaca .................. 30 Gambar 2.12 skema sistem pengapian (CDI) ........................................................ 31 Gambar 2.13. Diagram CDI AC ............................................................................ 34 Gambar 2.14 gambar diagram CDI DC................................................................. 36 Gambar 3.1 Mesin Yamaha ................................................................................... 42 Gambar 3.2 Gas Analyzer ..................................................................................... 42 Gambar 3.3 Blok head .......................................................................................... 44 Gambar 3.4 Instalasi Kelistrikan Pengapian ......................................................... 48 Gambar 3.5 Diagram Alir Penelitian ..................................................................... 51 Gambar: 4.1 Grafik torsi busi 1 dan 2 ................................................................... 54 Gambar: 4.2 Grafik daya busi 1 dan 2................................................................... 57 Gambar: 4.3 Grafik konsumsi bahan bakar busi 1 dan 2 ...................................... 60 Gambar: 4.4 Grafik rata-rata pengujian emisi gas buang busi 1 ........................... 64 Gambar: 4.5 Grafik rata-rata pengujian emisi gas buang busi 2 ........................... 64 Gambar: 4.6 Grafik pengujian emisi gas buang HC busi 1 & 2 ............................ 67
Daftar Tabel Tabel 4.1 torsi busi 1 ............................................................................................... 53 Tabel 4.2 Torsi busi 2 ............................................................................................. 54 Tabel 4.3 daya busi 1 .............................................................................................. 56 Tabel 4.4 daya busi 2 .............................................................................................. 56 Tabel 4.5 Konsumsi bahan bakar dengan 1 busi..................................................... 58 Tabel 4.6 Konsumsi bahan bakar dengan 2 busi..................................................... 59 Tabel 4.7 Data hasil emisi gas buang dengan 1 busi .............................................. 61 Tabel 4.8 Rata-rata dari pengujian emisi gas buang 1 busi .................................... 62 Tabel 4.9 Data hasil emisi gas buang dengan busi ................................................ 62 Tabel 4.10 Rata-rata dari pengujian emisi gas buang 2 busi .................................. 63
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