Klas : Osteichthyes/ teleostei/ teleostomi • Subklas : Sarcoptrerygii /Paleopterygii Jumlah Ordo 2 : Coelacanthiformes & Dipteriformes • Subklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii Jumlah Ordo : 17
Sub klas Sarcopterygii • Ciri-ciri • Mempunyai P&V yg menonjol (lobate) dan berdaging • Sisik dengan endoskeletal yg kuat Ordo : Coelacanthiformes Bertulang rawan, sisik cycloid, bentuk ekor diphycercal, tanpa sub operculum
Coelacanthiformes
“Sarcopterygii” Actinistia • Latimeria • 2 dorsal fins • fleshy fins • intracranial joint • morphology constant throughout evolutionary history •Unbranched lepidotrichia
Ordo Dipteriformes • Memp gelemb renang yg berhub dg usus berfungsi sbg paru-paru. • D,C,A bersatu ; V & P Lobate (menonjol) • Gigi palatin tanpa premaxilla &maxilla • Makanan Invertebrata & tb-an air • Kebanyakan telah jadi fosil
Dipnoi
•earliest lungfishes- cosmoid scales •modern forms- embedded scales/continuous dorsal, anal and caudal fins; spiral valve intestine •tooth plates •lack marginal tooth-bearing jaw bone •circulatory system
Ceratodontidae (Australian Lung Fishes) • Tdpt sejak periode Triassic & banyak yg sudah punah • Conth species : Neoceratodus forsteri • Ciri-ciri : sisik cycloid, sirip tebal spt daun, distribusi Queensland, selama musim panas bernafas dg paru-paru.
Neoceratodus forsteri
Lepidosirenidae south American /African lung fishes • Tubuh angulliform, sisik kecil V &P spt cambuk. Saat musim kering membuat sarang dari lendir & lumpur (kepompong/cocoon) • Contoh Protopterus sp (Afrika tengah) Lepidosiren sp (Amerika Selatan)
African lung fishes Protopterus annectans
Cara mengambil udara
Subklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii • Rangka dari tulang sejati, C homocercal • Vertebrae dg cekungan di depan dsbt amphicoelous. • sisik cycloid, ctenoid sedikit yg ganoid. • Lubang hidung tidak berhubungan dg rongga mulut • V & P tidak menonjol • tdpt sejak periode permian sd sekarang
Ordo Polypteryformes (Bichirs) • Tubuh bulat panjang, P menonjol & bersisik, tanpa D diganti dg 8 finlet. C diphycercal. Pernafasan tambahan dg gelembung gas. Polypterus weeksi
Polypteriformes • Originally placed with lobe-
finned Highly specialized survivors of primitive actinopterygians •Dorsal fin spine pattern •Retains thick scales •Diphycercal tail •Highly vascularized ventral lungs-obligate air breathers •
Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes
• Primitive actin. single dorsal fin •Teleosts- ant. spiny; post. soft rays • Ganoid scales • • • •Toothed marginal jaw bones •Toothed dermal bones in buccal cavity •Dermal cheek bones form solid plate •Lateral movements of cheek and palatoquadrate limited •Heterocercal caudal fin
Ordo Acipenceriformes Sturgeon & Spoon bill • • • • •
Mulut di bagian ventral, bersisik atau tidak Hidung di ujung kepala & runcing C heterocercal Memp. Gelemb renang & operculum Fam : Acipenseridae, Hidung spt sekop tdpt 4 helai sungut di depan mulut, badan fusiform, mulut spt succer, usus spiral • Acipenser oxyrhynchus
Sturgeon
a. Acipenser fluvescens b. Acipenser medirostris
“Chondrostei” Acipenseriformes
•Living paddlefishes and sturgeons •Highly modified jaws •Heterocercal tail-cartilaginous •Sturgeons- suction feeders; bony scutes •Paddlefishes- filter feeder; reduced scales
Spoon bill : Polyodon spathula terpedo, sisik ganoid di ekor, gigi kecil, hidung spt dayung
Ordo : Amiiformes Hanya ada 1 sp hdp di Great Lake Florida • Rahang pendek, sisik cycloid, D panjang • Gel.renang dg ductus pneumaticus • Contoh Bowfin (Amia calva)
spot = jantan
Amiidae
•Dorsal lung •New jaw opening mechanism via interopercular bone Maxilla is free from cheek- able to suction feed more efficiently
Lepisosteidae
•Elongate jaws with toothed infraorbitals •Ganoid scales •Ambush predators •Dorsal bilobed lung
Neopterygii - greater mobility of both fins and cranial elements
Gars
Teleostei •Homocercal tail •Reduced scales •Increased emphasis on suction feeding •Major groups •Osteoglossomorpha •Elopomorpha •Clupeomorpha •Ostariophysi •Euteleostei- difficult to characterize with valid synapomorphies
Osteoglossomorpha •218 species •Tongue bite •Basihyal-parasphenoid bite •2 palatal bones are also toothed
Arapaima
Mormyrid
Knifefish
Tongue bite
Elopomorpha •650 species •Mostly true eels •Bonefish, tenpounders, tarpon
Leptocephalus larvae
Clupeomorpha •Anchovies, bream & herrings •290 species •Plankton feeders Bream
Anchovies
Clupea sp.
Clupeomorph synapomorphies 1. Connection between swimbladder and inner ear
2. Unique foramina in skull
3. Keeled belly
Ostariophysi •75% of freshwater species of world •6,000 species •Gonorhynchiformes,Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Siluriformes
Ostariophysan synapomorphies •Alarm substance cells •Specialized anterior vertebrae allow for increased hearing ability
Otophysi: Weberian apparatus
Euteleostei • 25 Orders, 275 families, and 17,000 species • Poorly defined traits join them together – Nuptial breeding tubercles – Adipose fin – Membranous component to first uroneural
• Retained in primitive euteleosteans and lost in more derived species
“Protacanthopterygii” •Salmon and trout
Onchorhynchus
Salmo salar
Esociformes •Pickerels and pikes •Toothless maxilla forming part of gape •Fin placement correlated with predatory habits
Neoteleostei • retractor dorsalis (RD) or retractor arcus branchialium originates from anterior vertebrae and insert on pharyngobranchials
Scopelomorpha-Lanternfishes •Pelagic marine fishes •220 species •Daily vertical migrations-500m •Photophores •2 components of the RD- increasing emphasis on 3rd pharyngobranchial
Lampridomorpha -ribbonfishes and oarfishes
Paracanthopterygii
Greatly flattened skull roof
•Percopsiformes- trout perches, pirate perches, cavefishes •Gadiformes- cods, hakes, eelpouts •Pelvic fins anterior to pectorals •Mental barbels •Prolific egg producers •Batrachoidiformes- toadfishes •Gobiesociformes- clingfishes; modified pelvic fins •Lophiformes- goosefishes, anglerfishes, frogfishes, batfishes
Lophiiformesanglerfishes
-ilicium and esca: modified dorsal spines
Some local paracanthopterygians Merluccias productus
Theragra chalcogramma
Gadus macrocephalus
Lycodes palearis
paracanthopterygians
Lycodes pacificus Porichthys notatus
Percomorpha •More than 12,000 species •Phylogeny largely unresolved •Synapomorphies related to feeding •Pharyngeal jaws for crushing •Highly protrusible jaws •
Atherinomorpha
• Guppies, mosquitofish, flyingfish, halfbeaks
Gasterosteiformes
• Sticklebacks, seahorses, trumpetfishes • Bony abdominal plates
Scorpaeniformes Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus
•Suborbital stay •Strongly spinous fins •Many spines on the head Leptocottus armatus Sebastes
Scorpaeniformes
Enophrys bison
Cyclopterus lumpus
Perciformes Lepidogobius lepidus
Trichodon trichodon
Cymatogaster aggregata
Pleuronectiformes
Tetraodontiformes •Bizzarofish •Cowfish, pufferfish, porcupinefish, molas Many use dorsal and anal fins for locomotion
Ikan Mola-mola
Trends in fish evolution
• Maxilla moves out of gape • Premaxilla becomes sole toothed element • Movement of both pectoral and pelvic fins
• Reduction in scales and increased flexibility • Swimbladder- increased hydrostatic function • Increasing cranial kinesis •
Ordo Clupeiformes / Malacopterygii / Isospondyli The hering like fishes
• Sub ordo clupeoidei Bandeng lelaki Elops saurus • Famili Elopidae
Famili Notopteridae • Badan pipih memanjang, tanpa sungut, badan & kepala bersisik kecil. D tunggal dan terpisah dari C. contoh ikan Belida Notopterus chilata
Fam Albulidae (Bone fishes) • D didepan V, A jauh atau dekat dubur contoh Albula vulpes (Bandeng cerurut)
Osteoglossidae • Celah mulut lebar &miring D
Fam. Clupeidae (Herring, Sardines) • Tanpa jari-jari sirip keras.D pendek di tengah. Tanpa V jika ada tidak sempurna • Contoh ikan layang.terubuk, alosa dll
Famili Engraulidae (teri)
