Calophyllum inophyllum L.
A Potential Plant for Biodiesel
By: Prof. DR. Ir. R. Sudradjat M.Sc Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Forest Research and Development Agency
TREE CHARACTERISTICS
DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL POTENCY In the world : South East Asia, India, Africa, Northern Australia, North Queensland, etc. In Indonesia : In almost all seashore, mangrove areas, National Parks : Alas Purwo, Thousand Island, Baluran, Ujung Kulon, Pananjung Pangandaran, Batu Karas, Pantai Carita, Yapen Island, Jayapura, Biak, Nabire, Manokwari, Sorong, Fakfak, Halmahera, Ternate, Berbak Total area of natural stand (indicative) : 480,700.0 ha, actual stand about 50,000.0 ha
INDICATIVE DISTRIBUTION MAP OF Calophyllum inophyllum L. NATURAL STAND IN INDONESIA •
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keterangan : • 1 spot minimal seluas 500 ha, dengan bentang(lebar tutupan) arah darat • 1 spot minimal seluas200m 500 ha,kedengan bentang(lebar tutupan) 200m ke arah darat
Source: (1). Forest Thematic Base Map + (2).Land cover map based on Landsat7 ETM (2003)
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NYAMPLUNG ACREAGE DISTRIBUTION outside forest • 1. Sumatra 6,800 • 2. Jawa 14,200 • 3. Bali & NT 13,500 • 4. Kalimantan 21,700 • 5. Sulawesi 5,600 • 6. Maluku 21,100 • 7. Papua 14,700 • Total 78,200
inside forest 7,400 2,200 15,700 10,100 3,100 8,400 107,800 177,100
ADVANTAGES OF Calophyllum inophyllum L. 9
High survival potency in nature,still productive until 50 years
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Lot of seedlings and easy silviculture
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Does not compete with food crops
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High multipurpose (seed, wood,gum, processing by products)
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As windbreaker, soil and seashore conservation
BIODIESEL Advantage 9 High yield 9 Meet the US and European Union biodiesel standards 9 High heating value 9 Compatible with diesel, better lubrication capability, more environmentally sound
Seed
Seed source (identified seed stand)
Sagara Anakan
NC Alas Purwo (E.Java)
Fresh fruit, dried fruit, seed before and after peeling
Generative Propagation
Seed
Seedling
Age: 6 months
Natural plant
Seedling from seed and from natural plant for nursery
Seedling
Vegetative Propagation
Stump
Tissue culture
Seedling from vegetative propagation
Age : 6 months
Age : 10 years
Age : 1 year
Age : 28 years
Age : 58 years
Calophyllum inophyllum from various age
Research History The Puslitbang Hasil Hutan (Centre for Forest Products Research and development) has been conducted research on manufacturing biodiesel from Nyamplung intensively since 2005, and now (2008) it has been accomplished as referred to the results have been achieved : • Biodiesel from nyamplung has been tested for its physicochemical characteristics by Puslitbang Minyak dan Gas Bumi (2008) and all 17 characteristics has met the Indonesian Biodiesel Standard (SNI) No: 04 –7182–2006. • Nyamplung biodiesel has been road rally-test three times giving totally 320 km distance. All road test obtained in succesfull results, no trouble at alll during and after roadtest.
Socialisation of Results • • • • • • •
Publishing book entitled: Nyamplung sumber energi biofuel yang potensial.( Nyamplung a potential biofuel energy). This book has been free of charged disseminated in some seminars. Presentation in “Nasional Seminar of Nyamplung”, held in Jakarta (Manggala Wanabhakti), 23 Septembre 2008 (Prof. Sudradjat) Presentation in “Wood-base bioenergy in Asia Pacific Woprkshop”, held in Jakarta (Meridien Hotel), 14 – 17 October 2008 (Prof. Sudradjat) Presentation in “ Discussion on biofuel policy in Asia Workshop” , 24 – 27 September in Beijing China (Prof. Sudradjat) Presentation in “Temu Nasional Desa Mandiri Energi Workshop”, 11 – 13 Nopember 2008 in Sanur, Bali (Prof.Sudradjat) Presentation in “Bilateral meeting FORDA – FRIM (Malaysia)”, 18 December 2008 (Prof. Sudradjat). Road tests three times: a) 7 Nopember 2008, Bogor – Jakarta (bf) using Jeep with 100% biodiesel ( B-100), b) 28 Nopember 2008, Bogor-Jakarta (bf) using 2 jeeps with B-100, c) 23 Desember 2008, Jakarta – Bogor – Banten (bf), using bus with B-100
Superiority of Seed and Other Products • High dry-seed productivity: 10 ton (5 x 10 m plants distance), and 20 ton for 5 x 5 m. High oil content of 60 - 65% total capacity, and 40 – 45% oil extracted • Besides oil, wood has been long time commercial marketing for people manufacturing boat as wood has high resistancy to marine borer. • Many commercial by pruducts achieved from processings such as: activated carbon, fruit briquette, glycerol, stearin • Unsaponified oil (coumarine) as other processing byproducts can be sold for HIV/Aids medicine
PROCESSING • • • •
Seed extraction from it shell Seeds steaming for 2 hours Degumming using concentration of 1% phosphatic acid Processing of nyamplung biodiesel takes 3 more specific steps: – – –
Esterification, using methanol, 1% HCl as catalyst. It takes 1 hour for this process Transesterification, using methanol, 1% NaOH as catalyst. It takes 1 hour for this process. If the acid number of the oil resulted is higher than the limit (> 0,8), it will take neutralization process, based on the free fatty acid (FFA) content.
BIODIESEL QUALITY The quality of nyamplung biodiesel has met the requirements of Indonesian National Standard (SNI 047182-2006) for all parameters, including density, viscosity, fog point, carbon residue and acid number. Contact for Technology Processing : Prof. Dr. Ir. R. Sudradjat, MSc. Kantor: Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan (P3HH) Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 PO. Box. 182 Bogor Telp : 0251 - 8633378 ; Fax: 0251- 8633413 email:
[email protected]
FLOW CHART OF PRODUCTION PROCESS
SEED
PEELING, STEAMING,DRYING
EXTRACTION/PRESSING
ESTERIFICATION
TRANSESTERIFICATION
NETRALIZATION
crude oil
DEGUMMING
refined oil
PURIFICATION AND DRYING
BIODIESEL
PRODUCTS
The best and efficient transesterification process : 60 oC, time 30 minutes, stirring speed 400 rpm, catalyst NaOH 1% from oil, mol methanol ratio 6:1 from oil
Sifat Fisiko Kimia Biodiesel Nyamplung Dibandingkan dengan Standar SNI 04-7182-2006 No.
1.
Parameter
Satuan
o Massa jenis pada 40 C
Metode Uji
3 kg/m 2 mm /s(cSt)
Nilai
Biodiesel Nyamplun g
ASTM D1298
850-890
880,6
ASTM D445
2,3-6,0
5,724
ASTM D613
Min. 51
71,9
ASTM
D93
Min. 100
151
C
ASTM D2500
Maks. 18
38
-
ASTM D130
Maks.no 3
1b
% massa
ASTM D4530
Maks.0,05 Maks.0,30
0,04
ASTM D1796
Maks.0,05
0
ASTM D1160
Maks. 360
340
2.
Viskositas o kinematik pada 40 C
3.
Bilangan setana
4.
Titik nyala (mangkok tertutup)
5.
Titik kabut
6.
Korosi kepingan tembaga o pada 50 C)
7.
Residu karbon - Contoh asli - 10% ampas distilasi
8.
Air dan sedimen
9.
Suhu distilasi 90%
% volume o C
10.
Abu tersulfatkan
% massa
ASTM D874
Maks.0,02
0,026
11.
Belerang
ppm-m (mg/kg)
ASTM D1266
Maks. 100
16
12.
Fosfor
ppm-m (mg/kg)
ASTM D1091
Maks. 10
0,223
13.
Bilangan asam
mg KOH/g
AOCS Cd 3d-63
Maks. 0,8
0,76
14.
Gliserol total
% massa
AOCS Ca 14-56
Maks.0.24
0,222
15.
Kadar ester alkil
% massa
SNI04-7182-2006
Min. 96,5
96,99
16
Bilangan iodium
AOCS
Maks 115
85
o C o (3 jam
dalam
:
% massa
(g I2
Cooking equipments using biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum oil and charcoal briquette
Stove Kompor semawar Cement-sand furnace
Financial analysis of Calophyllum plants Criteria NPV IRR Development cost Payback period Net B/C BEP seed production
Unit Rp'000/ha % Rp'000/ha Year Kg/tree/year
Monoculture 19.927 30,53 11.522 9 2.70 18,54
Taungya 22.510 32,95 11.522 9 2,92 14,46
Financial analysis of biodiesel industry Criteria NPV IRR Payback period Net B/C BEP biodiesel BEP glycerol
Unit Rp % Year Kg Kg
Value 326.707.843,5 31,19 6 2,4 69 .816,6 14.012,7
PROSPECTS OF BIODIESEL DEVELOPMENT Plant and Seed –are quite abundant (natural stands) Land - for plantations are available throughtout the country Silviculture – easy, applies the general technique of forest plant silviculture Processing, has been succesfully solved and applied for road tests
Economic feasibility - B/C ratio calculation from Calophyllum
oil processing (2.4) and IRR (31,2%) showed that this business is reasonable to be implemented
Employment resource utility – Calophyllum process industry along with the use of industrial waste and their byproducts can absorp many local labor
Multiple effects – Calophyllum
trees serve as windbreaker at the seashore where it can reduce abrasion, protect crops and provide ecotourism
Press Machine and Estrans Reactor
First and second road test rally using Daihatzu Jeep and Mitsubishi Strada filled in with 100% biodiesel (B 100), Bogor- Jakarta (bf)
Third road test rally using bus filled in 100% biodiesel (B 100), Bogor-Banten (bf)
LITERATURES Anonim. 2008. Nyamplung sumber energi biofuel yang potensial. Departemen Kehutanan. Jakarta. ESDM.2006. Blueprint pengelolaan energi nasional 2006 – 20025. Sesuai Peraturan Presiden nomor 5 tahun 2006.Jakarta. Heriansyah,I.2005. Potensi pengembangan energi dari biomassa hutan di Indonesia. INOVASI online.Ed.Vol.3?XVII/Maret 2005.Website: http://io.ppi.jepang.org Email:redaksi ppi-jepang.org. Heyne.1997. Tumbuhan Indonesia berguna. Badan Litbang Kehutanan. Departemen Kehutanan. Sudradjat.2006. Laporan penelitian pembuatan biodiesel dari biji nyamplung. Laporan Hasil Penelitian P3HH. Tidak diterbitkan Sulaeman,A.G.(2008). Jenis-jenis tanaman biofuel dan karakteristiknya. Calophyllum elatumhttp://macjklin.tmip-unpad.
