5. Animal husbandry 1. Animal husbandry is a vital part of farming and the total agriculture of every nation. This complex activity has its roots in the domestication of animals that began with first contacts between early humans and wild animals. The need to ensure a steadier supply of food and clothing led people to confine some of these animals and resulted in breeding selected animals. Livestock production includes branches as selection, breeding, feeding, care marketing, etc., however, knowledge, skills and patience of farmers also play an important role. Animal husbandry is inseparably connected with research which is carried on many universities and commercial firms. 2. Most of the ancestors of present day farm animals were first tamed in the New Stone Age. The common farms animals from the class of mammals include cattle, sheep, goats, swine, horses, and rabbits; some less typical are e.g. donkeys, bison, alpacas or llamas. Common farm animals that belong to the class Aves are chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys but also emus or ostrich. 3. Farm animals have many functions; one of the crucial functions is to supply people with food which happens through converting feed grains and roughage into food for human consumption. Meat products form these animals give people essential protein, fats, iron, niacin and some vitamins and thus are an important source of nutrients in the average diet of people. Livestock can also provide fibre and skins for the production of clothing. Animal leather is used for shoes, belts or some parts of clothing and due to some characteristics superior to synthetics; it is still very favourite in people. Other possible employment of some livestock animals is for their power: in some parts of the world animals still provide much of the power used by humans. Livestock are important also a source of recreation for people in the form of horseback riding or livestock shows or fairs. Farm animals help conserve natural resources. Animal manure has a big fertilizer value and serves also as a fuel source. 4. Domestication and use of animals for the benefit of humans raises the question about the ethics of this activity. Supporters of animal welfare unlike radical animal rights activists stress the humane treatment of animals and they frequently distinguish between essential uses of animals as in e.g. in food research and nonessential uses of animals such as entertainment. Nevertheless good livestock producers generally pay attention to proper feeding and housing, veterinary care and good management practices as it leads to more efficient final production. 5. Farming can be a dangerous occupation. People working on farms are frequently injured and even killed when handling livestock. Many environmental factors play a part in farm accidents. Facilities as silos, manure pits, lagoons, grain storage areas or confinement livestock building should be checked for safety. Frequent injuries are often caused by slippery steps or floors; electric shock is hazard in dump areas. It is also important that all workers be familiar with the correct handling procedures for various types of livestock. Accidents can be avoided by preventing hazardous situations and knowing safety rules. Staff should also wear protective equipment (e.g. bump caps, respirators, goggles, glasses or safety shoes) when necessary. Another type of risk are zoonoses. Proper cleanliness, sanitation, quarantine of sick animals and avoiding exposure can prevent these diseases. Always a doctor should be called if a person becomes ill after contact with suspect animal. Everything a producer does to reduce the risk of deliberate or incidental spread of disease or other disruption of the food production system is considered agrosecurity or biosecurity. Task 1. After reading the first page fill in the gaps with your own headlines to each paragraph.
Livestock feeding and nutrition Nutrients are chemical elements or compounds that aid in the support of life. Animals must have five different groups of nutrients to grow and produce efficiently. Energy nutrients provide the energy necessary for movement and production of body heat. Nutrients can be divided into five basic groups: energy nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. The main energy nutrients found in animal rations are carbohydrates. They are made up of sugars, starches, cellulose, and lignin. They are chemically composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Simple carbohydrates as sugars and starches are easily digested; complex carbohydrates or fibre as cellulose and lignin are more difficult to digest. The source of simple carbohydrates is cereal grains, e.g. corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye and sorghum. Complex carbohydrates are found in roughages such as hay and pasture plants (alfalfa, bromegrass, orchard grass, and bluegrass). Unlike simple-stomach animals, ruminant animals can digest large amounts of fibre. The energy value of fats and oils is higher than that of carbohydrates. In practice both fats and oils are commonly referred to as fats. Fats are easily digested by animals and they provide them with energy and body heat. Fats can be obtained from vegetable and animal sources, e.g. brewer’s dried grains, corn gluten meal, distiller’s dried grains or wheat middlings. Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids. They contain mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Proteins supply material to build body tissues, hooves, horns, hair, and skin. It is also essential for foetal development in pregnant animals. Animal protein sources (e.g. meat meal, fish meal, condensed fish solubles, dried whey, casein or dried skim milk) are considered to be good quality proteins since they usually contain a good balance of the essential amino acids. Plant protein sources (e.g. linseed meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, etc.) are usually thought of as poor quality proteins because they often lack some of the essential amino acids. Vitamins are trace organic compounds, thus they are needed only in very small amounts by animals. All vitamins contain carbon, but they are not alike chemically. Vitamins can be divided into two groups as fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (C and B-complex) vitamins. Vitamins help to regulate any of the body’s functions: A is associated with healthy eyes, good conception rate and disease resistance, D is important for good bone development, E is necessary form normal reproduction, K is a prevention against excessive bleeding, C helps in teeth and bone formation and B complex vitamins are necessary for chemical reactions in the animal’s body. Main sources of the vitamins are green leafy hay, yellow corn, cod liver, fish oils, fish solubles or wheat germ oil. Commercial feed usually include necessary vitamins in the mixture. Minerals provide material for bones, teeth, and tissues and help to regulate chemical activity in the body. Major and trace minerals are usually supplied in commercial feeds and may be supplied in the form of a protein supplement or a mineral premix. However, it is important to make sure these substances are sufficiently included as major minerals that are often lacking in animal rations are salt, calcium and phosphorus. If mineral deficiency is suspected, it is recommended that the feed is analysed. On the other hand, excessive quantities of some trace minerals may be toxic to livestock. Water has many important functions. It dissolves and carries nutrients, regulates temperature, and is necessary for chemical reactions in the body. A fresh, clean supply of water is necessary for proper use of other nutrients supplied in the feed. Nutrients are supplied by the grains and forages fed to the animal. Additional nutrients needed by the animal are supplied by commercial feed mixtures. Task 2. Identify the major 5 nutrient groups, their functions in the animal body and their sources. 1.NG F S 2.NG F S 3.NG F S 4.NG F S 5.NG F S
Phrases and expressions animal branding animal breeding animal enclosure cage containment system fenced pasture holding room pen run shelter stall
označování hospodářských zvířat chov zvířat prostory pro hospodářská zvířata klec uzavřený systém oplocená pastvina zvěřinec box/kotec výběh stáj stání
animal fat animal feeding animal husbandry animal keeper animal manure animal oil animal power animal protein animal rearing/raising animal rights animal transport animal watering animal’s diet herding dog herding
živočišný tuk krmení zvířat živočišná výroba chovatel zvířat zvířecí hnojivo živočišný olej zvířecí síla živočišná bílkovina chov hospodářských zvířat práva zvířat přeprava hospodářských zvířat napájení zvířat strava zvířat ovčácký pes pasení, výpas
!!!humane vs. human humane /hjuːˈmeɪn/ human
/ˈhjuːmən/
caring about the quality of people's or animal's lives and trying to be kind to them (lidský, humánní) elating to people (lidský – např. orgán)
Vocabulary part 1. noun 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Word formation. Fill in the gaps in the chart with the proper form of the word. verb (infinitive) adjective/past participle breed selected suspect connection quarantine sanitize practised fed treat consumption use confine prevent cleaned consideration
2. Opposites. Form the opposites by using appropriate prefixes. Translate the negative words. efficient ..................................... ..................................... like ..................................... ..................................... common ..................................... ..................................... usually ..................................... ..................................... soluble ..................................... ..................................... healthy ..................................... ..................................... necessary ..................................... ..................................... proper ..................................... ..................................... steady ..................................... ..................................... typical ..................................... ..................................... secure ..................................... ..................................... separable ..................................... ..................................... possible ..................................... ..................................... digested ..................................... .....................................
3.
Translate the following phrases into English. zajistit stálý zdroj pitné vody ...................................................................................... zvířata zkrocená před 1000 lety ...................................................................................... důležitý a nezbytný zdroj živin ...................................................................................... výroba oblečení ...................................................................................... hospodaření vyžaduje trpělivost ...................................................................................... jízda na koni a trh s dobytkem ......................................................................................
špatná znalost bezpečnostních pravidel ...................................................................................... styk s podezřelým zvířetem ...................................................................................... zajistit karanténu nemocných zvířat ...................................................................................... nedostatečné krmení a ustájení ...................................................................................... běžný a méně běžný dobytek ...................................................................................... povinnost nosit ochranné pomůcky ......................................................................................
4.
Put down as many ..................................... as you can remember. livestock species __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ livestock roles for humans __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ types of injuries on farms __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ types of personal protective equipment __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What chemical elements or compounds are represented by these symbols and empirical formulas? N ..................................... C ..................................... O ..................................... H2O ..................................... CO2 ..................................... Ca ..................................... P .....................................
Grammar Part – Modal (auxiliary) verbs (present and future) Key points about modal verbs in general MV are a type of auxiliary verbs MV express the modality of the main verb; e.g. ability, permission, obligation, or certainty MV cannot be inflected (don't use 's' for the third person singular) MV are followed directly by the bare infinitive of another verb (without 'to') MV make questions by inversion Most MV have more than one meaning; you should think carefully about the context, or tone of voice, to understand the meaning MV in standard English are following: can, could, may, might, will, would, must, shall, should, ought to Key points about modal verbs regarding present and future MV expressing ability or disability: can (umím) can’t (neumím) MV expressing permission or prohibition: can, may (in formal questions) (mohu, smím) can’t (nesmím), mustn’t (nesmím) MV expressing obligation or lack of obligation: must (musím), should (měl bych), ought to (měl bych) needn’t (nemusím), shouldn’t (neměl bych), oughtn’t (neměl bych) MV expressing certainty or uncertainty: must (určitě to tak je), may (možná to tak je), might (je možné, že to tak je), could (je možné, že to tak je), should (mělo by to tak být), ought to (mělo by to tak být) can’t (určitě to tak není), may not, might not (možná to tak není), couldn‘t (není možné, aby to tak bylo), shouldn’t, oughtn’t (nemělo by to tak být) Must x have to!!! In writing there is no real difference between these words. However in speech there is sometimes a difference. Must is used when the speaker personally feels something is important and have to is used when the situation makes something necessary. In other words must grants the obligation, have to announces the obligation. Must and have to are very similar in their affirmative forms but they are completely different in their negative forms. Mustn't describes something which is prohibited. Don't have to describes something which is not necessary.
1. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. 1) Staff can/should wear protective equipment. 2) Let‘s tell other farmers. They could/might not know. 3) It is a safety rule that all staff have to/must use face protection if there is a risk of splashing from urine or placental fluids. 4) Don’t worry. We don‘t have to/mustn’t put the cow down. 5) I suppose that the veterinarian should/must be reported about the infection, but I‘m not sure. 6) In my opinion, the government should/might do something about the effectiveness of control measures. 7) Diseases transmitted from animals to humans might/ought to also affect visitors to farm. 8) If you think you have contracted a zoonosis, you oughtn’t/don‘t have to postpone medical consultation. 9) You mustn’t/needn’t use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on new borne animals.
10) In some cases you must/may reduce the risk of contracting a zoonosis by controlling the disease in an animal. 2. Rewrite each sentence so that it contains can, could, must, have to or should (including negative forms). You’re not allowed to handle suspect animals if you’re pregnant. __________________________________________________________________________________ What would you advise me to do with the infectious material? __________________________________________________________________________________ Do I need a special training for this job? __________________________________________________________________________________ Veterinarians don’t know how to treat BSE. __________________________________________________________________________________ I am sure the water is not fresh. __________________________________________________________________________________ It would be a good idea if we contacted some veterinarian. __________________________________________________________________________________ It’s possible for anyone to slip on the wet floor! __________________________________________________________________________________ It is certain that the poultry suffers from TB. __________________________________________________________________________________ It’s against the rules to bury birth fluids. __________________________________________________________________________________ I think it’s not a good idea to handle dead rodents with bare hands. __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Translate the following sentences into Czech and explain the modality. When handling cattle you should have proper handling facilities. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Sometimes you have to use the hazardous substance or you can’t avoid exposure to a natural product such as dust from grain or poultry. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Despite all your efforts to control exposure to hazardous substances, some workers may still experience symptoms of ill health. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ A trained supervisor could look at workers’ hands for signs of dermatitis. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Using chemicals or exposure to other hazardous substances at work can make you ill. __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
Vocabulary agrosecurity (n) alfalfa (n) alike (adj) alpaca (n) ancestor (n) animal husbandry (phr.) average (adj) Aves (n, pl.) barley (n) belt (n) benefit (n) bison (n) bluegrass (n) breeding (n) brewer (n) brewer’s grains bromegrass (n) bump cap (n) calcium (n) carbohydrate (n) carbon (n) casein (n) cellulose (n) chemical symbol cod (n) compound (n) conception (n) confinement (n) convert (v) corn (n) corn gluten meal crucial (adj) deficiency (n) deliberate (adj) disruption (n) dissolve (v) distiller’s dried grains distinguish (v) dump (n) efficiently (adv) element (n) empirical formula ensure (v) entertainment (n) excessive (adj) exposure (n) fair (n) feed (n) feed (v) fertilizer (n)
/ˌæɡrəsɪˈkjʊərəti/ /ælˈfælfə/ /əˈlaɪk/ /ælˈpækə/ /ˈænsestə(r)/ /ˈhʌzbəndri/ /ˈæv(ə)rɪdʒ/ /ˈeɪviːz/ /ˈbɑː(r)li/ /belt/ /ˈbenɪfɪt/ /ˈbaɪs(ə)n/ /ˈbluːˌɡrɑːs/ /ˈbriːdɪŋ/ /ˈbruːə(r)/ /ˈbruːə(r)s.../ /brəʊm.../ /bʌmp kæp/ /ˈkælsiəm/ /ˌkɑː(r)bəʊˈhaɪdreɪt/ /ˈkɑː(r)bən/ /ˈkeɪsɪɪn, -siːn/ /ˈseljʊləʊs/ /ˈkemɪk(ə)l ˈsɪmb(ə)l/
agrobezpečnost tolice vojtěška podobný alpaka předek živočišná výroba průměrný ptáci ječmen pásek, řemen prospěch, přínos bizon lipnice (tráva rostoucí v sev. Americe) chov, plemenářství pivovar mláto sveřep (rod trav) ochranná přilba vápník uhlovodan, uhlohydrát uhlík kasein celulóza, buničina chemická značka chov hospodářských zvířat /kɒd/ treska /ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ sloučenina (chem.) /kənˈsepʃ(ə)n/ početí, zplození /kənˈfaɪnmənt/ upoutání /kənˈvɜː(r)t/ přeměnit /kɔː(r)n/ kukuřice kukuřičná lepková moučka /ˈkruːʃ(ə)l/ klíčový, zásadní /dɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nsi/ nedostatek /dɪˈlɪb(ə)rət/ úmyslný /dɪsˈrʌpʃ(ə)n/ narušení, přerušení /dɪˈzɒlv/ rozpustit /dɪˈstɪlə(r)s.../ sušené lihovarské výpalky /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ rozlišit, rozeznat /dʌmp/ skládka, skladiště /ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)ntli/ efektivně, účinně /ˈelɪmənt/ prvek (chem.) /ɪmˈpɪrɪk(ə)lˈfɔː(r)mjələ/chemické složení /ɪnˈʃɔː(r)/ zajistit, zaručit, postarat se o /ˌentə(r)ˈteɪnmənt/ zábava, obveselení /ɪkˈsesɪv/ nadměrný /ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)/ vystavení (nebezpečí) /feə(r)/ jarmark, prodejní výstava /fiːd/ krmivo, píce /fiːd/ krmit /ˈfɜː(r)təlaɪzə(r)/ hnojivo
fibre (n) forage (n) fuel (n) gluten (n) goggles (n, pl.) grain (n) grain storage (n) handling (n) hay (n) hoof (n), pl. hooves housing (n) humane (adj) hydrogen (n) incidental (adj) lagoon (n) leafy (adj) lignin (n) livestock (n) manure pit (n) meal (n) middlings (n) niacin (n) nitrogen (n) oats (n) occupation (n) orchard grass (n) patience (n) phosphorus (n) quarantine (n) raise (v) respirator (n) roughage (n) rye (n) selection (n) silo (n) skim (adj) slippery (adj) soluble (n) sorghum (n) starch (n) steady (adj) sufficiently (adv) superior (adj) supply (n) supporter (n) suspect (adj) tame (v) vital (adj) wheat (n) wheat germ (n) whey (n)
/ˈfaɪbə(r)/ /ˈfɒrɪdʒ/ /ˈfjuːəl/ /ˈɡluːt(ə)n/ /ˈɡɒɡ(ə)lz/ /ɡreɪn/ /...ˈstɔːrɪdʒ/ /ˈhændlɪŋ/ /heɪ/ /huːf/ /ˈhaʊzɪŋ/ /hjuːˈmeɪn/ /ˈhaɪdrədʒən/ /ˌɪnsɪˈdent(ə)l/ /ləˈɡuːn/ /ˈliːfi/ /ˈlɪɡnɪn/ /ˈlaɪvˌstɒk/ /məˈnjʊə(r) pɪt/ /miːl/ /ˈmɪd(ə)lɪŋ/ /ˈnaɪəsɪn/ /ˈnaɪtrədʒ(ə)n/ /əʊts/ /ˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃ(ə)n/ /ˈɔː(r)tʃə(r)d.../ /ˈpeɪʃ(ə)ns/ /ˈfɒsfərəs/ /ˈkwɒrəntiːn/ /reɪz/ /ˈrespəˌreɪtə(r)/ /ˈrʌfɪdʒ/ /raɪ/ /sɪˈlekʃ(ə)n/ /ˈsaɪləʊ/ /skɪm/ /ˈslɪpəri/ /ˈsɒljʊb(ə)l/ /ˈsɔː(r)ɡəm/ /stɑː(r)tʃ/ /ˈstedi/ /səˈfɪʃ(ə)ntli/ /sʊˈpɪəriə(r)/ /səˈplaɪ/ /səˈpɔː(r)tə(r)/ /səˈspekt/ /teɪm/ /ˈvaɪt(ə)l/ /wiːt/ /...dʒɜː(r)m/ /weɪ/
vlákno, vláknina píce, krmivo topivo, palivo lepek brýle (ochranné) zrno sklad obilí manipulace, zacházení seno kopyto ustájení, poskytnutí přístřeší lidský, humánní vodík náhodný kalový rybník, kalojem listový celulóza, buničina hospodářská zvířata hnojiště, trusová jáma moučka krmivo z vedl. mlýnských výrobků niacin, kyselina nikotinová, vit. B3 dusík oves zaměstnání, profese říznačka, srha trpělivost fosfor karanténa vyvolat, vzbudit dýchací maska (ochranná) vláknina žito výběr silo odstředěné (mléko) kluzký, klouzavý rozpustná látka proso, melasa škrob stálý dostatečně lepší, nadřazený zásoby, přísun zastánce, stoupenec podezřelý ochočit, zkrotit nepostradatelný, životně důležitý pšenice pšeničný klíček syrovátka
