THE CHEMICAL COMPONENTS CHANGES OF PLATINUM TEAK WOOD Eka Lestari*, Dwi Ajias Pramasari, Yusup Amin, Danang Sudarwoko Adi, Adik Bahanawan, and Wahyu Dwianto Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong-Bogor 16911, Indonesia *Corresponding author:
[email protected] Abstract Platinum teak wood is a fast growing teak wood which has been developed by Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), however it still has limited information of the basic properties. Research Center for Biomaterials - LIPI has been studied effect of age tree on the basic properties of platinum teak wood particularly on chemical composition. In present study, the platinum teak wood in 4-year-old selected from the Cibinong Science Center plantation was used as raw material. The chemical component analysis used Mokushitsu Kagaku Jiken Manual Standard. The result showed that the extractive content is significantly affected by tree age and axial position in the stem. The extractive content, klason lignin, holocellulose, and α-cellulose content of 4-year-old wood are 1.00%, 31.81%, 78.18% and 45.78%, respectively. The age tree and axial position of 2-4 years old tree old only affect on extractive content of wood Keywords: chemical component, fast growing wood, age tree, axial position, platinum teak wood
Introduction The one of major commercial species of Indonesia also well-known for its high strength and high natural durability is teak wood (Tectona grandis L. f.). Platinum teak wood is a fast growing teak wood developed by tissue culture method and radiation from berlian teak wood. It has been developed intensively by Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). By this method, the new varieties of teak wood might be produced with growth rapidly and large diameter (Kusumaputri, 2012). Utilization of platinum teak wood is still constrained by limited information particularly on basic properties such as physical, mechanical, and chemical properties, durability properties as well. Generally, the fast growing wood has inferior properties compared to the natural woods. Chemical properties of wood is one of basic properties affected by tree growth. The tree age has been considered to affect differences in the main wood chemical component as well as extractives (Lukmandaru & Takahashi, 2009; Nazri et al., 2009; Kasmani et al., 2011). According to Pettersen (1984), the factors which effect the chemical components changes of wood including wood section (roots, stems, and branches), wood species, growth place, climate, and soil conditions. Moreover, Kollmann and Cote (1984) explained that chemical composition of wood different in each section of single tree, includes from pith to bark, from stump to crown, between earlywood and latewood, and between sapwood and heartwood. In addition, genetic factors and tree age also affect the chemical components of wood (Berrocal et al., 2004). The previous studies conducted by Pramasari et al. (2015) and Pramasari et al. (2016) showed that the chemical components of platinum teak wood significantly were affected by tree age. Furthermore, this wood has similar chemical components with the conventional teak wood and other fast-growing teak wood. Research Center for Biomaterials LIPI has studied the effect of age on the chemical composition of Platinum teak wood since 2014 (Pramasari et al., 2015; Pramasari et al., 2016). Up to now, the optimum of age that has similar basic properties with the conventional teak wood is still observing. The 6th International Symposium for Sustainable Humanosphere Humanosphere Science School 2016 Bogor, 15 – 16 November 2016 165
Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition 4-year-old of platinum teak wood, which was selected from Cibinong Science Center Plantation. This data is to complete the chemical composition of platinum teak wood at several age. The prospects of platinum teak wood utilization can also determined.
Materials and Methods The raw material used in this study was stem of 4-year-old platinum teak wood, which was obtained from Cibinong Science Center Plantation, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The stem was cut into three parts of axial position (vertical cutting) i.e. top, middle, and bottom. Otherwise, the stem was not cut in radial position (horizontal cutting), due to the heartwood was not found. A slab (about the width of 5 cm) from each axial position has been taken for analysis chemical composition. It was chopped, milled and sieved into sawdust that pass 40 mesh and retained on 60 mesh. After that, the samples were dried, packed into sealed plastic bag and stored in room temperature before used for chemical composition analysis. The method of chemical analysis was Mokushitsu Kagaku Jiken Manual Standard (2000). It was used for determining the relative amount of extractive content that soluble in alcohol-benzene, lignin, holocellulose, and α-cellulose content. The effects of tree age on chemical composition were analyzed using Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) program in a 95% confidence level. The experimental design used completely randomized design (CRD) single factor (tree age) with triplicates. The significant differences between the chemical composition and tree age or axial position were further analyzed by using Duncan test. The effects of tree age on chemical composition had compared to the previous data for 2-year-old (Pramasari et al., 2015) and 3-year-old (Pramasari, et al., 2016).
Results and Discussion The result showed that the alteration of alcohol-benzene extractive, lignin, and holocellulose content are significantly affected by tree age. In addition, the significant effect of tree-age is showed by the statistical analysis. Otherwise, α-cellulose tendency does not have significant changes in each tree-age due to the same of relative amount (Figure 1). Furthermore, α-cellulose was hardly influenced by the age of wood (Santana, 2011).
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Chemical Composition (%)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
74.94b
73.29b
49.19a
45.04a
78.18a
45.78a
29.01b
31.06a
31.81a
0.92a
0.66b
1.00a
2
3 Tree Age (Years)
4
Extractive
Lignin
Holocellulose
Alfa cellulose
* Means in the figures by the same letter in a same line means not significantly different using Duncan’s test at the level of 95%
Figure 1. Chemical composition of platinum teak wood The effect of age tree on extractive content The lowest content of chemical composition in wood is the extractive content. Even though, it is not included as major component of cell wall, it has an important rule to protect wood from pest attack (Kollmann & Cote, 1984). The extractive compounds that soluble in alcohol-benzene include polyphenols, resins, and oils (Pari et al., 2001). The extractive content has increased parallel with the tree-age. The similar result has been reported previously by Lukmandaru (2009), which is the higher extractive content of wood, the older of tree-age. The vascular cambium of old tree-age has more chances to divide and multiply into parenchyma cell, so that formation of parenchym cell will increase. Thus, the extractive content tends to increase (Hamidah et al., 2009). According to the classification of Indonesian hardwood species based on chemical component (Departemen Pertanian, 1967), extractive content for 2 - 4 years old were classified in low class. A lower extractive content associated with sapwood formation indicated by presence of juvenile wood without heartwood formation (Lukmandaru & Sayudha, 2012). Iskandar (2009) explained that extractive content can affect on the mechanical strength of wood. While, the extractive content was main factor effecting to durability, color, pulp and paper quality, and the adhesion of wood in the plywood industry (Wistara et al., 2002; Cahyono et al., 2012). So that, it can be suggested that based on the level of strength and durability, 2 - 4 years old of platinum teak woods include in low class. This condition will affect for application in wood industry. The extractive content is not only affected by tree-age, but also the axial position of wood. It can be seen in Table 1 in which extractive content increase parallel with the axial position of branch wood. It is augmented by statistical analysis which indicated the axial position has significant differences in tree-age. It is contrast with result of Prayitno (1992) which reported axial position on bottom of wood has the highest extractive content. It is caused by more heartwood formation was found inside it.
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Table 1. Chemical composition of Platinum teak wood on axial position Tree-Age (Years)
Chemical composition (%) Axial Position
Extractive AlcoholBenzene 0.92 ± 0.16b 1.11 ± 0.27 a 1.19 ± 0.19 a 1.07 ± 0.14 0.66 ± 0.06 b 0.79 ± 0.15 a 0.98 ± 0.09 a 0.81 ± 0.16 0.89 ± 0.13 b 1.08 ± 0.18 a 1.03 ± 0.08 a 1 ± 0.10
Lignin
Holocellulose
α-Cellulose
Bottom 29.01 ± 0.08 74.94 ± 0.70 46.98 ± 0.06 a a a Middle 30.17 ± 0.29 73.87 ± 1.26 43.04 ± 2.29 b Top 31.24 ± 0.32a 72.92 ± 0.70a 44.18 ± 0.92 ab Average 30.14 ± 1.11 73.91 ± 1.01 44.73 ± 2.03 Bottom 31.06 ± 0.12a 73.29 ± 1.74a 45.04 ± 1.11 a 3** Middle 31.85 ± 0.71a 73.97 ± 3.80a 43.82 ± 2.25 b a a Top 31.39 ± 0.28 73.88 ± 1.22 45.28 ± 0.92 ab Average 31.44 ± 0.40 73.71 ± 0.37 44.72 ± 0.78 Bottom 31.70 ± 1.75a 79.51 ± 3.02a 47.26 ± 2.57 a 4 Middle 31.85 ± 0.77a 78.03 ± 1.24a 45.40 ± 1.60 b a a Top 31.89 ± 1.80 77.00 ± 3.45 44.69 ± 2.61 ab Average 31.81 ± 0.10 78.18 ± 1.26 45.78 ± 1.33 * Pramasari et al., 2015 ** Pramasari et al., 2016 *** Means in the tables by the same letter in a same column means not significantly different using Duncan’s test at the level of 95% 2*
a
a
The effect of age tree on lignin content The main role of lignin is to maintain the integrity of the cell wall, to provide rigid structure and to determine the properties of wood (Haygreen & Browyer, 1996). Moreover, it has a toxic that effect on durability of wood (Kollmann & Cote, 1984). The result shows that lignin content increases in accordance with tree-age. This result is similar with Kasmani et al. (2011). The lignin content does not affect significantly in axial position of wood. This is augmented by statistical analysis. Lignin in axial distribution tends to increase from bottom to top position of wood (Table 1). Similar results are found by Zaki et al. (2012) using juvenile rubber wood. The top position of wood has high lignin content compared to bottom portion. It is affected by presence of a lot of new cells in top portion. Lignin content of 2 - 4 years old wood is 29 - 32 %. Interestingly, it is not in range of lignin content in hardwoods (the average value of 18 - 25%) (Kollmann & Cote, 1984). It is suggested that metabolism of fast growing wood is in balance with the growth of wood, so that it is possible for resulting more lignin content in Platinum teak wood. According to the classification of Indonesian hardwood species based on chemical component (Departemen Pertanian, 1967), the lignin content of 2 - 4 years old can be categorized as medium class. This timber can be used for construction due to good mechanical strength (Supartini, 2009). The other utilization is for pulp industry, however the quality of paper is not good as low class of lignin content. The effect of age tree on holocellulose content Holocellulose component can be obtained by remove lignin from wood (Fengel & Wegener, 1995). It is major component in the cell wall of wood, and almost all carbohydrates are included in holocellulose such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin (Prawirohatmodjo, 1995). Bedmansyah (2000) explained that increasing the age of hardwood caused hemicellulose will decrease. Hence, the holocellulose content will be decrease similar with hemicellulose content. In this study, the holocellulose content is tendency increase in accordance with tree-age. It is suggested that hemicellulose still has decreased yet. Furthermore, holocellulose content of 2 - 4 years old is in high class (upper 60%), refers to the classification of Indonesian hardwood species based on chemical component (Departemen Pertanian, 1967). It proposes that wood processing in the pulp will result high yield (Pasaribu et al., 2007). The 6th International Symposium for Sustainable Humanosphere Humanosphere Science School 2016 Bogor, 15 – 16 November 2016 168
The holocellulose content does not affect significantly in axial position of wood. The distribution of holocellulose content in 2 and 4 years old tends to decrease from bottom to the top position of wood. Three year old in the middle position is shown the highest holocellulose content. Decrease of holocellulose content from bottom to the top position causes the top position is still active to produce new cells (Zaki et al., 2012). In addition, the bottom position of wood usually has thicker cell wall in wood, there by holocellulose as carbohydrate fraction constituent in the secondary cell wall will be higher (Sunyata, 2011). The effect of age tree on α-cellulose content α-cellulose component was one of the major component in wood which roles as the main structure of the cell wall in wood (Fengel & Wegener, 1995). Kollmann & Cote (1968) explained that α-cellulose contributes to produce high tensile strength in a complex structure. Statistical analysis in a 95% confidence level determined α-cellulose content is only affected by axial position of wood not the tree-age of wood. The range of age might be still nearby and hardly influenced by the age of wood (Santana, 2011), so that the discrepancies between α-cellulose component is not clearly. This result is contrast with results of Bedmansyah (2000) and Mauludi (2000) which found α-cellulose content was affected by age tree. The distribution of α-cellulose content of 2 - 4 years old has similar pattern whereas decrease in the middle position and then increase founds in the top of wood except for 4 year old. Its suggested that 4 years tree age tendency to transition growth. -cellulose content decreased from the bottom to middle position because the bottom position contains lots of mature cells (Zaki et al., 2012). Furthermore, α-cellulose content both 2 and 3 years old can be categorized as medium class, otherwise 4 year old is in high class, according to the classification of Indonesian hardwood species based on chemical component (Departemen Pertanian, 1967).
Conclusion The alteration of chemical composition affected by increase of age and axial position of platinum teak wood is only extractive contents. In addition, heartwood of 2 - 4 years old has been still formed yet therefore it is not recommended for the utilization of fast growing wood for construction.
Acknowledgment Authors thank to Research Center for Biomaterial, Indonesian Institute of Science through DIPA 2016 funding for supporting this research.
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