A STUDY OF CLAUSES USED AS MODIFIERS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES Drs. Sugija, M.Hum Staf Pengajar Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Universitas Surakarta
Abstract
English we still have another kind of a simple sentence, namely a simple sentence containing one subject and one predicate, either both of which may be compound. It means that a simple sentence does not only contain a subject and a predicate, but a simple sentence may consists of one compound subject or one compound predicate. The clause used as modifiers can be restrictive or non – restrictive. Most of the complex sentences need relative pronouns which relate the independent clause and the dependent clause into one complex sentence.
Key word: clauses, modifiers, complex sentences
1. Introduction
The title of the paper is “A study of clauses used as modifiers in complex sentences”. First, the writer wants to give explanation about the title of the paper. The writer feels that is very necessary to give the background of the title in detail. The title of this paper is intended to supply a simple way of studying clauses in sentences to those who want to master written as well as oral English. The discussion concerning the title above is entirely based on writer’s experience while studying at the English Department of
Faculty of Letters at University of Surakarta for several years. Learning of the clauses is usually or sometimes considered rather difficult. As a matter of fact, based on the writer’s observation, those who learn English, rarely used clauses as modifiers in complex sentences, even though, they have been thought or at least they have been learnt it for a couple of years. The subject matter proves to be one of the writer’s own problem during his studies. In this paper, 1
he presumes, it is suitable time for him to
mentioned above. He presumes that it is
try solving the problem concerning clauses
very important one as he realizes himself
used as modifiers in complex sentences
that
modifiers
might
high
modifiers correctly. He also wants to
frequency
in
for
encourage those who are accustomed to
English native speakers both in oral as
using simple sentences, to practice using
well as in writing forms. This statement is
more complicated sentences orally as well
based on the writer’s observation during
as in writing, particularly for the advanced
his contact with English native speakers
level. The writer has the intention to
inside or outside his studies.
present some discussion based on some
have
usage,
a
very
particularly
Because of the high frequency of the usage of clauses both in oral as well as in written form, the writer has the opinion that it is very necessary for the student, studying English to use the clauses as
clauses
used
as
observation through library research and direct contact with native speakers. The paper is also intended to motivate those studying English in particular to get some improvement in their written and oral mastery.
Secondly, the writer has the opinion
a clear idea how to use clauses as
that the students of English Department
modifiers. Last but not least, the goal of
should observe more closely and try hard
the writer in writing this paper is that
to master the use of clauses as modifiers in
through his very small contribution, they
real communication; since according to the
are expected to be good speakers or
writer what the students of English
translators in the future.
Department gained concerning clauses
As we know, there are many kind
during their study is still far from being
of sentences in English, however, as a
complete, he presumes that the discussion
starting point, the writer wants to discuss
above, the matter in this paper is also
what a simple sentences is. Before we
intended to be the source to get further
discuss it, let us observe the following
explanation; so that they will be able to get
examples consisting of positive sentences:
2.1.1. The boy sings. The boys sing loudly. 2
S x P x (A) diagram : 1
Each of the above sentences
does not need subject, but adverb may be
consists of subject and a predicate
added
to
make
(instransitive verb). As we know, one of
lively/complete.
the
sentence
more
the characteristics of an intransitive verb 2.1.2. She seems sincere. Our work was harder yesterday.
S x P x (adj) x ( A ) P Diagram : 2 Each of these sentences consists of a subject and a predicate (intransitive verb) added by adjective and adverb. 2.1.3. The boy hits the ball. The children eat candy greedily. S x P x DO Diagram : 3 Each of these sentences consists of a subject and a predicate (transitive
characteristics of a transitive verb needs an object to complete its meaning.
verb). As we know, one of the
2.1.4. Jack sent me grifts. 3
My brother gave his friend a gift last night. S x P x IO x DO x ( A ) Diagram : 4 Eaach of these sentences consists of a subject and a predicate (transitive verb). 2.1.5. I make her happy. Our teacher considers us silly sometimes. S x P x DO x ( adj ) x ( A ) Diagram : 5 Each of these sentences consists of a subject and a predicate (intransitive verb) followed by adjective or adverb. 2.1.6. He becomes my friend. Crocodile is a wild animal. S x P x DO Diagram : 6 Each of these sentences consists of a subject and a predicate ( linking verb). Here the first noun ( S ) means the second noun ( DO ).
“ A simple sentence is a sentence consisting a subject and a predicate”. Beside the simple sentence mentioned above, however, in English we still have
Having observed the above sentences and
another kind of a simple sentence, namely
their diagrams carefully, we know that
a simple sentence containing one subject
each of them contains only one subject and
and one predicate, either both of which
one predicate; all the sentences have
may be compound. It means that a simple
completed idea. Those are called a simple
sentence does not
sentence.
4
only contain a subject and a predicate, but a simple sentence may consists of one compound subject or one compound predicate. Examples : 2.1.7. Simple sentences with one compound subject - Smith, Jack, and Tom died on fourth of July. S2 - Jack and Betty are from Chicago. S2 - Father, mother, and I went to the movie last night. S2 S
x
P x (A)
Diagram : 7 Each of those sentences consists of one compound subject and a predicate. 2.1.8. Simple sentences with one compound predicate - He came to Pilate and begged the body of Yesus. P2 -
She met me and got my address. P2
-
His works have not died. P2
-
This questions may be settled peaceably. P2
-
The old man is walking slowly. P2 5
-
A great many soldiers have been discharged. P2
S
x
P2
x
(O)
x(A)
Diagram : 8 Each of these sentences consists of a subject and one compound predicate. After determining what a simple sentence
sentences, namely a compound sentence.
is, let us discuss another nature of English
Let us observe the following examples
2.2.1. – The wind was blowing and the water was rough. - John works hard but Richard is lazy. - Shall I write to him or will you telephone ?
S
x
P
x
(O x A)
but,and,or
S x
P x (A)
Diagram : 9 *) S2,P2
: stands for copmpound subject and compound predicate. When we observe the above sentence, each of them consists of two simple sentences
joined by the ordinating conjunction : but, and, or. 2.2.2. – Mary went to the Barber shop for a loaf and Ani helped her mother In the kitchen, but Tono sat listening to the radio. - Years pass and fashions change, but human nature remains the same.
6
But S x P x (A)
And
but S x P x (A) and
Or
S x P x (A) or
Diagram : 10 Each of those above sentences
sentences are called compound sentences.
consists of three simple sentences ; each
As it stated by Eckersley and Margaret
of
Macaulay :
them
is
joined
by
coordinate
conjunctions : and, but, or. All the “ A compound sentence is a sentence made up of two or more simple sentences joined by a conjunction or conjuctions”. However, according to House and Harman, the term simple sentence can be called “independent clause” so the definition will be : A compound sentence is a sentence
is not enough yet concerning what a
composed of
two or more independent
compound sentence is formed. We still
calused joined by a conjunction or more
have another kond of compound sentence
than one conjunction”. Now we know
in English.Let us observe the following
what a compound sentence is, however, it
examples.
2.2.3. – The work stops ; tool are kept reday. - We did not abolish truth ; we could not do that. S x P x (O/A)
;
S x P x (O/A)
Diagram: 11
7
Those sentences in 2.2.3. are called compound sentences. Knowing this,
always linked together with a conjuntion; the two or more
sentences in compound sentences is not sentences ( independent clauses ) can also
It is necessary to point out that besides the
be joined together into one compound
compound sentences mentioned above,
sentences by a semicollon when it is
there are still other compound sentences,
written, but in oral usage, it ia marked with
in which each sentences ( independent
a short pause.
clause ) is linked with certain conjunction,
“ Except when joined by one of the coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, or) independent clauses are separated by a semicollon”.
like before, after, when, how, however, therefore, moreover, nevertheles, beside, etc. Further discussion this type of compound sentence is put aside.
2.3. Complex sentences As a rule, the sentences which we
variation, namely a complex sentence.
actually use in our daily communication
Before we discuss what a complex
are not limited to the simple sentences and
sentence is, let us observe the following
the compound sentences. However, we
examples :
have to use another kind of sentence, for
2.3.1. The people who work in this office received gifts. The girl who is wearing a green dress is my sister. The man that leads orchestra is my father. The man that is talking to Mary is our lecturer. Each of the above sentences consists of an independent clause, and a dependent clause containing who / that x P x O which functions as a modifier. 2.3.2. Music, which is one of my hobbies, is a hard subject. The book, which is on the table is an expensive one. The shoes that are in the cupboard belong to me. 8
The car that crashed into the kerb was damaged. Each of the above sentences consists
of
ine
independent
clause
containing which / that x P x ( O / A ).
Which or that in the dependent clause modifies the subject of the independent clauses.
2.3.3. The girl whose friends are leaving feels very sad. The man whose sons have passed are very proud. The house of which the window are broken is unoccupied. The horse of which the tail is very long comes from America Each of the above sentences
the dependent clause replace the possive
consists of one independent clause and one
case. The dependent clause modifies the
dependent clause containing whose / of
subject of the independent clause.
which S x P x ( A ). Whose or of which in 2.3.4. The girl whom we see near the stage is a singer. The students whom the teacher is teaching now are clever students. The books which I lent you belong to my brother. The apple trees which we palnted three years ago will probably bear fruit this year. The women that we see near the stage is my mother. The books that you bought yesterday is lost now. Each of the above sentences consists of one
independent clause
containing whose/which/that
S x P x (
object ( direct object ) of the dependent clause. The dependent clause modifies the subject in the independent clause.
O/A ). Whose, which or that replace the
2.3.5. Mr.Smith, for whom I am doing this job, left early. Lukman, to whom Tuti gave the file, cannot find it now. Ratna, with whom he is going to the beach, swims well. 9
Each of the above sentences
whom S x P x A ( O/A ) ; the dependent
consists of independent clause and one
caluse moodifies the subject of the
dependent clause containing preposition +
independent clause.
2.3.6. The house in which he lived last year is broken. The roses at which you have been looking, were all planted two years ago. Klaten about which you are talking, is only small. The Sitompul’s file, for which Lukman searching, has fallen into the waste - paper basket. Each of the above sentences consists of one independent clause and one dependent clause containing preposotion + which x P x ( A ); the dependent clause modifies the subject of the independent clause. 2.3.7. This is the doctor who looked after Hamid. We visited our cousins who lived in Medan. Each of the above sentences consists of
need relative pronouns which relate the
one independent clause and one dependent
independent clause and the dependent
clause containing who/that x P x ( O/A );
clause into one complex sentence.
the dependent clause modifies the object of the independent clause. This is what is meant by a complex sentence. a complex sentence always contains one independent clause and
at
lest
one
dependent
clause,
functioning as modifiers; we call it clause as
modifiers”.
The
clause
used
as
modifiers can be restrictive or non – restrictive. Most of the complex sentences
10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Eckersley CE. 1958. A Concise English Grammar. London: Logman Press. Eckersley & M. Macaulay.1958. Brighter English Grammar. London: Logman Homer C. House & susan E. Herman. 1950. Descriptive English Grammar. New York: Prentice Hall Inc. Hornby A. S. 1975. A Guide To Patterns and Usage in English. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Robert L. Shutter. 1963. Handy Grammar Refrence. New York: Mc. Graw Book Company. Yoseph C. Blumenthal. 1966. The English Language. New York: Harcourt Brace & Would Inc.
11
PERBANDINGAN ANTARA KETERANGAN TEMPAT DAN ARAH BAHASA INGGRIS DAN BAHASA INDONESIA
Drs. Sugija, M.Hum Staf Pengajar Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris Universitas Surakarta
Abstrak
Bentuk keterangan tempat dan arah sederhana terdiri atas sepatah kata saja dan hanya terdapat pada bahasa Inggris. Bentuk frasa keterangan tempat dan arah ‘ terdiri atas suatu kelompok kata yang berupa frasa preposisi yang terdiri atas preposisi sebagai head dan kata benda sebagai modifier. Ciri bentuk klausa keterangan tempat dimulai dengan ‘ where ‘ atau ‘ di mana ‘ dan dapat dibuktikan dengan cara mengggantikan klausa tersebut dengan bentuk keterangan tempat sederhana di dalam bahasa Ingggris atau bentuk frasa keterangan tempat di dalam bahasa Indonesia. Di dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia, posisi di muka kalimat ini pada umumnya sama – sama berada sebelum subyek. Posisi ini berada di muka kalimat mengingat bahwa keterangan tempat lebih ditonjolkan. Key word : keterangan tempat, arah
1. Pendahuluan
Alasan
untuk memilih
KETERANGAN TEMPAT DAN ARAH
judul ini ialah karena berpendapat bahwa
BAHASA INGGRIS DAN BAHASA
pada umumnya suatu kalimat mengandung
INDONESIA.
‘Keterangan tempat dan arah’ ; karena
membandingkan
belum
yang
tempat dan arah’ dengan maksud agar
membahas tentang masalah ini, penulis
penelitian ini dapat berguna bagi teman –
ingin mencoba mengadakan pengamatan
teman di Indonesia. Dalam perbandingan
tentang ‘Keterangan tempat dan arah’ dan
ini dapat diketemukan unsur yang sama
menuangkannya dalam penelitian dengan
dan berbeda di mana unsur yang sama
judul : PERBANDINGAN ANTARA
merupakan
pernah
penulis
ada
penelitian
Penulis sedikit
sengaja ‘Keterangan
unsur 12
1
House and Harman, “ Descriptive English
Grammar “, Oxford University Press., London, hal. 156. Dari contoh – contoh tersebut di atas akan
menerangkan kata keadaan mad. Begitu
kita amati bahwa kata – kata furiously,
pula
nearly dan really disebut kata keterangan.
berhubungan dengan kata keterangan well,
Kita
maka
lihat
contoh a,
kata
furiously
dengan
really
contoh
kita
c,
sebut
kata
juga
really
kata
menerangkan kata kerja barked, maka
keterangan. Jadi sesuai dengan definisi di
furiously ini kita sebut sebagai kata kata
atas
keterangan. Pada contoh kedua, kata
berhubungan atau menerangkan kata kerja,
nearly juga disebut kata keterangan karena
kata keadaan atau kata keterangan lainnya.
bahwa
kata
keterangan
selalu
2.2. Jenis – jenis kata keterangan. Apabila
kata
Keterangan sebab serta Keterangan tempat
keterangan lebih jauh lagi, ternyata di
dan arah. Di bawah ini akan penulis
dalamnya terdapat bermacam – macam
berikan beberapa contoh dari masing –
jenis,
masing jenis kata keterangan.
yaitu
Keterangan
kita
: cara,
menilik
Keterangan
waktu,
Keterangan
derajat,
2.2.1. Keterangan waktu ( The adverb of time ) Keterangan
waktu
adalah
– kata seperti : today, before, last summer,
keterangan yang merupakan jawaban atas
tomorrow, dan seterusnya, maka berarti
pertanyaan When? ; jadi apabila kita
kalimat itu mengandung keterangan waktu,
menemukan kalimat di mana terdapat kata
misalnya :
-
I am leaving town today.
-
I have been in this house before.
-
Last summer we went to Scotland.
-
Father plans to arrive tomorrow.
13
2.2.2. Keterangan cara ( The adverb of manner ) Keterangan cara adalah keterangan
terdapat kata – kata seperti : quietly, badly,
yang merupakan jawaban atas pertanyaan
charmingly,
wholeheartedly,
dan
How? atau In what way? Keterangan ini
seterusnya,
maka berarti kalimat
itu
biasanya menerangkan kata kerja. Jadi
mengandung keterangan cara, misalnya :
apabila kita menemukan kalimat di mana -
He quietly closed the door behind him.
-
He’s playing badly today.
-
She entertains charmingly.
-
He supported us wholeheartedly.
2.2.3. Keterangan derajat ( The adverb of degree ) Keterangan
adalah
kita menemukan kalimat dimana terdapat
keterangan yang menunjukkan ukuran atau
kata – kata seperti : very, too, completely,
besarnya
almost, dan seterusnya ; maka berarti
;
derajat
biasanya
keterangan
ini
merupakan jawaban atas pertanyaan How
kalimat
much? atau To what extent? Jadi apabila
derajat, misalnya :
-
John is very tall.
-
He walks too slowly.
-
I had forgotten it completely.
-
I was almost asleep.
itu
mengandung
keterangan
2.2.4. Keterangan sebab ( The adverb of cause ) Keterangan
sebab
adalah
ataupun kalimat berita. Kata – kata ini
menyatakan
sebab.
misalnya : wherefore, why, consequently,
Keterangan yang biasanya menerangkan
therefore, dan seterusnya ; misalnya
kata kerja ini dapat berbentuk pertanyaan
dipakai pada kalimat berikut :
keterangan
yang
-
Wherefore didst thou doubt?
-
Why did he go?
-
Consequently I am leaving.
-
Therefore I am referring this case to you.
-
14
2.2.5. Keterangan tempat dan arah ( The adverb of place and direction ) Keterangan
tempat
adalah
menunjukkan arah kemana dan dari mana,
keterangan yang menunjukkan tempat ‘di
seperti : hither, onward, hence, from here,
mana’, seperti : upstairs, under the
dan seterusnya. Keterangan – keterangan
umbrella.
tersebut dipakai pada kalimat berikut :
Sedang
keterangan
arah
-
The guests sleep upstairs.
-
The cat is sleeping under the umbrella.
-
Come hither.
-
Move onward.
-
Go hence.
-
No, its only a block from here.
Di dalam penelitian ini penulis tidak akan
ia hanya akan membahas sedikit tentang
menguraikan
‘Keterangan tempat dan arah’.
semua
jenis
‘Kata
Keterangan’ seperti tersebut di atas, tetapi
2.3. Bentuk keterangan tempat dan arah. Ditinjau
dari jumlah
kata
yang
digunakan di dalam ‘Keterangan tempat
dan arah’, kita dapat membedakan menjadi tiga bentuk, yaitu :
2.3.1. Keterangan tempat dan arah sederhana. 2.3.2. Frasa keterangan tempat dan arah. 2.3.3. Klausa keterangan tempat dan arah. 2.3.1. Keterangan tempat dan arah sederhana. Keterangan
tempat
dan
arah
below, inside, outside, there, here, dan
sederhana adalah keterangan yang hanya
seterusnya. Keterangan – keterangan ini
menggunakan sepatah kata saja yang
pada umumnya
menunjukkan tempat, seperti : above,
‘Where?’, misalnya :
menjawab pertanyaan
a. John slept above, and I below. b. It needed to be painted both inside and outside. c. My grandmother sits there all day long watching the crowd go and come. 15
d. I’m sorry, you can’t go inside. e. My brother has not been here since he left Christmas Eve.
Kita perhatikan bahwa keterangan – keterangan tempat dan arah di atas adalah jawaban dari ‘Where?’. a. Where did John sleep and where did you? b. Where did it need to be painted? c. Where does your grandmother sit all day long watching the crowd go and come? d. Where can’t I go? e. Where hasn’t your brother been since he left Christmas Eve? 2.3.2. Frasa keterangan tempat dan arah. Frasa keterangan tempat dan arah
benda, seperti : on the table, to the
inilah keterangan yang berupa suatu
museum, into the water, in the country, at
kelompok kata yang menunjukkan tempat.
the university, dan seterusnya. Frasa –
Kelompok kata ini selalu didahului oleh
frasa ini misalnya di pakai pada kalimat
preposisi yang kemudian diikuti oleh kata
berikut :
-
The cigarette is on the table.
-
The students went to the museum yesterday.
-
I threw the stone into the water.
-
It was such a beautiful day that I decided to go for a leisurely walk in the country.
-
He studied at the university.
2.3.3. Klausa keterangan tempat dan arah. Klausa keterangan tempat dan arah
‘where’ ) yang menerangkan induk kalimat
adalah klausa ( yang didahului kata
sehingga menjadi satu kesatuan, misalnya:
a. Dick lay where the grass was thickest. b. Where there is no rain, farming is impossible. c. I found my watch where I had left it. d. Where words are scarce, they are seldom spent in vain. e. Go back (to) where you came from. 16
Untuk membuktikan bahwa klausa –
dengan
keterangan
tempat
bentuk
klausa di atas menunjukkan tempat, kita
sederhana, yaitu dengan menggunakan
substitusikan klausa – klausa tersebut
there, seperti :
a. Dick lay there. b. There, farming is impossible. c. I found my watch there. d. Go back (to) there. Dari contoh yang telah penulis utarakan di
arah’, hanya ‘klausa keterangan tempat
muka, ciri – ciri pembeda untuk masing –
dan arah’ lah yang selalu ditandai oleh
masing bentuk ‘Keterangan tempat dan
pemakaian ‘where’, misalnya :
-
I found my watch where I had left it.
-
Where words are scarce, they are seldom spent in vain.
Sedangkan
kebanyakkan
dari
‘Frasa
mendahului kata benda, seperti : in, at, on,
keterangan
tempat
arah’
selalu
to, into, misalnya di dalam kalimat yang
ditandai
dengan
dan
preposisi
yang
-
He studied at the university.
-
The students are in the classroom.
berbunyi :
Untuk keterangan tempat dan arah sederhana, preposisi tidak digunakan, misalnya : -
They come here.
-
She sits there.
-
John slept above, and I below.
2.4. Posisi keterangan tempat dan arah. Posisi daripada ‘Keterangan tempat
kalimatnya. Di bawah ini akan penulis
dan arah’ dapat berada di muka, di tengah
berikan beberapa contoh dari masing –
dan di belakang tanpa mengubah arti
masing posisi tersebut.
1. Posisi di muka. Posisi ini terjadi apabila ‘Keterangan tempat’ lebih ditonjolkan. Pada umumnya posisi ini selalu mendahului subyek, misalnya :
17
a. Inside the car Yakub saw a foreigner. b. At these places they always found friendly people to talk and exchange ideas with. c. In Indonesia, the UNESCO has been working for years to fight illiteracy. d. At Boston University he studied the science of speech, and later he became a professor. e. On the field, the king’s men and the barons were face to face. f. In Paris the Burgundians also attacked and killed a great number of the Armagnacs. g. Here Galileo became interested in the stars. Seperti contoh – contoh tersebut di atas,
mana keterangan tempat inside the car dan
‘Keterangan tempat’, selalu mendahului
at
subyek, seperti misalnya contoh a dan b di
mendahului subyek Yakub dan they.
these
places
masing
–
masing
2. Posisi di tengah kalimat. Posisi ini di dalam kalimat dapat
mengandung keterangan waktu sehingga
mendahului keterangan waktu ataupun
‘Keterangan tempat dan arah’ mendahului
jumlah. Di bawah ini penulis berikan
keterangan waktu tersebut, misalnya :
beberapa
contoh
kalimat
yang
a. My father was born in Ireland fifty years ago. b. The students went to the museum yesterday. c. I went to Italy last year. d. We swam in the lake before breakfast. Kita lihat bahwa ‘Keterangan tempat dan
Mungkin terjadi pula keterangan waktu
arah’ pada kalimat a, b, c, dan d yaitu in
atau keterangan jumlah berada di muka
Ireland, to the museum, to Italy, dan in the
kalimat atau mendahului subyek. Berikut
lake,
mendahului
ini penulis berikan beberapa
years
ago,
kalimat yang mengandung keterangan
yesterday, last year, dan before breakfast.
jumlah sehingga ‘Keterangan tempat dan
Sebetulnya hanyalah variasi belaka, jika
arah’
posisi ‘Keterangan tempat dan arah’
misalnya
masing
keterangan
mendahului
–
masing
waktu
fifty
keterangan
waktu,
mendahului
keterangan
contoh
jumlah,
untuk
memperindah kalimat. e. He goes to Rome every other year. 18
f. He gave lectures at the training college three days a week. g. He saw that film at the Regal cinema twice. h. She goes to the village once a month. Kita
lihat
bahwa
‘Keterangan
cinema, dan to the village masing –
tempat dan arah’ pada kalimat e, f,
masing
mendahului
keterangan
g, dan h yaitu to Rome, at the
jumlah every other year, three days
training college, at the Regal
a week, twice, dan once a month.
3. Posisi di belakang kalimat. Posisi di belakang kalimat ini dapat
satu,
berada
sesudah
predikat,
berada sesudah predikat maupun
misalnya frasa ‘Keterangan tempat
sesudah obyek. Posisi ‘Keterangan
dan arah’ : at home, to school, in
tempat dan arah’ di dalam kalimat
the air, and into the river, seperti
yang bersubyek satu, berpredikat
pada kalimat :
a. I stay at home. b. He walks to school. c. The scent of lilies was in the air. d. Henry fell into the river. Begitu pula halnya dengan kalimat
frasa ‘Keterangan tempat dan arah’
yang bersubyek satu, berpredikat
in the yards, under the umbrella,
satu dan berobyek satu, posisi
into the water, dan in the picture,
‘Keterangan
seperti pada kalimat :
tempat
dan
arah’
berada sesudah obyek, misalnya e. The boys play football in the yards. f. I saw the cat under the umbrella. g. I threw the stone into the water. h. There are flowers in the picture.
Posisi ‘Keterangan tempat dan
picture
masing-masing
berada
arah’ in the yards, under the
sesudah obyek football, the cat, the
umbrella, into the water, dan in the
stone, dan flowers.
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‘KETERANGAN TEMPAT DAN ARAH’ DI DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS DAN DI DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA Untuk
memperoleh
gambaran
bahwa system atau aturan – aturan pada
tentang ‘Keterangan tempat dan arah’ di
masing – masing bahasa tidaklah sama.
dalam
Oleh sebab inilah maka di dalam bab ini
bahasa
Inggris
dan
bahasa
Indonesia, kita perlu membandingkannya.
penulis
Dengan
untuk
Inggris dengan bahasa Indonesia dalam hal
selanjutnya kita akan segera mengetahui
‘Keterangan tempat dan arah’, untuk
kesukaran
melihat persamaan dan perbedaannya.
membandingkan
–
kesukaran
ini
di
dalam
akan
membandingkan
bahasa
mempelajari bahasa Inggris, mengingat 4.1. Persamaan. Persamaan tersebut terletak pada segi
dan bahasa Indonesia sama – sama terdiri
‘posisi’, di mana di dalam bahasa Inggris
tiga posisi yaitu :
1. posisi di muka kalimat. 2. posisi di tengah kalimat. 3. posisi di belakang kalimat. 1. Posisi di muka kalimat Di dalam bahasa
Inggris dan
kalimat
mengingat
bahwa
keterangan
bahasa Indonesia, posisi di muka kalimat
tempat lebih ditonjolkan. Di bahwa ini
ini pada umumnya sama – sama berada
penulis berikan beberapa contoh posisi
sebelum subyek. Posisi ini berada di muka
tersebut, misalnya :
a. Inside the car Yakub saw a foreigner. - Di dalam mobil Yakub melihat orang asing. b. In Indonesia people drive their cars on the left side of the street. - Di Indonesia orang mengemudikan mobilnya di sebelah kiri jalan. c. At the gate they were greeted by Mr. and Mrs. Koesoemah themselves. - Di pintu masuk mereka disambut oleh Bapak dan Ibu Koesoemah sendiri. d. At the places they always found friendly people to talk and exchange ideas with.
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- Di tempat – tempat ini mereka selalu menjumpai orang – orang yang menyenangkan untuk diajak berbicara dan bertukar pikiran. e. In Indonesia, the UNESCO has been working for years to fight illiteracy. - Di Indonesia, UNESCO telah bekerja bertahun – tahun untuk memberantas buta huruf. 2. Posisi di tengah kalimat Di dalam bahasa Inggris maupun
keterangan waktu atau keterangan
bahasa Indonesia posisi ini dapat
lain yang mungkin juga merupakan
berada
keterangan jumlah. Misalnya di
sesudah
kemudian
predikat
setelah
yang
‘Keterangan
tempat dan arah’ ini diikuti oleh
dalam
kalimat
yang
berbunyi
berada
sesudah
sebagai berikut :
a. My father was born in Ireland fifty years ago. - Ayahku dilahirkan di Irlandia 50 tahun yang lalu. b. The students went to the museum yesterday. - Murid – murid pergi ke museum kemarin. c. She goes to the village once a month. - Ia pergi ke desa sebulan sekali. 3. Posisi di belakang kalimat. Di dalam bahasa Inggris maupun
kalanya
bahasa Indonesia posisi ini dapat
obyek.
juga
berada sesudah predikat dan ada Contoh posisi di belakang kalimat yang berada sesudah predikat, ialah : a. I stay at home. - Saya berada di rumah. b. Ali went to Scotland. - Ali pergi ke Scotlandia. c. The dog sleeps under the table. 21
- Anjing itu tidur di bawah meja. Adapun contoh posisi di belakang kalimat yang berada sesudah obyek, misalnya : a. I threw the stone into the water. - Saya melempar batu ke air. b. The boys play football in the yards. - Anak – anak bermain sepakbola di halaman. c. I saw the cat under the umbrella. - Saya melihat kucing di bawah payung.
4.2. Perbedaan Disamping persamaan, penulis
terletak pada segi ‘bentuk’. Di
juga menemukan perbedaan antara
dalam bahasa Inggris, ‘ Keterangan
‘ Keterangan tempat dan arah ‘ di
tempat dan arah ‘, bentuknya terdiri
dalam bahasa Inggris dan di dalam
atas tiga bagian yaitu :
bahasa Indonesia. Perbedaan ini a. Keterangan tempat dan arah sederhana b. Frasa keterangan tempat dan arah c. Klausa keterangan tempat Tetapi di dalam bahasa Indonesia, bentuk ‘ Keterangan tempat dan arah ‘ hanya terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu ; a. Frasa keterangan tempat dan arah b. Klausa keterangan tempat
‘ Keterangan tempat dan arah ‘
Indonesia bentuk ini akan menjadi
di mana di dalam bahasa Inggris
‘ frasa ‘ atau kelompok kata, bila
termasuk bentuk ‘ sederhana ‘
kita terjemahkan. Karena kita tahu
mengingat bahwa hanya terdiri dari
bahwa ‘ Keterangan tempat dan
sepatah kata saja, di dalam bahasa
arah ‘ dalam bahasa Indonesia 22
selalu didahului oleh preposisi di,
ke dan dari.
Bentuk ‘ sederhana ‘ di atas, misalnya : - outside
=> di luar
- inside
=> di dalam => ke dalam
- here
=> ke sini
- there
=> di sana
Kata – kata di atas dipakai pada kalimat sebagai berikut : a. It needed to be painted both inside and outside. - Ini perlu dicat baik di dalam maupun di luar. b. I’m sorry, you can’t go inside. - Maaf, anda tidak boleh ke dalam. c. He came here last night. - Ia datang ke sini tadi malam. d. His grandmother sits there all day long watching the crowd go and come. - Neneknya duduk di sana sepanjang hari melihat orang yang lalu – lalang.
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5. Simpulan Setelah
membandingkan
tersebut dengan bentuk keterangan
bentuk dan posisi penelitian ini
tempat sederhana di dalam bahasa
untuk selanjutnya penulis dapat
Ingggris
mengambil kesimpulan bahwa :
keterangan tempat di dalam bahasa
bentuk ‘ Keterangan tempat dan
Indonesia. Posisi di muka kalimat
arah ‘ sederhana terdiri atas sepatah
dari ‘ Keterangan tempat dan arah ‘
kata saja dan hanya terdapat pada
pada umumnya berada sebelum
bahasa Inggris. Bentuk ‘ Frasa
subyek karena keterangan ini lebih
keterangan tempat dan arah ‘ terdiri
ditonjolkan.
atas suatu kelompok kata yang
kalimat dari ‘ Keterangan tempat
berupa frasa preposisi yang terdiri
dan arah ‘ berada sesudah predikat
atas preposisi sebagai head dan
yang
kata benda sebagai modifier.
keterangan waktu atau keterangan
Ciri bentuk ‘Klausa keterangan tempat ‘ dimulai dengan ‘ where ‘ atau ‘ di mana dan dapat dibuktikan dengan cara mengggantikan klausa
atau
bentuk
Posisi
kemudian
di
Frasa
tengah
diikuti
oleh
jumlah. Posisi di belakang kalimat dari ‘ Keterangan tempat dan arah ‘ dapat berada sesudah predikat atau sesudah obyek.
Daftar Pustaka Alisyahbana Takdir Sutan. 1977. Tata Bahasa Indonesia I. Jakarta : Dian Rakyat. English For The SLTA Supplementary Reader I, II, III. Jakarta : PN Balai House Homer C. and Emolyn Harman Susan. 1950. Descriptive English Grammar,. New York : Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs. Keraf Gorys. 1970. Tata Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta : Nusa Indah.
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