UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO LANDASAN PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR (LP3A)
Redesain dan Pengembangan SMP N 1 Limbangan Kabupaten Kendal Dengan Penekanan Desain Inklusi
TUGAS AKHIR PERIODE 130/52 JANUARI – JUNI 2015
Ratri Indah Sukmaningrum 21020111120025
FAKULTAS TEKNIK JURUSAN S1 ARSITEKTUR
SEMARANG JUNI 2015
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO LANDASAN PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR (LP3A)
Redesain dan Pengembangan SMP N 1 Limbangan Kabupaten Kendal Dengan Penekanan Desain Inklusi
TUGAS AKHIR PERIODE 130/52 JANUARI – JUNI 2015 Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana
Ratri Indah Sukmaningrum 21020111120025
FAKULTAS TEKNIK JURUSAN S1 ARSITEKTUR
SEMARANG JUNI 2015
ABSTRAKSI
Sekolah Menengah Pertama merupakan jenjang yang penting dalam suatu sistem pendidikan Indonesia. Sesuai dengan kebijakan pemerintah mengharuskan wajib belajar 12 tahun untuk setiap anak-anak di Indonesia untuk meningkatkan mutu dan kualitas pendidikan Indonesia. Dengan kebijakan tersebut, seharusnya seluruh sekolah di Indonesia baik yang berada di kota maupun di desa mempunyai fasilitas dan ketersediaan penunjang yang layak baik murid serta tenaga pengajarnya. Tidak dipungkiri fasilitas yang cukup dan tempat belajar yang layak, mudah dan aman adalah hak seluruh murid serta tenaga pengajar seluruh warga sekolah. Usia Produktif seorang pengajar mencapai umur 50 tahun keatas, yang berarti usia dan kesehatan tenaga pengajar semakin rendah. Padahal, untuk membentuk suatu generasi muda yang cerdas dan kreatif, tenaga pengajar yang baik dari segi psikis, fisik maupun mental sangat diperlukan. Kecamatan Limbangan sebagai daerah perbukitan yang berkontur, menjadi sedikit halangan bagi aksesibilitas orang yang berkebutuhan khusus dalam hal ini penyandang tuna netra, tuna rungu dan khususnya tuna daksa Lansia, seperti diketahui merupakan salah satu penyandang difabel yang kemungkinan menyandang ketiga disabelitas tersebut. Padahal tenaga pendidik rata-rata merupakan golongan lansia yang baru saja memasuki umur 50 tahun. Akses yang mudah tentunya akan mendukung kegiatan belajar mengajar, yang nantinya akan berpengaruh pada psikis tenaga pengajar dan peserta didik. Seperti yang dialami SMP N 1 Limbangan Kabupaten Kendal yang terletak diperbukitan Ungaran yang memiliki kontur yang tidak dapat diakses oleh difabel dengan kebutuhan khusus. Usia bangunan yang tergolong sudah berumur tidak lagi mengakomodasi peserta didik maupun tenaga pengajar. Diperlukannya sarana dan prasarana yang lengkap, serta tentu aman dan mudah bagi semua. Kata Kunci : Redesain, Sekolah, Difabel, Aksesibilitas, tuna daksa, tuna netra, tuna rungu.
KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur kepada Allah SWT, yang telah melimpahkan berkat, rahmat, dan ridho-Nya sehingga penyusun dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan Landasan Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur (LP3A) dengan judul “REDESAIN DAN PENGEMBANGAN SMP N 1 LIMBANGAN KENDAL” dengan penekanan desain Inklusi, yang diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Teknik. Penyusun mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu terselesaikannya laporan ini, terutama kepada : 1. Bapak Prof.Ir. Totok Roesmanto, M.Eng selaku Ketua Proram Studi Jurusan Arsitektur Fakulas teknik Universitas Diponegoro. 2. Bapak Edward Endrianto P, ST, MT, PhD, selaku Ketua Jurusan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro beserta segenap Bapak dan Ibu dosen JAFT Universitas Diponegoro. 3. Bapak Septana Bagus Pribadi, ST, MT selaku Koordinator Panitia TA Periode 130/52. 4. Bapak Ir. Indriastjario, M.Eng, selaku dosen pembimbing utama. 5. Bapak Ir. Dhanoe Iswanto, MT, selaku dosen pembimbing pendamping. 6. Ibu Ir. Wijayanti, M.Eng. selaku dosen penguji. 7. Orang tua dan Adik-adik tercinta 8. Angakatan 2011 dan teman-teman tugas akhir 130/52 yang telah memberikan semangat serta kekuatan dan semua pihak yang telah membantu penyusun dalam penyusunan LP3A ini yang tidak dapat tertulis satu persatu Akhir kata, penyusun berharap semoga tulisan ini dapat bermanfaat bagi para pembaca. Semarang, Juli 2015
Penyusun
DAFTAR ISI Halaman Judul ....................................................................................................................................... i Halaman Orisinalitas ............................................................................................................................. ii Halaman Pengesahan ........................................................................................................................... iii Halaman Pernyataan Publikasi............................................................................................................. iv Abstrak .................................................................................................................................................. v Kata Pengantar ..................................................................................................................................... vi Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................................................. vii Daftar Gambar ..................................................................................................................................... ix Daftar Tabel ......................................................................................................................................... x BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Tujuan dan Sasaran ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Manfaat ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Ruang lingkup ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.7. Alur Pikir (berupa diagram) ........................................................................................................ 4 1.6. Sistematika pembahasan ............................................................................................................. 4 1.5. Metode Pembahasan ................................................................................................................... 4 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Tinjauan Umum Sekolah Menengah Pertama ........................................................................ 5 2.1.1. Pengertian Sekolah ........................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2. Pengertian Sekolah Menengah Pertama ........................................................................... 5 2.1.3. Tujuan dan Fungsi Sekolah .............................................................................................. 6 2.1.4. Standar sarana dan prasarana Sekolah Menengah Pertama/Madrasah Tsanawiyah (SMP/Mts) .................................................................................................................................. 6 2.2.5. Pengertian Redesain dan Pengembangan ...................................................................... 11 2.1.6. Analisa Pelaku Aktivitas ................................................................................................ 11 2.1.7. Analisa Aktivitas ............................................................................................................ 12 2.2. Penekanan Desain .................................................................................................................. 14 2.2.1 Inklusif Desain (7 Principle) ........................................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Tuna Netra, Tuna Daksa dan Tuna Rungu ...................................................................... 15 2.2.2.1 Tuna Netra ............................................................................................................ 15 2.2.2.2 Tuna Daksa ........................................................................................................... 18 2.2.2.2 Tuna Rungu .......................................................................................................... 19 2.2.3 KEMEN PU NO 468 ....................................................................................................... 22 2.3. Studi Banding ......................................................................................................................... 23 2.3.1. Studi Banding Tuna daksa .............................................................................................. 23 2.3.2. Studi Banding Tuna Netra .............................................................................................. 28 2.3.3. Studi Banding Tuna Rungu ............................................................................................ 31 2.3.4. Studi Banding SLB ......................................................................................................... 33 2.3.5 Kesimpulan Studi Preseden ............................................................................................. 39 BAB III TINJAUAN LOKASI 3.1 Tinjauan Kabupaten Kendal .................................................................................................. 40 3.1.1. Keadaan Geografis Kendal ............................................................................................... 40
3.1.2. Lokasi Tapak ..................................................................................................................... 42 3.2. Tinjauan SMP 1 LIMBANGAN ............................................................................................ 43 3.2.1. Profil Sekolah ................................................................................................................... 43 3.2.2. Kurikulum Sekolah ........................................................................................................... 45 3.2.3. Data Survey ....................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.4. Pembagian ruang menurut level tanah (eksisting) ........................................................... 59 Bab IV KESIMPULAN, BATASAN DAN ANGGAPAN 4.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................................................ 60 4.2 Batasan ....................................................................................................................................... 60 4.3 Anggapan ................................................................................................................................... 60 BAB V PENDEKATAN PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN 5.1 Dasar Pendekatan ................................................................................................................. 61 5.2 Pendekatan Pelaku ............................................................................................................... 61 5.3 Pendekatan Kelompok Kegiatan ......................................................................................... 62 5.3.1 Kelompok Kegiatan Utama ............................................................................................ 62 5.3.2 Kelompok Kegiatan Pendukung .................................................................................... 63 5.3.3 Kelompok Kegiatan Pengelola ....................................................................................... 64 5.3.4 Kelompok Kegiatan Servis ............................................................................................ 66 5.3.5 Hubungan Antar Kelompok Kegiatan ............................................................................ 66 5.3.6 Pendekatan Kebutuhan dan Persyaratan Ruang .............................................................. 67 5.4 Pendekatan Kapasitas Dan Besaran Ruang ........................................................................ 71 5.4.1 Kapasitas ........................................................................................................................ 71 5.4.2 Besaran Ruang ............................................................................................................... 74 5.5 Pendekatan Tapak ................................................................................................................. 81 5.5.1 Lahan dan bangunan ...................................................................................................... 81 5.5.2 Pemilihan Tapak ............................................................................................................ 81 5.6 Pendekatan Arsitektural ........................................................................................................ 83 5.6.1 Bentuk dan Tatanan Massa Bangunan ........................................................................... 83 5.6.2 Peletakan Massa Bangunan ............................................................................................ 83 5.6.3 Orientasi Bangunan ........................................................................................................ 84 5.6.4 Pendekatan Konsep Perancangan ................................................................................... 84 5.7 Pendekatan Utilitas ................................................................................................................ 84 5.7.1 Sistem distribusi air bersih ............................................................................................. 84 5.7.2 Sistem pemadam kebakaran ........................................................................................... 84 5.7.3 Sistem pengaman terhadap gempa ................................................................................. 84 5.7.4 Sistem penangkal petir ................................................................................................... 85 5.7.5 Sistem penyediaan dan distribusi listrik ......................................................................... 85 5.7.6 Sistem pengolahan air buangan ...................................................................................... 85 5.7.7 Sistem pengelolaan sampah ........................................................................................... 85 5.7.8 Sistem pencahayaan ....................................................................................................... 85 5.7.9 Jaringan Komunikasi dan Sound System ....................................................................... 86 5.7.10 CCTV ............................................................................................................................. 86 5.8 Pendekatan Struktur ............................................................................................................. 86 5.8.1 Sistem Struktur ............................................................................................................... 86 5.8.2 Sistem Akustik ............................................................................................................... 86
BAB VI 6.1 Program Perencanaan ........................................................................................................... 87 6.1.1 Tapak ............................................................................................................................. 87 6.1.2 Program Ruang .............................................................................................................. 87 6.1.3 Perencanaan ruang ......................................................................................................... 89 6.1.4 Sistem Utilitas ................................................................................................................ 91 6.1.5 Sistem Struktur ............................................................................................................... 93 6.2 Program Perancangan ........................................................................................................... 93 6.2.1 Problem Desain .............................................................................................................. 93
DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1.1Alur Pikir ......................................................................................................................... 4 Gambar 2.1 One loop handle ........................................................................................................... 14 Gambar 2.2 Guiding Path ................................................................................................................ 14 Gambar 2.3 Ruang gerak menuju bus .............................................................................................. 14 Gambar 2.4 Sensory Reasearch ....................................................................................................... 20 Gambar 2.5 Space and Proximity .................................................................................................... 20 Gambar 2.6 Mobility and Proximity ................................................................................................ 20 Gambar 2.7 Light and Colour .......................................................................................................... 20 Gambar 2.8 Sport Complex Facade ................................................................................................ 21 Gambar 2.9 Sport Complex Facade Perspective .............................................................................. 23 Gambar 2.10 Sport Complex Facade Interior .................................................................................. 23 Gambar 2.11 Sport Complex Floor Plan .......................................................................................... 24 Gambar 2.12 Sport Complex – Layer .............................................................................................. 24 Gambar 2.13 Sport Complex – Hall ................................................................................................. 25 Gambar 2.14 Sport Complex – Handraill ........................................................................................ 25 Gambar 2.15 Sport Complex – Section ........................................................................................... 26 Gambar 2.16 Sport Complex – Basketball field .............................................................................. 26 Gambar 2.17 Sport Complex – Football field .................................................................................. 27 Gambar 2.18 Sport Complex – Kolam renang ................................................................................. 27 Gambar 2.19 Sport Complex – Jogging track .................................................................................. 27 Gambar 2.20 Hazelwood –Perspektif .............................................................................................. 28 Gambar 2.21 Hazelwood – Blockplan ............................................................................................. 28 Gambar 2.22 Hazelwood – Material Jendela ................................................................................... 29 Gambar 2.23 Hazelwood – Material dinding pengarah ................................................................... 29 Gambar 2.24 Hazelwood – Dinding kelas ....................................................................................... 29 Gambar 2.25 Hazelwood – Ruang Makan ....................................................................................... 30 Gambar 2.26 Hazelwood – Kelas Junior ......................................................................................... 30 Gambar 2.27 Hazelwood – Area Bermain ....................................................................................... 30 Gambar 2.28 Daeyang School for the Deaf – Outdoor .................................................................... 31 Gambar 2.29 Daeyang School for the Deaf – Hall Indoor .............................................................. 31 Gambar 2.30 Daeyang School for the Deaf – Ruang Komunal ....................................................... 31 Gambar 2.31 Daeyang School for the Deaf – Floor Plan ................................................................ 32 Gambar 2.32 SLB Daya Ananda ...................................................................................................... 32 Gambar 2.33 SLB Daya Ananda-Koridor ........................................................................................ 32 Gambar 2.34 SLB Daya Ananda-Penghubung antar ruang ............................................................. 32 Gambar 2.35 SLB Daya Ananda-Penghubung antar ruang ............................................................. 32
Gambar 2.36 SLB Daya Ananda-Material ....................................................................................... 34 Gambar 2.37 SLB Daya Ananda-Keramik Ramp ............................................................................ 34 Gambar 2.38 SLB Daya Ananda-Penghubung antar ruang ............................................................. 34 Gambar 2.39 SLB Daya Ananda-Pendopo sekolah ......................................................................... 34 Gambar 2.40 SLB Daya Ananda-Ruang Fisioterapi bagi peserta didik .......................................... 35 Gambar 2.41 SLB Daya Ananda-Ruang Fisioterapi bagi peserta didik .......................................... 35 Gambar 2.42 SLB Daya Ananda-Ruang Fisioterapi rangsang gerak ............................................... 35 Gambar 2.43 SLB Daya Ananda-Ruang Hidroterapi ...................................................................... 36 Gambar 2.44 SLB Daya Ananda-Ruang Kesenian .......................................................................... 36 Gambar 2.45 SLB Daya Ananda-Ruang Studio Musik ................................................................... 36 Gambar 2.46 SLB Daya Ananda-Ruang Makan .............................................................................. 37 Gambar 2.47 . SLB Daya Ananda-Ramp menuju Ruang Makan .................................................... 39 Gambar 3.1 Peta Kabupaten Kendal ................................................................................................ 40 Gambar 3.2 Peta Kecamatan Limbangan ......................................................................................... 42 Gambar 3.3 Lokasi SMP 1 Limbangan ............................................................................................ 42 Gambar 3.4 Lambang SMP N 1 Limbangan .................................................................................... 43 Gambar 3.5 Lobby dan Ruang Display SMP N 1 Limbangan ......................................................... 48 Gambar 3.6 Ruang Parkir dan Lapangan ......................................................................................... 48 Gambar 3.7 Taman terbuka bawah dan selasar ruang guru ............................................................. 48 Gambar 3.8 Panggung dan air mancur ............................................................................................. 49 Gambar 3.9 Tangga penghubung dan Kelas 9 ................................................................................. 49 Gambar 3.10 Taman Kantin dan Kantn Sekolah ............................................................................. 50 Gambar 3.11 Area Kelas 7 dan Area Pengembangan Sekolah ........................................................ 50 Gambar 3.12 Taman terbuka di area kelas 8 dan rampdi selasar penghubung ................................ 51 Gambar 3.13 Area dalam Masjid dan tempat Wudhu ...................................................................... 51 Gambar 3.14 Tampak Depan Mushola sekolah dan area kosong didepan Mushola ........................ 51 Gambar 3.15 Lab komputer dan Perpustakaan ................................................................................ 52 Gambar 3.16 SMP N 1 Limbangan-Tampak Atas ........................................................................... 59 Gambar 5.1 Hubungan Antar Kelompok Kegiatan .......................................................................... 65 Gambar 5.2 Perkembangan murid SMP N 1 Limbangan ................................................................ 71 Gambar 5.3 Situasi ........................................................................................................................... 82
DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1 : Rasio Minimum Luas Lahan terhadap Peserta Didik ...................................................... 7 Tabel 2.2 : Luas Minimum Lahan SMP dengan peserta kurang dari 15 rombel ............................... 7 Tabel 2.3 : Rasio Minimum Luas Lantai Bangunan terhadap Peserta Didik ..................................... 8 Tabel 2.4 : Rasio Minimum Luas Lantai Bangunan terhadap Peserta Didik dengan peserta kurang dari 15 rombel ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Tabel 2.5 : Sifat Warna ................................................................................................................... 17 Tabel 2.6 : Kriteria Aspek-aspek pendukung akses Visual Langsung dan Tidak langsung ........... 21 Tabel 2.7: Kesimpulan Studi Preseden ........................................................................................... 39 Tabel 3.1 Total Luas wilayah Kecamatan di Kabupaten Kendal ..................................................... 41 Tabel 3.2. Data Kurikulum SMP N 1 Limbangan ........................................................................... 45 Tabel 3.3 Program pengembangan siswa SMP N 1 Limbangan ...................................................... 46 Tabel 3.4 Luas ruangan eksisting ..................................................................................................... 53 Tabel 5.1 Kelompok Kegiatan Utama ............................................................................................. 63 Tabel 5.2 Kelompok Kegiatan Pendukung ...................................................................................... 62
Tabel 5.3 Kelompok Kegiatan Pengelola ........................................................................................ 64 Tabel 5.4 Kelompok Kegiatan Servis .............................................................................................. 66 Tabel 5.5 Persyaratan Ruang ........................................................................................................... 61 Tabel 5.6 Pendekatan Kebutuhan ruang pengelola .......................................................................... 68 Tabel 5.6 Tabel Kegiatan Utama ..................................................................................................... 70 Tabel 5.7 Tabel Kegiatan Pendukung .............................................................................................. 71 Tabel 5.8 Tabel Rekapitulasi ........................................................................................................... 73
