ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai ethnic identity pada remaja etnis Jawa di gereja “X” Bandung berdasarkan proses eksplorasi dan komitmen yang dilakukan remaja tersebut mengenai kebudayaan etnisnya serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ethnic identity adalah pola asuh, usia, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, dan kontak budaya. Penelitian ini dibuat dalam bentuk deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode survei. Alat ukur yang digunkana pada penelitian ini adalah Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) berupa kuesioner yang disusun oleh J. S. Phinney. Kuesioner terdiri dari 12 pernyataan-pernyataan untuk mengetahui status ehnic identity berdasarkan eksplorasi dan komitmen. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah dari 35 remaja etnis Jawa di gereja ”X” Bandung terdapat 22 orang (62,86%) remaja berada pada status achieved ethnic identity, 9 orang (25,71%) remaja berada pada status diffuse ethnic identity, 3 orang (8,57%) remaja berada pada status foreclosure ethnic identity, dan sisanya 1 orang (2,86%) berada pada status search ethnic identity. Faktor yang paling mempengaruhi adalah jenis kelamin, di mana remaja laki-laki mayoritas berada pada status achieved ethnic identity dibandingkan dengan remaja perempuan yang berada pada status diffuse ethnic identity. Penelitian selanjutnya disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian pada responden dengan berbagai tahap perkembangan agar dapat diperoleh gambaran yang lebih lengkap dengan status ethnic identity. Remaja suku Jawa di gereja ”X” Bandung disarankan untuk lebih dapat meluangkan waktu untuk bersamasama berkumpul mencari tahu dan membahas tentang kebudayaan suku Jawa.
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ABSTRACT This is a research that is aimed to explain the ethnic identity of Javanese ethnic teenagers in “X” church Bandung based on exploration process and commitment that the teenagers do of their ethnic cultural as well as the factors which are influenced it. The factors that influence ethnic identity are parenting model, ages, gender, education, and cultural contact. The research is conducted in descriptive research. It uses the survey methodology. The measurement that is used in the research is Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) in a questionnaire that J. S. Phinney arranged. The questionnaire is created of 12 questions to recognize the ethnic identity status based on exploration and commitment. The conclussion is based on 35 Javanese ethnic teenagers in ”X” church Bandugn, there are 22 teenagers (62,86%) are at achieved ethnic identity status, 9 teenagers (25,71%) are at diffuse ethnic identity status, three teenagers (8,57%) are at foreclosure ethnic identity, and the rest is one teenager (2,86%) is at search ethnic identity. The most influenced factor is gender, most of the boys are at achieved ethnic identity status compared to the girls that are at diffuse ethnic identity status. The following research is suggested to do the research to the range of growth in order to acquire the ethnic identity status completely. The Javanese ethnic teenagers in ”X” church Bandung are recommended to have more time to gather information and discuss about Javanese ethnic.
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DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR JUDUL
.................................................................................. i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ......................................................................... ii KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................. iii ABSTRAK .................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. vi DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................ iii DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................ ix DAFTAR BAGAN ...................................................................................... x
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ........................................................................ 1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah ............................................................................... 6 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................... 6 1.3.1 Maksud Penelitian .............................................................................. 6 1.3.2 Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................ 6 1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian ............................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Kegunaan Teoritis ............................................................................... 6 1.4.2
Kegunaan Praktis ............................................................................. 6
1.5 Kerangka Pikir ....................................................................................... 7 1.6 Asumsi ................................................................................................... 17
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Identitas Etnik ........................................................................................ 18 2.1.1
Definisi .............................................................................................. 18
2.1.2
Kerangka Pikir Konseptual pada Penelitian Ethnic Identity ............ 18
2.1.2.1 Teori Identitas Etnik dan Identitas Sosial ......................................... 19 2.1.2.2 Akulturasi sebagai Kerangka Pikir pada Penelitian Ethnic Identity .. 20 2.1.2.3 Pembentukkan Identitas Etnik ......................................................... 23 2.1.3
Komponen-Komponen Ethnic Identity ............................................ 27
2.1.3.1 Identifikasi Diri dan Etnisitas .......................................................... 27 2.1.3.2 Sense of belonging ............................................................................ 30 2.1.3.3 Sikap Positif dan Negatif Terhadap Kelompok Etnik ...................... 31 2.1.3.4 Keterlibatan Etnik (Partisipasi Sosial dan Praktik Kebudayaan) ..... 33 2.1.4 Ego Identity .......................................................................................... 33 2.1.5
Penemuan-Penemuan Empiris ......................................................... 37
2.1.5.1 Self Esteem, Konsep Diri, dan Penyesuaian Psikologis ................... 37 2.1.5.2 Ethnic Identity dan Hubungannya dengan Budaya Mayoritas ......... 41 2.1.5.3 Perubahan dalam Ethnic Identity yang Berhubungan dengan Generasi yang Melakukan Imigrasi ................................................................. 45 2.1.5.4 Ethnic Identity dan Gender .............................................................. 46 2.1.5.5 Faktor Kontekstual dalam Ethnic Identity ........................................ 46 2.2 Remaja .................................................................................................... 47 2.2.1
Pengertian Remaja ............................................................................ 47 Universitas Kristen Maranatha
2.2.2
Ciri-Ciri Remaja ............................................................................... 54
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN 3.1 Rancangan dan Prosedur Penelitian ....................................................... 57 3.2 Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Operasional ........................................ 58 3.2.1
Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Konseptual .................................... 58
3.2.2
Definisi Operasional ......................................................................... 58
3.3 Alat Ukur ................................................................................................ 59 3.3.1
Alat Ukur Ethnic Identity ................................................................. 59
3.3.2
Prosedur Pengisian ........................................................................... 59
3.3.3
Sistem Penilaian ............................................................................... 59
3.3.4
Data Penunjang ................................................................................ 60
3.4 Validitas dan Reliabilitas Alat Ukur ..................................................... 61 3.4.1
Validitas Alat Ukur ......................................................................... 61
3.4.2
Reliabilitas Alat Ukur ..................................................................... 62
3.5 Populasi dan Teknik Penarikan Sampel ................................................. 63 3.5.1
Populasi Sasaran .............................................................................. 63
3.5.2
Karakteristik Sampel ....................................................................... 63
3.5.3
Teknik Penarikan Sampel ................................................................ 63
3.6 Teknik Analisis Data .............................................................................. 64
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil Penelitian ...................................................................................... 65 Universitas Kristen Maranatha
4.1.1 Gambaran Responden .......................................................................... 65 4.1.2 Hasil Pengukuran Status Ethnic Identity ............................................. 67 4.2 Pembahasan ............................................................................................. 68
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Simpulan ................................................................................................. 75 5.2 Saran ........................................................................................................ 75 5.2.1 Saran Teoritis ....................................................................................... 76 5.2.2 Saran Praktis ....................................................................................... 76
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................. xiii DAFTAR RUJUKAN ................................................................................ xv
LAMPIRAN
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DAFTAR BAGAN
Bagan 1.1 Bagan Kerangka Pemikiran ……………………………………….... 16 Bagan 3.1 Bagan Prosedur Penelitian ………………………………………….. 47
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Istilah-istilah yang digunakan bagi empat organisasi ................ . 22 Tabel 2.2 Status Identitas Ego Marcia (atas) dan tahap-tahap yang diajukan untuk membahas Ethnic Identity ........................................................... ...... 26 Tabel 3.1 Tabel Dimensi Ethnic Identity .................................................... 59 Tabel 4.1 Suku Orangtua ............................................................................. 66 Tabel 4.2 Jenis Kelamin .............................................................................. 66 Tabel 4.3 Lama Tinggal di Bandung............................................................. 67 Tabel 4.4 Usia ............................................................................................... 67 Tabel 4.5 Pendidikan yang Ditempuh Saat Ini ............................................. 68 Tabel 4.6 Gambaran Mengenai Status Ethnic Identity ................................ 68 Tabel 4.7 Tabulasi Silang antara Status Ethnic Identity dengan FaktorFaktor yang Memengaruhi .......................................................................... 74 Tabel 4.8 Tabulasi Silang Antara Status Ethnic Identity dengan Suku Orangtua ....................................................................................................... 75 Tabel 4.9 Tabulasi Silang Antara Status Ethnic Identity dengan Lama Tinggal di Bandung ...................................................................................... 75 Tabel 4.10 Tabulasi Silang Antara Status Ethnic Identity dengan Tradisi yang dipegang ................................................................................... 75
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